Table of contents

Sr. No. 1 1.1 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 I II III IV Introduction Introduction to project System study and analysis Problem definition Feasibility System analysis Current system Proposed system System development Gantt chart Event table Use Case diagram Sequence diagram / Collaboration diagram Activity diagram Block Diagram Circuit diagram Menu tree Component list PCB hardware designing System testing and conclusion Coding conventions Source code Screen layout with test data and test results Report layouts References/ bibliography/websites used Annexure Application of the project Future scope List of abbreviations Soft copy of the project on CD 44 58 60 64 66 67 67 67 69 Topic Page. No. 3 4 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 18 20 21 23 41

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction to project

The main scope of this project is to stop the engine of an automobile automatically whenentered password is incorrect and the status of the vehicle regarding the ignition is also sent to the user. The project includes a GSM modem, Microcontroller, voltage regulator, Keypad, Buzzer and the 9v battery to power up this module. When someone tries to steal the car then microcontroller detects and orders GSM Modem to send message regarding the theft to the owner vehicle it automatically switches OFF the Ignition the microcontroller can also receive message from the GSM modem for switching ON the vehicle and stopping the vehicle. The accident alert sensor is used to detect the accident and if it is detected then the microcontroller sends a message through the GSM modem to the relation of the owner of the vehicle. Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a globally accepted standard for digital cellular communication. GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to create a common European mobile telephone standard that would formulate specifications for a panEuropean mobile cellular radio system operating at 900 MHz It is estimated that many countries outside of Europe will join the GSM partnership. With this system we can easily identify vehicle thefts. GSM is used for receiving and sending messages according to the software program written to perform the task. GSM is used by over 1.5 billion people across more than 212 countries and territories. Its ubiquity enables international roaming arrangements between mobile network operators, providing subscribers the use of their phones in many parts of the world. GSM differs from its predecessor technologies in that both signaling and speech channels are digital and thus GSM is considered a second generation (2G) mobile phone system. This also facilitates the wide-spread implementation of data

communication applications into the system. GSM also pioneered low-cost implementation of the short message service(SMS), also called text messaging,which has since been supported on other mobile phone standards 3

as well. The standard includes a worldwide emergency telephone number feature. GSM uses several cryptographic algorithms for security. Although security issues remain for GSM newer standards and algorithms may address this. New attacks are growing in the wild which take advantage of poor security implementations, architecture and development for smart phone applications. The basic requirement which we have thoroughly considered here are: Product must be safe to use. It must be easy to handle. All operation must be within user limit. Accessibility for assembly maintenance and service. Safety: by providing electrical grounding, opening precaution, sharp corners and terminal heat.

SYSTEM STUDY AND ANALYSIS

2.1 Problem Definition

These days car theft cases are higher than ever, give your car an excellent protection with the only reliable anti-theft device. Car central locking system ensures the best guarantee to protect your car from different kinds of theft cases. It is a car security device that offers excellent protection to your car. A car with central locking security system helps the user to lock and unlock doors at the press of a button. Mainly two types of central locking systems are used in Auto industry - Automatic central locking system and Manual central locking system that ensures smoother and secured operation. Again this system could not prove to provide complete security and accessibility of the vehicle in case of theft. So a more developed system makes use of an embedded system based on GSM technology. The designed & developed system is installed in the vehicle. The main concept in this design is introducing the mobile communications into the embedded system.

2.2 Feasibility
The project is technically feasible as it requires very limited hardware configuration. It is completely made in C programming and using Keil compiler and thus easy for further developments and integration. The project is economically feasible, as all the technology used is open source. Also software like Keil Compiler and Flash Magic are available freely on internet. Also the hardware and software needed are available easily and cheaply.

2.3 System Analysis

2.3.1 Understanding client requirements Security is a basic need in todays life so securing your car is important aspect. A client requires a system that would ensure security of their car. Also there should be some additional features to stop and start the car using their mobiles. 2.3.2 System objectives To Provide Security to the vehicle To alert the user through GSM when the vehicle is accessed by an unauthenticated Person Car security system module(using GSM modem, accident alert sensors) Stop or Start the vehicle through message Accident Alert to multiple persons using GSM

2.4 Current system

Presently the system (car) does not exhibit any car antitheft module that would ensure the security of the car. Also the system does not have any additional features for starting and stopping the car.

2.5 Proposed system

The system exhibits a subsystem basically an antitheft system which ensures car security using GSM modem. It also ensures accident alert messaging concurrently to the required clients. Additional features for start and stop the car by using mobile computing.

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

3.1 Gantt Chart

3.2 Event table

Events 1.When correct password is entered through the system.

Results Client receives acknowledgment message and the client is authenticated user. Client receives acknowledgment message and the client is unauthenticated user. The buzzer gets ON.

2. When incorrect password is entered through the system.

3. When the client sends the correct password through mobile. 4. When the client sends the correct password followed by STOP through mobile. 5. When the client sends the incorrect password through mobile.

The ignition key of the vehicle is made ON. The ignition key of the vehicle is made OFF.

The ignition key of the vehicle will not be made ON. The buzzer gets ON.

6. When the meets an accident.

The client receives an alert message that driver of the vehicle has met with an accident.

