INDEX

abolishment of chattel slavery, 18 abolition of an established church, Britain, 137 abolition of British radicals in exile in America, 18 acculturation to American life, 142 Adams, John (17858), 10, 99 Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States (17878), 23, 478 accusation of being too fond of political power, 138 American representative in London, 845 Adams, Samuel, 21 adjustment to American climate, 137 advantages from British protection, 69 advice for American republic, 1622 advice to American radicals, 16 agent for Loyalist colony of New Brunswick, William Knox, 54 agrarian system, ill effects of luxury on political virtue, 21 agrarianism, 147 agricultural dominance in America approval of Cobbett and Coleridge, 167 agricultural treatise of Cobbett A Years Residence in the United States of America (1818), 166 agriculture as profitable employment, 147 Aikin, John, Dissenting physician and writer, 106 Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) Joseph Priestleys pamphlet, 139 radical concern, 139

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America as asylum of liberty, 26 in British radicalism, 127 and France, potential war, 120 as model of liberal government for Old World Cartwright, Major John (17401824), 24 as natural ally of Britain argument by liberal Whigs, 120 American abolitionism, 18 as reluctant necessity, 38 American alliance with France (1778), 423 American anglophobia, British liberal censure, 121 American behaviour to Native Americans, 95 American character brutality, arrogance, lack of refinement, 95 American colonies separation from Britain prematurely S. T. Coleridge, 1078 value to Britain, fighting to retain them, 56 American compliance by force, impossibility, 356 American Congress as Congress of Anarchy Johnson, Dr Samuel (170984), 58 American constitution, utilitarian focus on well-being of people, 48, 11014, 136 American Continental Congress, British recognition, 38 American Declaration of Independence ( July 1776), 13 American economic development, 924

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British Visions of America, 17751820 American Senate, a mistake, Jeremy Bentham, 141 American Society Cobbetts enjoyment of, 167 American submission to British government promotion of, 59 American suffrage, 114 American use of English common law, 142 American War of Independence, 64 Americans as enemy not subjects British government treatment, 36 Americas renunciation of neutrality in European war, 88 Andrews, Stuart, The Rediscovery of America (1998), 3 Anglican Church in America, 60 Anglo-American alliance against revolutionary French, 79 crisis (176575), 31 free trade, 46 relationship, 4, 7, 74, 84 Jeffrey, Francis (17731850), 125 strengthening, evidence of, 84 War of 181215, 73, 8792, 106, 11924 Anglo-American Treaty (1806), signed by Grenville, 1212 Anglocentrism, 31 Anti-Jacobin Review Britain too generous to United States in trade, 89 ill-treatment of British prisoners of war, 91 interest in America, subjects, 106 on need for religion in states, 96 resentment of American Revolution, 77 seat of federal government, Washington, 93 slavery, 945 United States nation, 73 anti-slave trade sermon (1788), Joseph Priestley, 19 aristocracy, 35, 137 artisan egalitarian radicals, 129 Barrow, Sir John, (17641848) civil servant at Admiralty, 74 Mutiny on the Bounty (1831), 76

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American English S. T. Coleridges dislike of drift to mother country, 116 American example of political liberty, 169 American foreign policy in 1790s censure by Paine and Priestley, 139 American francophilia, 878 American hostility to Britain internal politics of Unites States, 89 American independence, 1112, 29 willingness to accept, pragmatic reasons, 41 American Intercourse Bill (1806), 121 Talents Ministry 1806, Canning, objections, 867 American isolationism notion, Thomas Paine, 16 American loss by war, no gain, 91 American maritime behaviour, 121 American Non-Importation Act (1809) no basis for British hostility to United States, 162 American Patriot aspirations for liberty, 32 American politics and politicians, 656, 76, 7882, 146 American prisoners of war in Britain, 49 American protection of liberty of the press, 136 American protectionism, threat, 85 American radicalism, risk of British infection, 54 American republicanism, 102 Cobbetts rejection of, 157 enigma of, 701 example of liberal progress, 109 American Revolution, 768, 10710 Burkes approval, 51 as civil war, 51 for Europe, 7, 25 featuring corruption of British form of government, 256 French soldiers in, 108 impact of, on Britains self-perception, 3 increasing conservatism and authoritarianism, British politics, 70 leaders, Thomas Jefferson, 32 progenitor of French, 129

