REPORT ON SIX MONTH INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

HELD AT

TELCOMA TECHNOLOGIES PVT. LTD.

ON

Planning and Implementation

SUBMITTED TO:

SUBMITTED BY : SAKINDER KAUR ECE 7330408035

E.C.E

INDEX
Overview of GSM

Description of project

Contribution in project

Conclusion

1. TELECOM INDUSTRY Telecom Industry constitutes two basic departments: MSC(Central Processor)- deals with the signaling and call processing OMC(Operational and Maintenance Centre)- deals with the equipments required for the connection, their operation and maintenance.

2. GSM BASICS

2.1 INTRODUCTION TO GSM (GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS) The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is a set of recommendations and specifications for a digital cellular telephone network (known as a Public Land Mobile Network, or PLMN). These recommendations ensure the compatibility of equipment from different GSM manufacturers, and interconnectivity between different administrations, including operation across international boundaries.

2.2 DEFINITION : Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a globally accepted standard for digital cellular communication. GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to create a common European mobile telephone standard that would formulate specifications for a pan-European mobile cellular radio system operating at 900 MHz. It is estimated that many countries outside of Europe will join the GSM partnership.

2.3 GSM ARCHITECHTURE

2.3.1 MOBILE STATION (MS) The Mobile Station is made up of two entities: Mobile Equipment (ME) Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

2.3.1.1 Mobile Equipment Portable,vehicle mounted, hand held device Uniquely identified by an IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) Voice and data transmission Monitoring power and signal quality of surrounding cells for optimum handover Power level : 0.8W 20 W 160 character long SMS. 2.3.1.2 Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) Smart card contains the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) Allows user to send and receive calls and receive other subscribed services Protected by a password or PIN Can be moved from phone to phone contains key information to activate the phone. The SIM determines the directory number and the calls billed to a subscriber.

2.3.2 BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM (BSS) Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts that communicate across the standardized Abis interface allowing operation between components made by different suppliers

2.3.2.1 Base Transceiver Station (BTS): Encodes,encrypts,multiplexes,modulates and feeds the RF signals to the antenna. Frequency hopping Communicates with Mobile station and BSC Consists of Transceivers (TRX) units. It converts data into waves and waves into data, 2.3.2.2 Base Station Controller (BSC) Manages Radio resources for BTS Assigns Frequency and time slots for all MSs in its area Handles call set up Transcoding and rate adaptation functionality Handover for each MS Radio Power control It communicates with MSC and BTS 2.3.3 MOBILE SWITCHING CENTER (MSC) Heart of the network Manages communication between GSM and other networks Call setup function and basic switching Call routing Billing information and collection Mobility management - Registration - Location Updating - Inter BSS and inter MSC call handoff MSC does gateway function while its customer roams to other network by using HLR/VLR.

2.3.4 HOME LOCATION REGISTERS (HLR) Permanent database about mobile subscribers in a large service area(generally one per GSM network operator) Database contains IMSI,MSISDN,prepaid/postpaid,roaming restrictions,supplementary services. 2.3.5 VISITOR LOCATION REGISTERS (VLR) Temporary database which updates whenever new MS enters its area, by HLR database Controls those mobiles roaming in its area Reduces number of queries to HLR Database contains IMSI,TMSI,MSISDN,MSRN,Location Area,authentication key 2.3.6 AUTHENTICATION CENTER (AUC) Protects against intruders in air interface Generally associated with HLR

2.3.7 EQUIPMENT IDENTITY REGISTER (EIR) Database that is used to track handsets using the IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) Made up of three sub-classes: The White List, The Black List and the Gray List.

FEATURES OF GSM
2.4.1 Increased capacity The GSM system provides a greater subscriber capacity than analogue systems. GSM allows 25 kHz per user, that is, eight conversations per 200 kHz channel pair (a pair comprising one transmit channel and one receive channel). Digital channel coding and the modulation used makes the signal resistant to interference from cells where the same frequencies are re-used (co-channel interference); a Carrier to Interference Ratio (C/I) level of 12 dB is achieved, as opposed to the 18 dB typical with analogue cellular. 2.4.2 Audio quality Digital transmission of speech and high performance digital signal processors provides good quality speech transmission. Since GSM is a digital technology, the signals passed over a digital air interface can be protected against errors by using better error detection and correction techniques. In regions of interference or noise-limited operation the speech quality is noticeably better than analogue. 2.4.3 Improved security and confidentiality GSM offers high speech and data confidentiality. Subscriber authentication can be performed by the system to check if a subscriber is a valid subscriber or not..