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3.3 Use case diagram

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3.4 Sequence diagram

12

3.5 Activity diagram

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3.6 Block diagram

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Block diagram description

In this project we will place this vehicle tracking system in vehicle. The Block diagram consists of a GPS modem, a GSM modem, a Microcontroller, an ignition switch, accident alert sensor, LCD Display, Keypad, Buzzer and power supply. follows: A GSM modem is used to send the information regarding the status of the ignition to the owner of the vehicle in the form of messages the number of the owner is fed into the program of the microcontroller. It can also receive messages that are nothing but the commands like switch Off the Ignition control of the engine. The GSM modem is nothing but the mobile the difference between the mobile and GSM Modem is that it has a serial connectivity through which microcontroller can communicate with the GSM Modem. The GSM Modem communicates with the microcontroller serially at a baud rate of 9600 bps. It receives the AT Commands from the microcontroller and takes the necessary action depending upon the command received from the microcontroller. The AT Commands are used for sending the SMS and reading the SMS. The Microcontroller is the most important part of this project. The microcontroller used in the project is P89V51RD2. The total controlling action will be done through this microcontroller. The Microcontroller receives the data from the keypad and GSM Modem. It also authenticates the user whether by checking the password entered by the user, if correct password is entered then it allows the user to access the vehicle otherwise the ignition switch is made OFF. The microcontroller can also switch OFF the Ignition switch if a message is received to switch OFF the ignition part of the vehicle. An Ignition switch plays the key role in the vehicle, for moving. If it is in off condition, the vehicle does not move. In this project, for completely These hardware components will be discussed briefly as

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stopping the vehicle we are just switched-off the ignition switch with the help of the micro controller. A LCD display is used at the output section to display the status of the GSM and GPS. The LCD used in the project is 16X2. The maximum power supply required to operate the hardware circuitry is 5V and 12V DC voltage. A Buzzer is used to generate alert sound during the invalid access of the vehicle The Keypad used in the project is 4x3 matrix keypad. It is used to enter password for switching on the Ignition of the vehicle. The * is used for cancelling the entered number and the # key is used as the Enter key. After entering the complete password the # key should be pressed.

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3.7 Circuit diagram

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Circuit diagram description

In this project, the GSM and GPS are connected to the micro controller. The GSM is used for sending, receiving and reading the messages. The GPS is used for getting the location of the vehicle which sends the location name in the form of coordinates ie., latitudes, longitudes and altitudes. These GSM and GPS are both meant for serial communication. Both the GSM and GPS are RS232 voltage level compatible but the Micro controller is TTL compatible.

To match the voltage levels we using the MAX-232 line driver to convert the RS voltage level to TTL voltage levels and vice versa. The

controller is having one serial port. It is impossible to interface to two serial communication devices and access both at a time. So that, through Latch these devices are connected to the MAX. The latch acts to store the

information temporarily. For accessing these devices, one is kept in sleep mode and the other activated and vice versa. The ignition switch is used for starting/ stopping the engine. This is operated through software, which is connected to one of the port pin. The LCD display will acts as an output source in this project that will be helpful to display the location name on this display. The RS, R/W. and EN pins are the control pins which are used for controlling purpose. The RS pin is used to select either data mode or

command mode. The R/W is used to indicate that the LCD will acts as a either read or write mode. The EN pin is used to enable the data. D0-D7 are data pins used to get the data from the micro controller. To operate the LCD display, which requires maximum of +5V DC power supply. The power supply is used drive all the hardware components, which are work at the maximum voltage of +5V DC. The 230V AC is a power supply which is used for operate our general home appliance but the hardware component which requires just +5V DC voltage. A step-down transformer is used to step down the 230V AC to the required AC voltage and thereafter it is meant for filtering with the help of a capacitor. Thereby, the circuit is meant for the regulation to get the constant +5V DC. 18

3.8 Menu tree

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Component List

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COMPONENTS

COST

GSM modem

2500/-

Microcontroller P89V51RD2

200/-

Crystal , Buzzer

10/-,10/-

LCD 16*2

150/-

Terminal block[32]

150/-

Regulator IC [1]

8/-

Relimate connector (16*1),(8*1)

35/-, 18/-

Serial cable

40/-

Wheels [60*4]

240/-

LED[4]

4/-

Miscellaneous

200/-

PCB development

800/-

MAX 232

15/-

IC 7805

10/-

Studs and screws

50/-

SMPS(12V)

180/-

Acrylic sheet

100/-

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PCB designing

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Fabrication Printed circuit boards, or PCBs, form the core of electronic equipment domestic and industrial. Some of the areas where PCBs are intensively used are computers, process control, telecommunications and instrumentation. Manufacturing The manufacturing process consists of two methods; print and etch, and print, plate and etch. The single sided PCBs are usually made using the print and etch method. The double sided plate through hole (PTH) boards are made by the print plate and etch method. The production of multi layer boards uses both the methods. The inner layers are printed and etch while the outer layers are produced by print, plate and etch after pressing the inner layers. Penalization Here the schematic transformed in to the working positive/negative films. The circuit is repeated conveniently to accommodate economically as many circuits as possible in a panel, which can be operated in every sequence of subsequent steps in the PCB process. This is called penalization. For the PTH boards, the next operation is drilling. Drilling PCB drilling is a state of the art operation. Very small holes are drilled with high speed CNC drilling machines, giving a wall finish with less or no smear or epoxy, required for void free through hole plating.