Index Quarterly Review writings, 76 belief of American regret over separation from Britain, 689 brutal treatment of black slaves in United States, 945 Chinese view of Americans, 82 Bentham, Jeremy (17481832), 128, 132 Black Dwarf on adoption of English common law, 142 Plan of Parliamentary Reform (1817), 108, 133 arguments for democracy, 133 British reaction to thriving United States (1817), 78 correspondence with James Madison, Aaron Burr, Andrew Jackson, 5 democracy, no aristocracy, no monarchy, 135 slavery as serious flaw, 1434 universal suffrage of United States, 11314 views on American Senate to President Andrew Jackson, 141 Berlin decree of Napoleon (21 November 1806), 106, 121 bicameral government, rejection of, Catharine Macaulay, 20 bicameral legislature, American adoption of, 141 Bill of Rights, natural rights of man, 17 Birkbeck, Morris Notes on a Journey in America, 98, 118 over-enthusiasm about emigration to America, 166 Birmingham Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade Joseph Priestley, a member, 19 Black Dwarf, radical periodical, 113, 136 against slavery, 144 American Republic, rapid progress, brilliant career (1818), 146 mocking European monarchism (1818), 135 Blackwoods Edinburgh Magazine (1817), 74 religious instruction, 96 partisan Tory periodical (1817), 76 Boston Tea Party (1773), 11

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Boucher, Rev. Jonathan, British-born Loyalist in America, 79 Bourbon threat, 46 Britain aggressor, 38 and America, separation (1776), 1 benefit from loss of America, 70 Canadian territories, 48 naval power and dominance, 90 perilous state, fear of French and Spanish attack, 42 British acquisition of Canada, 62 British agitation for reform, 25 British anti-Americanism, 119, 121 British apprehension of American commerce, 93 British arrogance at sea, 1624 British assumptions about America, 33, 154 British case for war, 123 British chauvinism, 149 British colonial policy, financing defence against France, 84 British constitution, in America, 17 British defeat at Saratoga (October 1977), 41, 42 British economy, American colonies, contribution, 556 British emigrants to America, prospects, 76 British Empire development, 3 British employment of Native Americans, 124 British expectations for America, 127 British exploitation of colonies, 58 British fear of negotiations with France by Americans, 83 British government, folly and ill-judgment, 108 British government forcing American independence, 37 British government policy towards America, 12 British imperiousness, fear of, 120 British impressment of American sailors, 889 British inheritance, flaws second chamber in Congress, uncodified common law, 145

238

British Visions of America, 17751820 burying of Washington city (1814) revenge for destruction of a village, Canada, 124 Burk, Kathleen, Old World, New World (2007), 3 Burke, Edmund, Anglo-Irish MP, 12, 32 Account of the European Settlements in America (1757), 30 Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs (1791), 37 Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), 25, 50, 105 Thoughts on the Causes of the Present Discontents (1770), 34 Two Letters on a Regicide Peace (1790), 105 acceptance of American independence, 41 Address to the British Colonists of North America (1776), 40 Address to the King, 40 on affection to Americans, but British, 33 on Americans as strangers, 32 disparaging terms about Americans, 49 knowledge of America, 31 liberal commentator on American crisis, 29 loss of interest after American independence, 50 preference for American independence than conquest by force, 44 Burr, Aaron, American politician, 128 Calvinists, 143 Canning, George (17701827), protg of younger Pitt, 745 Quarterly Review (from 1809), 75 American desire to acquire Canada, 88 convinced abolitionist of slave trade, 94 foreign secretary in Portland administration, 89 Cannon, John, The Loss of America, 3 care of slaves, 65 Carlisle Commission Adam Ferguson, 589 manifesto to defend British war against America, 59 negotiation with American colonists (1778), 54

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British interest in United States after independence, 169 British interests, American property, choice, 64 British liberal attitude to America after 1775 unwillingness to come to terms with independence, 53 British liberals, fascination with American constitution, 110 British liberty of press, 158 British loyalists, 79 British maritime dominance need, 86 British Orders in Council, 121 British Orders in Council repeal (1807 and 1809) Berlin and Milan decrees, 86 British pleasure in American success establishment of colonies based on itself, 117 British political system, wish to improve, 25 British radicals confidence in the union and future of American states, 24 British radicals interest in United States development, 127 less anti-monarchist since 1790s, 135 many Dissenters, religious liberty fundamental, 137 British slavery in West Indian colonies, 114 (British) Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade (1787), 19 British struggle against Napoleonic France, 169 British travellers, ingratitude of negative accounts, 118 British West Indies, 49, 623, 91 ban on American trade,85, 92 Britons as gainers, Richard Price, Chathamite, 24 Brougham, Henry (17781868), 1046, 122 scathing on American writing, 115 Brougham and Mackintosh campaign in Parliament for abolition of slavery, 114 Brown, Charles Brocken, 96