 The GSM system provides for high degree of confidentiality for the subscriber. Calls are encoded and ciphered when sent over air. The mobile equipment can be identified independently from the mobile subscriber. The mobile has a identity number hard coded into it when it is manufactured. This number is stored in a standard database and whenever a call is made the equipment can be checked to see if it has been reported stolen. 2.4.4 Cleaner handovers GSM uses Mobile assisted handover technique. The mobile itself carries out the signal strength and quality measurement of its server and signal strength measurement of its neighbours. This data is passed on the Network which then uses sophisticated algorithms to determine the need of handover. 2.4.5 Subscriber identification In a GSM system the mobile station and the subscriber are identified separately. The subscriber is identified by means of a smart card known as a SIM. This enables the subscriber to use different mobile equipment while retaining the same subscriber number.

2.4.6 Enhanced range of services Speech services for normal telephony. Short Message Service for point ot point transmission of text message.

 Cell broadcast for transmission of text message from the cell to all MS in its coverage area. Message like traffic information or advertising can be transmitted. Supplementary services like number identification, call barring, call forwarding, charging display etc can be provided. 2.4.7 Frequency reuse There are total 124 carriers in GSM ( additional 50 carriers are available if EGSM band is used). Each carrier has 8 timeslots and if 7 can be used for traffic then a maximum of 868 (124 X 7) calls can be made. This is not enough and hence frequencies have to be reused. The same RF carrier can be used for many conversations in several different cells at the same time. The radio carriers available are allocated according to a regular pattern which repeats over the whole coverage area. The pattern to be used depends on traffic requirement and spectrum availability.

2.5 GSM SERVICES Analog cellular systems were developed for a single application that is voice. Gsm is an integrated voice-data service that provides a number of services beyond cellular telephone. These services are divided into three major categories. They are teleservices, bearer services and supplementary services

2.5.1 TELESERVICES provide communication between two end user applications according to a standard protocol. These services are telephony, emergency, speech calls, group 3 facsimile, telex, short messages, and videotext. The upper most layer of the protocol stack of the standard should be specified so that it could communicate with protocols used in these applications.

2.5.2 BEARER SERVICES provide capabilities to transmit information among user network interfaces. Traditional bearer services include a variety of asynchronous and synchronous data access to PSTN/ISDN and packet switched public data network. To implement bearer services, the lower layers and the frame format of the standard should specify how these transmission would be implemented over the air-interface

2.5.3 SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES are not stand-alone services but they are services that supplement a bearer or teleservice. Call forwarding: gives the subscriber the ability to forward incoming calls to another number (either to the same network or even other network) with conditional or unconditional. The conditions are when the MS is not reachable, if it is busy or if there is no reply. While unconditional call forwarding is active, calls are forwarded with out any condition that is the MS will be treated as a passive device. Barring of outgoing calls: This function makes it possible for a mobile subscriber to prevent all outgoing calls

 Barring of incoming calls: This service exists with two conditions: barring of all incoming calls and barring of incoming calls when roaming outside the home PLMN Advice of Charge (AoC): This service provides the mobile subscriber with an estimate of the call charges. There are two types of Aoc information: one provides the subscriber with an estimate of the bill and one that can be used for immediate charging purposes Call hold: This service enables the subscriber to interrupt an ongoing call and then subsequently reestablish the call. Call waiting: This service enables the mobile subscriber to be notified of an incoming call during a conversation. The subscriber can answer, reject or ignore the incoming call. This functionality is applicable to all GSM telecommunications services using a circuit switched connection Multiparty service: This service enables a mobile subscriber to establish a multiparty conversation. That is the subscriber can establish multiple conversations at a time (max five) Calling line identification (CLI) presentation/restriction: These services supply the called party with the ISDN number of the calling party. These restriction services enable the calling party to restrict the presentation. The restriction overrides the presentation.

2.6 GSM STANDARDS

STANDARD Uplink

GSM 900 890-915 MHz

GSM 1800 1710-1785 MHz

Downlink

935-960 MHz

1805-1890 MHz

Band width Duplex Distance Carrier Seperation Carrier Bandwidth Channels

25 MHz 45 MHz

75 MHz 95 MHz

200 KHz

200 KHz

200 KHz

200 KHz

124

374

Duplex Distance: It is defined as the minimum Distance Between Uplink and Downlink. Uplink: When a Signal travels from Mobile to BTS, it is referred as Uplink. Downlink: When a Signal travels from BTS to MS, it is referred as Downlink Carrier Seperation: It is defined as the minimum separation between the two channels.