Plating The heart of the PCB manufacturing process. The holes drilled in the board are treated both mechanically and chemically before depositing the copper by the electro less copper platting process. 23

Etching Once a multiplayer board is drilled and electro less copper deposited, the image available in the form of a film is transferred on to the outside by photo printing using a dry film printing process. The boards are then electrolytic plated on to the circuit pattern with copper and tin. The tin-plated deposit serves an etch resist when copper in the unwanted area is removed by the conveyors spray etching machines with chemical etch ants. The etching machines are attached to an automatic dosing equipment, which analyses and controls etch ants concentrations Design Rule Rules followed while selecting artwork symbol are, 1. Minimum spacing between conductor and pad should be 0 .35 mm in 1:1 scale. 2. Minimum spacing between parallel conductors should be 0.4 mm in 1:1 scale. 3. The area of non-PTH solder pad should not be less than (5 sq.mm.). 4. The width of current carrying conductors should be determined for maximum temperature, rise of 20 C. General art work rules: 1. When there is higher conductor density assumes the conductors parallel to any one of the edge of the board 2. When conductors have to be placed in other direction preference should be given to the 45 direction or to the 30 / 60 direction. 3. Whenever there is sufficient space available the conductors can be run in any direction so as to achieve sorted possible interconnection. 4. As far as possible, design and the conductor on the solder pad. Conductor forming sharp internal angles must be avoided. 24

5. When a member of conductor has to run between two pads the conductor lines are run perpendicular w.r.to the center-to-center line of pair of pads. 6. Equally distributed spacing is to be provided when three or more conductors run along a direction and / or between two pads. 7. Minimum spacing is provided when three or more lines run along a direction and / or between two pads. 8. The diameter of solder pad should be approximately 8 times the drilled hole diameter.

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System testing and conclusion

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Testing
Code Test: 1. The first step was to carry out the visual inspection of the PCB. This means to check any short or cut in the tracks on PCB. Find any missing pads if any where found on it. We did mechanical repair of the same. 2. The second step involved the continuity testing. This means to check that the current is flowing through all the tracks. 3. Thirdly testing solder of socket crystal & reset circuitry. Test Result : [1] Give VCC and GND to microcontroller. [2] Check voltage between 18 & 19 pins (XTAL 1, XTAL 2). It should be 2.5. [3] Check available voltage pin 3.0-1.4. If all these voltage are coming then the microcontroller is working properly. [4] Check VCC and GND of LCD & write a RTN for display any message on LCD if the message does not come check the supply again also check the data lines for any opens or short. C Testing: Initially the C is given the power supply. All the respective ports and port pins were checked when the signals were proper, it means that all the C signal were correct. If these signals are not proper, we can check the signals from VCC ground, reset, circuit respectively. Even after the above test if the signals are not proper it means that the purchased CPU is not functioning properly & must be thrown. 1. We can put latch and memory in their respective sockets we wrote a small program for the same then checked for numbers on port pin.

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2.

For the transmission of data stored in memory of C. Various parameters of communication port such as parity, data type baud rate were checked before the transmission.

3.

Accepting the data next step was to check that all the devices that are connected and the program that was written to accept the data from the C is successful or not. ff not then the further modifications were done in the program.

Conclusions
The Car Security System using GSM has been developed to the best of knowledge and information made available to us. User friendliness has been accented in this mini-project so that the user will be satisfied according to his requirements. With the knowledge of new techniques in Electronics we are able to make our life more comfortable. One such application of electronics is used in Car Security System using GSM. The same circuit finds its use in many more applications. By this Project we can track and block the vehicle. This project provides a cheap and simple way to communicate with user. We enjoyed every moment of working of this project and feel proud to hit the Bulls Eye. Thus, we have implemented our engineering learning through the project of Car Security System using GSM.

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Source code

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#include <reg51.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> #include "lcd.h" #include "serial.h" sbit col1=P1^4; sbit col2=P1^5; sbit col3=P1^6; sbit row1=P1^0; sbit row2=P1^1; sbit row3=P1^2; sbit row4=P1^3; sbit buzzer = P0^0; sbitignition_switch=P0^1; /*--------------------Global declarations--------------------*/ unsigned char code sto_password[4]="1234"; unsigned char password[4]; //array for storing the password unsigned char keycode; //for storing the key pressed code unsigned char lcd_pos=0; bitpassword_complete=0; //flag for indicating that the key # is pressed /*------------------------------------------------------------*/ #define CR 0x0D //definitations of the return value of the comparison #define UNKNOWN 0 #define CMD_OK 1 #define CMD_ERROR 2 #define SEND_SUCCESS 3 #define SEND_FAIL 4 #define MSG_RECEIVED 5 bitflag_cmd=0; //for indicating that the command is received from the modem //bit flagint=0;//for deciding the start of the command by detecting the presence of OA in the fisrt time bitrec_flag=0; //deciding whether command =0 or message=1 for the interrupt for storing the bitsend_start=0; bitmsg_start=0;//for indicating the start of the actual message from the received message bitmsg_end=0; //for indicating the function that the entire message is received unsigned char count_cr=0; unsigned char count_lf=0; 30

unsigned char rec_string[20]; //for storing the received command string unsigned char len=0; //for storing the count value of the received strinng unsigned char rec_msg[35]; unsigned char len_msg=0; unsigned char start_msg=0; unsigned char process[10]; code unsigned char ok[3]="OK"; //for storing the message to be sent unsigned char code correct_msg[72] = "The password entered is correct and the ignition of vehicle is made ON\r\0"; unsigned char code incorrect_msg[72] = "The password entered is incorrect the ignition of vehicle is made OFF\r\0"; unsigned char code sms_correct_msg[85] = "The password sent through message is correct and the ignition of vehicle is made ON\r\0"; unsigned char code sms_incorrect_msg[88] = "The password sent through message is incorrect and the ignition of vehicle is made OFF\r\0"; unsigned char code stop_msg[] = "The ignition of the vehicle is stopped due to the stop command from the user";

voidsend_message(unsigned char msg_type);

