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Overview
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4.2 EB 2.4 EB 1.3 EB 0.6 EB
0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Small Cells & Extra Spectrum Are Critical For Reaching 1000x
Evolve 3G/4G/Wi-Fi
MORE SPECTRUM
IN LOW AND HIGHER BANDS
4
Macros
+
planned small cells
+
dense unplanned* small cells
Planned small cell Unplanned small cell
* Small cells will be deployed in areas of high demand without detailed RF planning.
2013 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved.
HIGH CAPACITY
Significant capacity gains compared to macro-only deployment
SCALABLE DEPLOYMENT
Minimal CapEx & OpEx Leverages existing premises and backhaul
INTEGRATED NETWORK
Plug-n-play small cells with SON Unplanned yet operatormanaged
6 2013 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved.
RSCP [dBm]
-115 to -105 -105 to -95 -95 to -85 -85 to -75
540 m
-75 to -65
-65 to -55 RSCP= -115dBm results in ~700kbps in thermal noise limited case
Points with RSCP less than -115dBm is not shown on the plots
720 m
20 indoor sites (Dedicated spectrum, 20dBm max transmit power) Substantial outdoor coverage high throughput Key UltraSON features for self-configuration, mobility and interference management 8 demonstrated 2013 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Challenges
Mobility
User experience Network signaling load
Unplanned deployment / self configuration Shared backhaul and QoS Spectrum availability
More spectrum
High frequency band operation
Capacity Analysis
UltraSON Development
Simulation Results
Macro Network
Macro Network
F1 F2 F2
F1
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Value 500m
Population Density
Number of Apartments per Macrocell (2 subs per Apt.) User Distribution
Notes:
a) b)
20000 per sq km
720
meter
Small cells are randomly dropped in a apartment statistically independent of other small cells locations At most one small cell is dropped in any apartment
Red: 2 story bldg Blue: 3 story bldg Green: 4 story bldg Cyan: 5 story bldg Yellow: 6 story bldg
Black star: Small cell Magenta Circle: Mobile Blue circle: Macrocell
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Multi-floor apartment blocks placed in a 3-cell macro area Each apartment block has two buildings with a street in the middle 10 apartments in each floor in each building
Two rows of 5 apts Each apt is 10m x 10m with a 1m-wide balcony
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Apartment Block
10m 11m
10m
140
120 100 80 60 40 20
2.4 2.1 37.4 21.3 6.3 7.4 34.6 91.5
38.1
7.5
0 0
(72 small cells)
10
20
30
40
50
(360 small cells)
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Optimize capacity and user experience via managing radio resources and interference
Co-channel and adjacent channel interference mitigation Short-term and long-term load balancing
AT STARTUP
Calibrate Tx power Select PSC and configure neighbor list Optimize idle re-selection parameters and paging area
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AFTER STARTUP
Adapt Tx power & update neighbor list Monitor backhaul quality & prioritize preferred users Balance load among different cells
2013 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Excessive handovers create signaling load and potential outage and hence should be avoided
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2013 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Pilot Pollution
Pilot pollution results in:
Outdoor pedestrian/vehicular users to perform many frequent handovers Reduction in SNR
NSC Coverage Regions: With Pilot Pollution
Goal:
Minimize number of handovers for outdoor users with minimal impact on coverage
NSC Coverage Regions: With Tx Power Management
Solution:
NSCs detect pilot pollution and adapt transmit power
2 Hard Handovers along route
YES
AB C B A C
Frequent handovers
Cell ID is repeated in recent UE H/O history
D
Cell ID is not repeated in recent H/O history
UE in handover region
Categorize as ping-pong UE
Fast moving users cross small cell coverage boundaries frequently and require many handovers These users are best served on the macro layer
Small Cell B Small Cell D
Macrocell
Small Cell E
Macrocell
Very frequent handovers Cell IDs of past serving cells unique Categorize as fast moving UE Handover to macro layer
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2013 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved.
PSC Selection
PSC re-use amongst small cells can lead to PSC collision and confusion
PSC-2 PSC-1
PSC-?
PSC-3
PSC pool limited by neighbor list size constraints in 3G Collision results in interference Confusion causes handover issues
PSC-1
Neighborhood Discovery
Target PSC and Cell ID need to be discovered to enable handover
Macrocell2
Network Listen alone cannot detect all neighboring target cells for handover
UE
Small Cell 1
Mobile reports can be utilized to enhance the neighbor cell list determined via Network Listen
Small Cell 2
Enables reliable handover from small cell to another small cell or macrocell
Macrocell1
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Backhaul Estimation
Internet
Bandwidth available to the residence is time-varying and limited due to competition from neighbors Need to ensure priority for backhaul owner traffic (both UE and non UEs) NSC needs to estimate available backhaul to determine how much bandwidth can be used
Residential Gateway Non UE traffic from backhaul owner Neighborhood Small Cell
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2013 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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