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UNIT 6: Classification and Evolution DAYSHEET 63: Introduction to Evolution and Review Name _____________________________________ Catalyst/Bellringer:

Biology I Date: __________

1. Fill in the chart by putting a or X to if to show if DNA, RNA, or both have the characteristic. DNA Double-stranded Single-stranded Made of nucleotides Contains uracil (U) Contains thymine (T) Contains phosphate Contains sugar deoxyyribose Contains sugar ribose 2. Which step of protein synthesis is shown in the picture below? Circle one: TRANSCRIPTION or TRANSLATION

RNA

3. Label the following in the boxes in the above picture: DNA 4. Which step of protein synthesis is shown in the picture below? Circle one: TRANSCRIPTION or TRANSLATION

mRNA

5. Label the following in the boxes in the above picture: tRNA

mRNA

amino acids

Activity 1: Cornell Notes


Biology Objective / Essential Question: Main Ideas / Questions: 1. Notes: ______________________ = when living things change over time _____________________________ was the father of evolutionary theory. Darwin proposed that evolution happens through ____________________ _________________________. STOP-AND-JOT: 1. What is evolution?

2.

Natural selection is when organisms with _____________________ survive and pass down their genes, while organisms with _________ _____________ die out. The result of natural selection is organisms with ____________________ for their environment. An adaptation is a _____ that helps an organism ______________ or ______________ in its environment. o ______________ is when an organism blends into its environment o ______________ is when one organism looks like another Natural selection is also called __________________________________ o Organisms that are _____ can survive and reproduce better STOP-AND-JOT: 1. What adaptation did the fish evolve over time?

2. What adaptation did the finches evolve over time?

Main Ideas / Questions: 3.

Notes: In science, a _________ is an idea supported by lots of _______________ There are 3 main types of evidence for the theory evolution: 1) ___________________ = remains of long-dead organisms o The principle of ____________________ allows scientists to date fossils. It states that the oldest fossils are always at the __________ and the youngest at the _____! 2) ___________________ = study of the way our bodies are put together o Structures in two organisms that evolved from a ______________ _______________ are called ______________________________ o Structures in two organisms that are similar but do _______ come from a common ancestor are called ______________________ structures. These structures are similar because they evolved in a similar ______________________. STOP AND JOT: What is the difference between homologous structures and analogous structures?

3) ___________________ = the study of molecules such as DNA o Organisms with ________________ DNA are more ____________ _________________. Their DNA is similar because they share a recent _____________________________________. STOP AND JOT: Which organism is most closely related to the zebra?

4.

1) ________________ evolution is when organisms share a common ancestor but evolve different adaptations for their environments 2) ________________ evolution is when organisms do NOT share a common ancestor but evolve similar adaptations because they live in a similar environment

Activity 2: Open-Note Quiz Directions: Use your notes and the information below to complete this open note quiz. To receive full credit, you must use test taking strategies for all SOL questions! What is natural selection? ____________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________

SOL Break: Which of the following best characterizes natural selection? a. Faced with an environment in which leaves grew only at the tops of most relatively short trees, giraffes responded by growing long necks. b. Only giraffes with long necks moved into an environment in which leaves grew only at the tops of most relatively short trees. c. During their lifetimes, short-necked giraffes grew long necks so they could reach leaves at the tops of relatively short trees. d. Among a population of giraffes, those with long necks were able to survive better in an environment in which leaves grew only at the tops of most relatively short trees. Which of the following best describes the main concept behind Darwins theory of natural selection? a. b. c. d. Organisms compete for limited resources. Organisms best suited to their environment will survive and reproduce. Organisms vary in their physical traits, and some traits are inheritable. Organisms produce more offspring than can survive

What are adaptations? ____________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________

SOL Break: Camels have the ability to survive for long periods of time without water. This is an example of a. b. c. d. Speciation A behavioral adaptation Variation within a species A physiological adaptation

SOL Break: Some insect species have developed an ability to resist pesticides. Which statement best describes this phenomenon? a. Because their survival depended on it, the insects developed variations that made them resistant to poisons. b. Natural selection results in an unfavorable variation for the insects. c. Random variation in the population led to a population with a favorable adaptation. d. Some of the insects became instantly immune when the poisons were introduced into their environment.