/*---fucntion for generating delay in milli seconds----*/ /*input arguments : delay required in msec*/ voiddelay_ms(unsigned intmsec) { unsignedint i; TMOD|=0X01; for(i=0;i<msec;i++) { TH0=0XFC; TL0=0X77; TR0=1; while(!TF0); TR0=0; TF0=0; } } voidclear_flag(void) { len_msg=0; len=0; flag_cmd=0; count_cr=0; 31

count_lf=0; send_start=0; msg_start=0; start_msg=0; rec_flag=0; msg_end=0; } //interrupt subroutine for serial reception voidreceive_data(void) interrupt 4 using 2 { if(RI) { RI=0; if(rec_flag==0&&send_start==0) { rec_string[len]=SBUF; if(rec_string[len]==0x0d) count_cr++; if(rec_string[len]==0x0a) count_lf++; if(count_cr==2&&count_lf==2) flag_cmd=1; len++; } if(send_start==1) { rec_string[len]=SBUF; if(rec_string[len]==0X20) flag_cmd=1; len++; } if(rec_flag==1) { rec_msg[len_msg]=SBUF; if(rec_msg[len_msg]==0X0A) start_msg++; if(msg_start) { if(rec_msg[len_msg]==CR) { rec_msg[len_msg]='\0'; msg_end=1; } else len_msg++; } 32

if(start_msg==2) { msg_start=1; } } } }

voidbuzzer_on(void) { unsigned char i; for(i=0;i<10;i++) { buzzer=0; delay_ms(250); buzzer=1; delay_ms(250); } } /*----------------------------------------------------------------function for comparing the received message with that of the password ---------------------------------------------------------------------*/ voidprocess_message(void) { if(!(strncmp(rec_msg,"1234 STOP",9))) { lclrscr(); ignition_switch=0; lprintf(" Stop Vehicle "); gotoxy(2,1); lprintf(" Cmd Received "); delay_ms(1500); send_message(5); buzzer_on(); } else if(!(strncmp(rec_msg,sto_password,4))) { lclrscr(); ignition_switch=1; lprintf("Password Correct"); delay_ms(1500); send_message(3); } else 33

{ lclrscr(); ignition_switch=0; lprintf("Password Incorrect"); delay_ms(1500); send_message(4); buzzer_on(); } } voidread_message(unsigned char msg_id) { IE=0X00; rec_flag=1; send_string("AT+CMGR="); ser_tx(msg_id); ser_tx(CR); IE=0X90; while(!msg_end); IE=0x00; clear_flag(); lprintf(rec_msg); delay(1000); IE=0x90; process_message(); } /*----------------------------------------------------------------function for comparing the received command with that of the saved one Return value: the result status i.e. OK, ERROR, ---------------------------------------------------------------------*/ unsigned char process_data(void) { unsigned char i=0,j=0; while(flag_cmd==0); len=0; flag_cmd=0; count_cr=0; count_lf=0; /*for removing the 0X0D AND 0X0A in the message and storing it in buffer*/ while(rec_string[i++]!= 0x0A); do process[j++]=rec_string[i++]; while(rec_string[i]!=0x0D); process[j]='\0'; //now comparing with the messages if(!(strcmp(process,"OK"))) return(CMD_OK); 34

else if(!(strcmp(process,"ERROR"))) return(CMD_ERROR); else if(!(strncmp(process,"+CMGSXXXXX",5))) return(SEND_SUCCESS); else if(!(strncmp(process,"+CMS:XXXXXXXX",4))) return(SEND_FAIL); else if (!(strncmp(process,"+CMTI:XXXXXX",5))) return(MSG_RECEIVED); else return(UNKNOWN); } voidsend_message(unsigned char msg_type) { unsigned char i=0,j=0; unsigned char result; serial_init(9600); EA=1;ES=1; lclrscr(); clear_flag(); lprintf("Check Connection"); gotoxy(2,1); send_string("AT\r"); result=process_data(); switch(result) { case CMD_OK: lprintf("Modem connected"); break; case CMD_ERROR: lprintf("Error command"); break; } delay_ms(500); lclrscr(); lprintf("Check Network"); send_string("AT+CREG=1\r"); result=process_data(); gotoxy(2,1); switch(result) { case CMD_OK: lprintf("NETWORK REGISTER"); break; case CMD_ERROR: lprintf("Error command"); break; } delay_ms(500); lclrscr(); lprintf("Sel. Text Mode"); send_string("AT+CMGF=1\r"); result=process_data(); gotoxy(2,1); switch(result) { case CMD_OK: lprintf("TEXT MODE"); break; 35

case CMD_ERROR:

lprintf("Error command");

break;