2.7 GSM FREQUENCY BAND ALLOCATION GSM cellular system can be divided into GSM900M and DCS1800M according to frequency band, with carrier frequency interval of 200 KHz and up and down frequencies as follows: Carrier Frequency band(MHz) Bandwid Frequency th(MHz) number frequen cy number (pair) GSM 900 Up 890915 Down 935 25 960 Up DCS1 1785 800 Down 1805 1880 1710 75 512885 374 1124 124

Planning and Implementation

Introduction to the project
The Base Station Controller (BSC) provides, classically, the intelligence behind the BTSs. Typically a BSC has tens or even hundreds of BTSs under its control. The BSC handles allocation of radio channels, receives measurements from the mobile phones, and controls handovers from BTS to BTS (except in the case of an inter-BSC handover in which case control is in part the responsibility of the anchor MSC). A key function of the BSC is to act as a concentrator where many different low capacity connections to BTSs (with relatively low utilization) become reduced to a smaller number of connections towards the mobile switching center (MSC) (with a high level of utilization). Overall, this means that networks are often structured to have many BSCs distributed into regions near their BTSs which are then connected to large centralized MSC sites. The BSC is undoubtedly the most robust element in the BSS as it is not only a BTS controller but, for some vendors, a full switching center, as well as an SS7 node with connections to the MSC and serving GPRS support node (SGSN) (when using GPRS). It also provides all the required data to the operation support subsystem (OSS) as well as to the performance measuring centers. The databases for all the sites, including information such as carrier frequencies, frequency hopping lists, power reduction levels, receiving levels for cell border calculation, are stored in the BSC. My project BSC Setup & Parameter Planning is basically about how to setup BSC in a mobile network and define its various parameters which work together. Components of BSC such as addition of BTS to the site, Configuring PCU (Packet Control Unit) cards, Channel Configuration, etc are major issues with which my project will be dealing.

Key Responsibilities of BSC

Allocate a channel for a call. Maintain the call. Monitor quality of signal. Control the power transmitted by the BTS or MS. Generates a Handover to another cell when required. It is a network component in the PLMN with the function for control of one or more BTS.

Successful BSC setup requires Understanding of the network parameters. Good knowledge of hardware and software used in BSC. Planning of the components should be accurate.

Purpose of the Project

Designing a system to handle BTS and MS. Defining BTS to BTS handover. Provide interface between MS and MSC. Frequency planning. Channel allocation for traffic and signalling.

Overview of the working of the project

BTS addition. Define Cell IDs. Configure PCU cards. Define LAC. Channel configuration. Frequency Planning. Handover definition.

BTS addition
BTS are added according to the area clutter. BSC will include all the details of BTS installed to a new site or existing site.

Define Cell IDs

The ID of all the BTS will be managed and configured by the BSC. The ID will be unique for all the BTS.

Define LAC
BSC will define its LAC (Location Area Code).

Channel configuration
Various channels used for transferring signals and traffic flow will be configured here. Also BSC will act as an intermediate between MS and MSC to setup a call through channels.

Frequency Planning
BSC is a core component that will supervise BTS and allocate frequency to every BTS under it.

Handover Definition
In dedicated mode handover is a very important component which provides uninterrupted service when subscriber is moving out of his cell. BTS to BTS handover will be configured here.

Implementation of radio resources:-

Adding Trx cards to BTS

Addition of radio resource into Trx cards

Tools used Hardware:PROCESSOR: RAM: HARD DISK: NETWORKING DEVICES: Minimum Pentium IV processor. Minimum 512MB. Minimum 40GB Routers, Switches.

Software:MA10. ICM (Integrated Configuration Management) Client. MAPINFO, MCOM

Role in project:The work done during this project was divided into several parts. First of all the GSM and its features has to be studied so that we can be familiarized with cellular technology and its functionalities. I have done site inspection, RF survey using GPS,magnetic compass. After that I had done RF planning using MAPINFO and MCOM tools. After that I have done radio resource planning and implementation in which allotted radio spectrum is added into the Trx cards(i.e. configuration of BTS and BSC).

Conclusion
Though working on this project I come to know that how to plan the cell site , how to implement radio resources in BTS hardware and also how to configure BSC. I learned that how channel assignment is done in GSM network to setup a call.