SOL Break: Which of the following most likely adds to the genetic diversity of a population of prokaryotes? a. b. c. d. Cell division Meiosis Mutation Binary fission

We also discussed the importance of fitness in the last set of notes. We know that the word fitness is used very differently in science than it at the gym. What does it mean to be fit in science? ______________________________________ What does the statement survival of the fittest mean? __________________________ _______________________________________________________________________

SOL Break: What would most likely happen to a population of plants it their environment experiences long-term climate change that results in a much hotter and drier environment? a. The plants would increase the number of seeds they make to improve their chances of reproducing. b. Individual plants would work hard to grow longer roots and thicker leaves. c. The plants that gather and store water most efficiently would survive to pass those traits. d. All of the plants would die off before producing offspring. The Emergence of New Species: Speciation A species is a group of organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring (their babies can have babies). Lets make sure we understand this concept. Try the test below: Are these individuals members of the same species? ________________________________ How do you know? __________________________________________________________

Now look at the pictures of the two individuals below. The individual on the right is a horse. The individual on the left is a zebra.

Are these individuals members of the same species? ________________________________

Dont forget that individuals within the same species must be able to produce offspring that are fertile!!! Although horses and zebra can mate, the resulting offspring (called a zorse) cannot have more babies. Because a cross between and horse and a zebra is not fertile, horses and zebras are NOT members of the same species.

Speciation: So youve probably figured out that there are TONS of different species on the plant. Where did they all come from? The answer to this question can be found when exploring genetic variation within populations. Remember that variation exists within a population (Jay-Z/President Obama example). This is a good thing. This allows natural selection to pick the best (most helpful) traits to be passed on to the next generation. Survival of the fittest, again! Over a long time, natural selection can create members of a species that have a large number of genetic variations. These variations can become so numerous, that they prevent individuals from mating and producing fertile offspring. If two individuals can no longer mate and produce fertile offspring, are they members of the same species? ____________________

This means that natural selection can cause new species to arise from preexisting species. These old species descend from still older species. The evolutionary process that gives rise to new species from older species is called Speciation. Lets look at an example. In the picture below, youll notice that a number of arrows point away from a central bird. This central bird is a common finch. Over a long period of time, finches developed genetic variations that led to the development of a number of new species. These new species include finches that eat leaves, fruits, insects, and grubs.

What is speciation? _______________________________________________________ Is the image above an example of divergent or convergent evolution? How do you know? _______________________________________________________________________

SOL Break: What happens during the process of speciation? a. b. c. d. A species becomes genetically diverse. Two species become one. A species becomes extinct. A new species is formed.

Speciation occurs when members of similar populations no longer interbreed to produce fertile offspring within their natural environment. New species evolve in two basic ways: 1. Geographic Isolation 2. Reproductive Isolation Geographic Isolation: Physical barriers can sometimes prevent interbreeding by breaking large populations into smaller ones. Geographic isolation occurs whenever a physical barrier divides a population.

When these populations become isolated from one another, they can no longer reach each other to breed. Natural selection will continue to act of each newly isolated population. This means that each population will become increasingly become more genetically dissimilar over time. If separated for long period of time, the populations become so genetically different that they can no longer interbreed with one another. Reproductive Isolation: This form of isolation leads to the formation of new species (speciation) WITHOUT the presence of physical barriers. Reproductive isolation occurs when formerly interbreeding organisms can no longer mate and produce fertile offspring. Reproductive isolation can result in speciation in one of two ways: What are the two ways in which new species can evolve? ________________________________________________________________________

SOL Break: Suppose a dam breaks and water forms a river downstream that splits a population of squirrels. Half of the population is on the eastern side of the river, and the other half is on the western side of the river. After 500 years, the climate changes, and the river dries up. The two populations of squirrels coexists again but are not able to breed. What type of speciation does this scenario represent? a. Geographic isolation b. Parapatric isolation c. Behavioral isolation d. Migration ______________________________________________________________________________________ Evidence for Evolution: Scientists have three specific areas of focus that provide evidence for evolution: 1. Fossils 2. Anatomy 3. Biochemistry Fossils: Fossils are the preserved remains or imprints of an organism that lived long ago. The fossil records of animals show a pattern of development from early ancestors to modern descendents. Much like the pattern of development leading to the modern day horse below:

Scientists can also use layers of undisturbed rock to determine the relative age of fossilize organisms. Fossils found in undisturbed rock layers are oldest at the bottom of the column and youngest at the top. Additionally, fossil organisms are simplest at the bottom and increase in complexity toward the top of the column. What are fossils? _________________________________________________________ Based on the information provided in the previous paragraph, determine the relative ages of each fossilized organism in the picture below:

1. Can you determine the relative age of the three organisms above? ______ 2. Which organism is the oldest? __________________________________ 3. Which organism is the youngest? ________________________________ Anatomy: Many vertebrates (organisms with a backbone-like you!) share similarities during embryonic development because they have common ancestors. Embryos are the earliest stage of growth and development in both plants and animals. What are embryos? _______________________________________________________

Because embryonic stages of development can be similar in many different species, we can use embryology to determine how closely related different species are to one another. Although the shark, lizard, chicken, pig, and human are not identical to one another, their embryonic cells have the same order of development, shape, and tissue structure. How can scientists use embryology to support evolution? _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________

SOL Break: The embryonic development among the different organisms shown below is evidence of

a. b. c. d.

Coevolution Analogous structures Vestigial structures Common ancestry

Eventually embryonic similarities can give rise to HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES. Lets do a little prefix review. What does the term homozygous mean? ______________________________ What does the prefix homo mean? ___________________________________

We can apply the same prefix meaning to the word homologous. Homologous Structures are structures on living things that have a common origin but not necessarily a common function. Homologous structures look similar to one another. This provides strong evidence that vertebrates all descended from a common ancestor. Lets look at the examples below.

What are homologous structures? ___________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Although the human, horse, cat, bat, bird, and whale forelimbs have different functions, their parts are basic structure are similar. What does this suggest about the ancestry of all these organisms? ____________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

Analogous Structures, on the other hand, are different structures that perform similar functions. Environmental pressures causes organisms that are not closely related to develop structures to perform similar functions. This means that analogous structures do not demonstrate common ancestry!!! Take a look at the insect, bat, and bird wings below. They all have the same function (flight), but evolved from totally different structures.

What type of structures demonstrates a shared common ancestor? _____________________ What types of structures demonstrate no common ancestry? __________________________

Vestigial Structures: Many organisms also have vestigial structures, features that dont serve a purpose in an organisms body but are homologous to structures possessed by another organism. Can you think of any vestigial structures found inside of you? _______________________________________________________________

Some species of whales and snakes show vestigial remnants of their ancestors hind limbs.

What do these vestigial structures suggest about the ancestors of whales and snakes? _________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________

SOL Break: Comparative anatomy provides evidence to support the theory of evolution. The examples shown below suggest a shared ancestry with other animals. What are they called?

a. b. c. d.

Vestigial structures Redundant structures Analogous structures Homologous structures

The blue whale has two tiny femurs (thigh bones) embedded deep within its body. these thigh bones appear to serve no useful purpose for the blue whale. The femurs of a blue whale are a type of a. b. c. d. Vestigial structure Redundant structure Analogous structure Homologous structure

In cephalopods (such as squid and octopuses), eyes develop from skin, and the lens is a crystalline secretion of the skin cells. In vertebrates, the eyes develop from the brain, and the lens is cellular. The yes of all these organisms are examples of a. b. c. d. Biochemistry: Biological molecules also provide evidence for evolution. Comparisons of DNA and RNA of different species produce biochemical evidence for evolution. The more closely related two species are, the greater the similarity in genetic sequence. What are the three pieces of evidence used to support evolution? ______________________________________________________________ Vestigial structures Redundant structures Analogous structures Homologous structures

HW63: Protein Synthesis Review Name: _____________________

Biology I Date:______________________
1. Using the table to the left, determine which amino acid corresponds to each of the following mRNA codons: UUU _________ AAA _________ GCC _________ CCU _________ AUG _________ UAA _________ GCA _________ CGU _________

2. Which of the following sections of an mRNA strand codes for the amino acid sequence met asn ser lys trp thr stop A. AUG-ACG-AAA-GGG-CGU-CUG-UGA B. AUG-AAU-UCC-GAG-CAC-CAC-UGA C. AUG-AAU-UCC-AAA-UGG-ACU-UGA D. AUG-AAU-GUG-GUU-GAG-GAG-UGA 3. Which of the following sections of a DNA strand codes for the amino acid sequence met pro leu gly val val stop A. TAC-GGG-AAC-CCC-CAC-CAC-ACT B. TAC-GGG-AAA-GAG-CAC-CAC-ACT

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