} delay_ms(500); lclrscr(); lprintf("Sending Message"); send_start=1; send_string("AT+CMGS=\"+919769866207\"\r"); while(flag_cmd==0); send_start=0; len=0; flag_cmd=0; count_cr=0; count_lf=0; delay(200); /*for removing the 0X0D AND 0X0A in the message and storing it in buffer*/ if(msg_type==1) { send_string(correct_msg); ser_tx(0x1a); } else if(msg_type==2) { send_string(incorrect_msg); ser_tx(0x1a); } else if(msg_type==3) { send_string(sms_correct_msg); ser_tx(0x1a); } else if(msg_type==4) { send_string(sms_incorrect_msg); ser_tx(0x1a); } else if(msg_type==5) { send_string(stop_msg); ser_tx(0x1a); } else if(msg_type==6) { } result=process_data(); gotoxy(2,1); switch(result) 36

{ case CMD_ERROR: lprintf("Error command"); break; case SEND_SUCCESS: lprintf("Message Sent"); break; case SEND_FAIL : lprintf("Msg. Sending Fail"); break; } clear_flag(); delay_ms(500); } unsigned char keypad(void) { //scanning the first row row1=row2=row3=row4=1; row1=0; if(col1==0) { delay_ms(32); if(col1==0) { while(!col1); return(1); } } if(col2==0) { delay_ms(32); if(col2==0) { while(!col2); return(2); } } if(col3==0) { delay_ms(32); if(col3==0) { while(!col3); return(3); } } //scanning the second row row1=row2=row3=row4=1; row2=0; if(col1==0) { delay_ms(32); if(col1==0) { 37

while(!col1); return(4); } } if(col2==0) { delay_ms(32); if(col2==0) { while(!col2); return(5); } } if(col3==0) { delay_ms(32); if(col3==0) { while(!col3); return(6); } } //scanning the third row row1=row2=row3=row4=1; row3=0; if(col1==0) { delay_ms(32); if(col1==0) { while(!col1); return(7); } } if(col2==0) { delay_ms(32); if(col2==0) { while(!col2); return(8); } } if(col3==0) { delay_ms(32); if(col3==0) { while(!col3); return(9); 38

} } //scanning the fourth row row1=row2=row3=row4=1; row4=0; if(col1==0) { delay_ms(32); if(col1==0) { while(!col1); return('*'); } } if(col2==0) { delay_ms(32); if(col2==0) { while(!col2); return(0); } } if(col3==0) { delay_ms(32); if(col3==0) { while(!col3); return('#'); } } return('$'); } voidlcd_keypad(unsigned char keycode) { if(keycode=='#') password_complete=1; else if(keycode<=9) { if(lcd_pos<4) { password[lcd_pos++]=keycode+'0'; gotoxy(2,lcd_pos); lcd_data((password[lcd_pos-1])); } } else if(keycode=='*') 39

{ lcd_pos--; gotoxy(2,(lcd_pos+1)); lcd_data(' '); gotoxy(2,(lcd_pos+1)); } } //function for checking the entered password voidpassword_check(void) { unsigned char i; for(i=0;i<4;i++) { if(password[i]==sto_password[i]); else break; } if(i==4) { lclrscr(); lprintf("Password Correct"); delay_ms(1500); ignition_switch=1; send_message(1);

} else { lclrscr(); lprintf("Password Incorrect"); delay_ms(1500); ignition_switch=0; send_message(2); buzzer_on(); } } void main(void) { unsigned char result; P1=0xff; ignition_switch=0; buzzer=1; lcd_init(); serial_init(9600); EA=1; ES=1; lprintf("VEHICLE SECURITY"); gotoxy(2,1); 40

lprintf("SYSTEM USING GSM"); delay_ms(1500); lclrscr(); lprintf("Project Done By:"); gotoxy(2,1); lprintf("****************"); delay_ms(1500); lclrscr(); lprintf("1. Abhishek "); gotoxy(2,1); lprintf("2. Anagha "); send_string("ATE0\r\0"); delay_ms(1000); clear_flag(); send_string("AT+CMGD=1\r\0"); delay_ms(1000); clear_flag(); lclrscr(); lprintf("Enter Password"); while(1) { keycode = keypad(); if(keycode!='$') { lcd_keypad(keycode); } if(password_complete) { lcd_pos=0; password_complete=0; password_check(); delay(1000); lclrscr(); lprintf("Enter Password"); } if(flag_cmd==1) { result=process_data(); if(result==MSG_RECEIVED) { lclrscr(); lprintf("Msg. Received"); gotoxy(2,1); read_message('1'); send_string("AT+CMGD=1\r\0"); delay(1000); clear_flag(); lclrscr(); lprintf("Enter Password"); } 41

else { lclrscr(); lprintf("Msg not received"); clear_flag(); } } if (accident == 0) { send_message(6) } } }

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Screen layout with test data and test results

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Steps for executing the Keil programs: Click on the KeiluVision Icon on Desktop The following fig will appear

1. 2.

Click on the Project menu from the title bar Then Click on New Project

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3.

Save the Project by typing suitable project name with no extension in u r own folder sited in either C:\ or D:\

4. 5. 6.

Then Click on Save button above. Select the component for u r project. i.e. Atmel Click on the + Symbol beside of Atmel

7.

Select P89V51RD2 as shown below

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8. 9.

Then Click on OK The Following fig will appear

10. 11. 12.

Then Click either YES or NOmostly NO Now your project is ready to USE Now double click on the Target1, you would get another option Source group 1 as shown in next page.

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13.

Click on the file option from menu bar and select new

14.

The next screen will be as shown in next page, and just maximize it by double clicking on its blue boarder.

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15. 16.

Now start writing program in either in C or ASM For a program written in Assembly, then save it with extension . asm and for C based program save it with extension .C

17.

Now right click on Source group 1 and click on Add files to Group Source

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18.

Now you will get another window, on which by default C files will appear.

19. 20. 21.

Now select as per your file extension given while saving the file Click only one time on option ADD Now Press function key F7 to compile. Any error will appear if so happen.

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22. 23.

If the file contains no error, then press Control+F5 simultaneously. The new window is as follows

24. 25.

Then Click OK Now Click on the Peripherals from menu bar, and check your required port as shown in fig below

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26.

Drag the port a side and click in the program file.

27. 28.

Now keep Pressing function key F11 slowly and observe. You are running your program successfully

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Results

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53

54

Report layouts

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Datasheet Of Components
1.LCD

56

2.Rectifier

57

3.Diodes

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59

4.Pin Configuration of 89V51RD2

Pin

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Details: 89V51RD is 40 pin IC with four ports. Pin diagram of microcontroller is shown in Fig. VCC - Supply voltage. . VSS - Ground. Port 0 Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.

Port 1 Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.

Port 2 Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, it uses strong internal pullups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function 61

Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.

Port 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source Current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89V51RD2 as listed: P3.0 P3.1 P3.2 P3.3 P3.4 P3.5 P3.6 P3.7 RXD (serial input port) TXD (serial output port) INT0 (external interrupt 0) INT1 (external interrupt 1) T0 (timer 0 external input) T1 (timer 1 external input) WR (external data memory write strobe) RD (external data memory read strobe)

Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. RST Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device.

ALE/ PROG Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a

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MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.

PSEN Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the 89V51RD2FA is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.

EA/VPP External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP.

Oscillator and Clock Details: Oscillator Characteristics: XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier, which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figs 6.1 Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 6.2. There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.

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Fig 6.1 Oscillator Connections Configuration

Fig 6.2 External Clock Drive

XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. XTAL2 Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. 3.1.5 Transmission in 89V51RD2: 89V51RD2 has a serial data communication circuit that uses register SBUF to hold data. Register SCON controls data communication. Register PCON controls data rates. Pins RxD (p3.0) and TxD(3.1) connect to serial data network. SBUF is physically two registers, one is writing only i.e. to hold data to be transmitted out of microcontroller via TxD. The other is read only and holds received data from an external transmitting source via RxD.

Whenever a data byte is transmitted T1 flag is set and so program is interrupted to transmit another byte of data. The main program is interrupted only serial port interrupt is 1E SFR is enable. The data transmission steps are: Initially the T1 flag is reset. Data to be transmitted must be written into SBUF. As soon as data is transmitted the T1 flag is set and main program is

interrupted to execute ISR. In the ISR T1 flag is reset .another data is written in SBUF register. External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP. XTAL1:

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Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.

XTAL2: Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

8051 Register Banks and Stack RAM memory space allocation in the 8051 There are 128 bytes of RAM in the 8051. The 128 bytes of RAM inside the 8051 are assigned addresses 00 to7FH. These 128 bytes are divided into three different groups as follows: 1. A total of 32 bytes from locations 00 to 1FH hex are set aside for register banks and the stack. 2. A total of 16 bytes from locations 20 to 2FH hex are set aside for bit-addressable read/write memory. 3. A total of 80 bytes from locations 30H to 7FH are used for read and write storage, or what is normally called Scratch pad. These 80 locations of RAM are widely used for the purpose of storing data and parameters nu 8051 programmers.

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Default register bank Register bank 0; that is, RAM locations 0, 1,2,3,4,5,6, and 7 are accessed with the names R0, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, and R7 when programming the 8051.

FIG 8: RAM Allocation in the 8051 PSW Register (Program Status Word)

This is one of the most important SFRs. The Program Status Word (PSW) contains several status bits that reflect the current state of the CPU. This register contains: Carry bit, Auxiliary Carry, two register bank select bits, Overflow flag, parity bit, and user-definable status flag. The ALU automatically changes some of registers bits, which is usually used in regulation of the program performing. P - Parity bit. If a number in accumulator is even then this bit will be automatically set (1), otherwise it will be cleared (0). It is mainly used during data transmission and receiving via serial communication.

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OV Overflow occurs when the result of arithmetical operation is greater than 255 (decimal), so that it cannot be stored in one register. In that case, this bit will be set (1). If there is no overflow, this bit will be cleared (0). RS0, RS1 - Register bank select bits. These two bits are used to select one of the four register banks in RAM. By writing zeroes and ones to these bits, a group of registers R0-R7 is stored in one of four banks in RAM. RS1 0 RS2 0 Space in RAM Bank0 07h Bank1 0Fh Bank2 17h Bank3 1Fh 18h10h08h00h-

F0 - Flag 0. This is a general-purpose bit available to the user. AC - Auxiliary Carry Flag is used for BCD operations only. CY - Carry Flag is the (ninth) auxiliary bit used for all arithmetical operations and shift instructions. DPTR Register (Data Pointer) These registers are not true ones because they do not physically exist. They consist of two separate registers: DPH (Data Pointer High) and (Data Pointer Low). Their 16 bits are used for external memory addressing. They may be handled as a 16-bit register or as two independent 8-bit registers. Besides, the DPTR Register is usually used for storing data and intermediate results, which have nothing to do with memory locations.

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SP Register (Stack Pointer)

The stack is a section of RAM used by the CPU to store information temporily. This information could be data or an address. The CPU needs this storage area since there are only a limited number of registers. How stacks are accessed in the 8051 If the stack is a section of RAM, there must be registers inside the CPU to point to it. The register used to access the stack is called the SP (Stack point) Register. The stack pointer in the 8051 is only 8 bits wide; which means that it can take values of 00 to FFH. When the 8051 is powered up, the SP register contains value 07. This means that RAM location 08 is the first location used for the stack by the 8051. The storing of a CPU register in the stack is called a PUSH, and pulling the contents off the stack back into a CPU register is called a POP. In other words, a register is pushed onto the stack to save it and popped off the stack to retrieve it. The job of the SP is very critical when push and pop actions are performed. Program counter: 68

The important register in the 8051 is the PC (Program counter). The program counter points to the address of the next instruction to be executed. As the CPU fetches the opcode from the program ROM, the program counter is incremented to point to the next instruction. The program counter in the 8051 is 16bits wide. This means that the 8051 can access program

addresses 0000 to FFFFH, a total of 64k bytes of code. However, not all members of the 8051 have the entire 64K bytes of on-chip ROM installed, as we will see soon.

Serial Communication:
Serial data communication uses two methods, asynchronous and synchronous. The synchronous method transfers a block of data at a time, while the asynchronous method transfers a single byte at a time. In data transmission if the data can be transmitted and received, it is a duplex transmission. This is in contrast to simplex transmissions such as with printers, in which the computer only sends data. Duplex transmissions can be half or full duplex, depending on whether or not the data transfer can be simultaneous. If data is transmitted one way at a time, it is referred to as half duplex. If the data can go both ways at the same time, it is full duplex. Of course, full duplex requires two wire conductors for the data lines, one for transmission and one for reception, in order to transfer and receive data simultaneously. Asynchronous serial communication and data framing The data coming in at the receiving end of the data line in a serial data transfer is all 0s and 1s; it is difficult to make sense of the data unless the sender and receiver agree on a set of rules, a protocol, on how the data is packed, how many bits constitute a character, and when the data begins and ends. Start and stop bits Asynchronous serial data communication is widely used for characteroriented transmissions, while block-oriented data transfers use the

synchronous method. In the asynchronous method, each character is placed between start and stop bits. This is called framing. In the data framing for asynchronous communications, the data, such as ASCII characters, are 69

packed between a start bit and a stop bit. The start bit is always one bit, but the stop bit can be one or two bits. The start bit is always a 0 (low) and the stop bit (s) is 1 (high).

Data transfer rate The rate of data transfer in serial data communication is stated in bps (bits per second). Another widely used terminology for bps is baud rate.

However, the baud and bps rates are not necessarily equal. This is due to the fact that baud rate is the modem terminology and is defined as the number of signal changes per second. In modems a single change of signal, sometimes transfers several bits of data. As far as the conductor wire is concerned, the baud rate and bps are the same, and for this reason we use the bps and baud interchangeably.

RS232 Standards To allow compatibility among data communication equipment made by various manufacturers, an interfacing standard called RS232 was set by the Electronics Industries Association (EIA) in 1960. In 1963 it was modified and called RS232A. RS232B AND RS232C were issued in 1965 and 1969, respectively. Today, RS232 is the most widely used serial I/O interfacing standard. This standard is used in PCs and numerous types of equipment. However, since the standard was set long before the advert of the TTL logic family, its input and output voltage levels are not TTL compatible. In RS232, a 1 is represented by -3 to -25V, while a 0 bit is +3 to +25V, making -3 to +3 undefined. For this reason, to connect any RS232 to a micro controller

system we must use voltage converters such as MAX232 to convert the TTL logic levels to the RS232 voltage levels, and vice versa. MAX232 IC chips are commonly referred to as line drivers. RS232 pins RS232 cable, commonly referred to as the DB-25 connector. In

labeling, DB-25P refers to the plug connector (male) and DB-25S is for the socket connector (female). Since not all the pins are used in PC cables, IBM 70

introduced the DB-9 Version of the serial I/O standard, which uses 9 pins only, as shown in table. (Out of computer and exposed end of cable)

Pin Functions: Pin Description 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Data carrier detect (DCD) Received data (RXD) Transmitted data (TXD) Data terminal ready(DTR) Signal ground (GND) Data set ready (DSR) Request to send (RTS) Clear to send (CTS) Ring indicator (RI)

Note: DCD, DSR, RTS and CTS are active low pins. The method used by RS-232 for communication allows for a simple connection of three lines: Tx, Rx, and Ground. The three essential signals for 2-way RS-232

8051 connection to RS232

The RS232 standard is not TTL compatible; therefore, it requires a line driver such as the MAX232 chip to convert RS232 voltage levels to TTL levels, and vice versa. The interfacing of 8051 with RS232 connectors via the MAX232 chip is the main topic. The 8051 has two pins that are used specifically for transferring and receiving data serially. These two pins are called TXD and RXD and a part of the port 3 group (P3.0 and P3.1). pin 11 of the 8051 is assigned to TXD and pin 10 is designated as RXD. These pins are TTL compatible; therefore, they 71

require a line driver to make them RS232 compatible. One such line driver is the MAX232 chip. Since the RS232 is not compatible with todays microprocessors and microcontrollers, we need a line driver (voltage converter) to convert the RS232s signals to TTL voltage levels that will be acceptable to the 8051s TXD and RXD pins. Maxim Corp. One example of such a converter is MAX232 from

The MAX232 converts from RS232 voltage levels to TTL

voltage levels, and vice versa.

TXD

RXD TXD

2 3 5

Embedded Controller

RXD GND

MAX 232

Fig 11: Interfacing of MAX-232 to controller

Interrupts in the 8051: In reality, only five interrupts are available to the user in the 8051, but many manufacturers data sheets state that there are six interrupts since they include reset .the six interrupts in the 8051 are allocated as above. 1. Reset. When the reset pin is activated, the 8051 jumps to address location 0000.this is the power-up reset. 2. Two interrupts are set aside for the timers: one for Timer 0 and one for Timer 1.Memory location 000BH and 001BH in the interrupt vector table belong to Timer 0 and Timer 1, respectively. 3. Two interrupts are set aside for hardware external harder interrupts. Pin number 12(P3.2) and 13(P3.3) in port 3 is for the external hardware interrupts INT0 and INT1, respectively. These external interrupts are also referred to as EX1 and EX2.Memory location 0003H and 0013H in the interrupt vector table are assigned to INT0 and INT1, respectively.

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4. Serial communication has a single interrupt that belongs to both receive and transmit. The interrupt vector table location 0023H belongs to this interrupt. Interrupt Enable Register D7 EA D6 -D5 ET2 ES D4 D3 EX1 D2 ET0 D1 EX0 D0

ET1

EA

IE.7

disables all interrupts. If EA=0, no interrupts is

acknowledged. If EA=1, each interrupt source is individually enabled disabled By setting or clearing its enable bit. -ET2 only). ES ET1 EX1 ET0 EX0 IE.4 IE.3 IE.2 IE.1 IE.0 Enables or disables the serial ports interrupt. Enables or disables Timers 1 overflow interrupt Enables or disables external interrupt 1. Enables or disables Timer 0 overflow interrupt. Enables or disables external interrupt 0. IE.6 Not implemented, reserved for future use.*

IE.5 Enables or disables Timer 2 overflow or capture interrupt (8052

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5.GSM Modem SIM300

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6.MAX-232

MAX232 to RS232 DB9 Connection as a DCE MAX232 Pin Nbr. MAX232 Pin Name Signal Voltage DB9 Pin 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 T2out R2in R2out T2in T1in R1out R1in T1out GND CTS RTS RTS CTS TX RX TX RX GND RS-232 7 RS-232 8 TTL TTL TTL TTL n/a n/a n/a n/a

RS-232 3 RS-232 2 0 5

MAX232(A) external Capacitors Capacitor + Pin - Pin Remark C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 1 4 2 3 5 16 This looks non-intuitive, but because pin 6 is on -10V, GND gets the + connector, and not the -

GND 6 16 GND

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References/ bibliography/websites used

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Bibliography
The 8051 Micro controller and Embedded Systems -Muhammad Ali Mazidi Janice GillispieMazidi The 8051 Micro controller Architecture, Programming & Applications -Kenneth J.Ayala Fundamentals of Micro processors and Micro computers -B.Ram Micro processor Architecture, Programming & Applications -Ramesh S.Gaonkar Electronic Components -D.V.Prasad Wireless Communications - Theodore S. Rappaport Mobile Tele Communications - William C.Y. Lee

References on the Web:

www.national.com www.atmel.com www.microsoftsearch.com www.geocities.com

http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/gpscurr.html

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Annexure

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Applications
Using this technique we can take our car safe from theft. If our vehicle is suppose to be stolen by any theft then within some minutes we can find it. Rather than break & steering lock it is best way to stop engine remotely .

Future scope
In next some days we can use GPS system & finds exact location of vehicle. We can also use GPRS system to implement this technique worldwide. We can use DTMF technique along with GSM modem to secure our car. We can also implement using thumb or fingerprint base technology.

Abbreviations
ACC B PSW SP DPTR DPL DPH P0 P1 P2 P3 IE IP TMOD TCON T2CON T2MOD TH0 TL0 - Accumulator - B Register - Program Status Word - Stack Pointer - Data pointer - Low byte - High byte - Port 0 - Port 1 - Port 2 - Port 3 - Interrupt Enable control - Interrupt Priority control - Timer/Counter Mode control - Timer/Counter control - Timer/counter 2 control - Timer/counter mode2 control - Timer/counter 0high byte - Timer/counter 0 low byte 79

TH1 TL1 TH2 TL2 RCAP2H RCAP2L SCON SBUF PCON GSM PCB SFR WAAS LCD

- Timer/counter 1 high byte - Timer/counter 1 low byte - Timer/counter 2 high byte - Timer/counter 2 low byte - T/C 2 capture register high byte - T/C 2 capture register low byte - Serial control - Serial data buffer - Power control -Global System for Mobile Communications - Printed circuit Board - Special function registers - Wide Area Augmentation System - Liquid Crystal Display

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