Index Cartwright, Major John, (17401824), 1011, 13, 128, 1323 American Independence: The Interest and Glory of Great Britain (1774), 12 The English Constitution Produced and Illustrated (1823), 135 Take Your Choice! (1776), 13, 25, 141 against slavery in all forms, 18 correspondence with John Quincy Adams, 5 death of, 127 case for conciliation (17758), 3541 Catholic emancipation, Joseph Priestleys pamphlet, 19 caucus system of elections, corrupt, 81 cavalier approach of Americans, to British constitution, 64 census, periodic, 21 character, American, radical defence of, 149 Chartist leader, Bronterre OBrien, 131 Chartists of 1839s and 1840s United States as model and inspiration, 151 Chatham, William Pitt, 1st Earl of, 30 American contacts in Britain, 32 dismissal from office by George III, 30 enemy to American independence, 49 extolling of American Congress, 49 impossibility of seeing separation of American colonies from Britain, 33 liberal commentator on American crisis, 29 non-acceptance, but death of, 41 proposed removal of British troops from Boston, 38 Chathamites keen on prosperity of British Empire, 31 chattel slavery practice, 142, 144 Chauncey, Charles, 10 Chesapeake-Leopard affair ( June 18078) Cobbetts view, 15960 reparations for British naval commander, 86 Christian pacifism, 122 Church-and-King polemical weapons, 74 citizen militia for law and order, 21 civic republicanism, 110

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civil liberty features, copies from constitution of Britain, 110 civil rights of Americans, 17 Civil War, libertarian inspiration, 108 Clarkson, Thomas, campaign for abolition of slavery, 65 coalition government, Britain, 121 Cobbett, William (17631835), journalist, farmer Grammar of the English Language (1818), 166 Political Register, Twopenny Trash, 166 Porcupines Gazette, daily newspaper, 155 Rush-Light newspaper, 157 The Soldiers Friend (1792), 154 Weekly Political Register, 154 A Years Residence in the United States of America (1818), 149 and America (17921800), 15366 in Britain (18001817), 15865 British attitude to America, 5 change of mind on Britain and America, 15960 changes in personal fortunes and political sympathies, 168 on contempt of British for United States, 1645 disapproval of American constitutional model, 1601 emigration to Philadelphia, 154 first transatlantic crossing to New Brunswick, 154 flight to United States, 166 influence of Paines Rights of Man, 1545 malicious publication in Philadelphia (1798), 139 political volte face in America, 155 rejection of republican government in America, 158 resident in North America for substantial periods, 153 return to United States (181719), 16670 reversal of opinion, once in America, 157 struggle between French and British, 156 support for Washington, 155 West Norfolk 54th Regiment of foot, 154

240

British Visions of America, 17751820 views on American society alleged vulgarity and coarseness, 95 on lack of religion in southern states, 96 conspiracy theory of Burke, 43 constitutional curbs on American domination of Empire, 59 constitution building by the people, impressive, 23 constitution of 1790, anxieties about, 20 constitution of America, similarity to British mixed government, 48 constitution of state of Connecticut, Cobbetts admiration, 167 Continental System, 121 contraband trading, 85 Cooper, Thomas, 142 Corporation Acts, campaign against, 13 corruption of British people by radical political thought, 60 corruption scandal, Henry Dundas, (Viscount Melville), 158 court faction, 102 Croker, John Wilson (17801857), 74 Key to the Orders in Council (1812), 75 wish for Anglo-American friendship, 170 Crook, David P. American Democracy in English Politics, 18151850 (1965), 34 Crown, influence of, 30

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Coercive Acts (1774), suspension suggestion, 11, 38 Coleridge, S. T. (17721834) poet and critic, 104 emancipation from Britain, 107 emphasis on Anglo-American friendship, 106 essay in Courier, on French republic as military despotism, 121 on freedom of the press, 111 indignation about criticism of America, 118 liberal attitude to United States, 56, 106 no ideal form of government, 113 pantisocracy, emigration to Pennsylvania, 118 colonial taxation, 38 colonies submission to British rule, 59 commercial agreement to avert war, 85 commercial growth of America, 125 commercial treaty with British government, unsuccessful, 85 common cause against Bonaparte, 121 common criticisms, rejection of, by Black Dwarf, 149 common good, 109 Commonwealthmen radicals, 129 conciliation, Burkes speeches (1775), 39 confederate republic, no example to follow, 145 Congress in America, 23 conservative belief, American colonies, in debt to Britain, 56 conservative writers (17921820) hostile attitude towards United States, 73 conservatives Anglocentric views, 63 belief in defeating American rebellion, 56 British view of United States, mixed, 2, 99 disparagement of federal republic, 16 doubt of American claim to greatness, 92 economic doubts c.177491, argument for caution, 53 mercantilists, 56 response to American republic, 734 trenchant criticism, 801

danger of internal fighting, 201 De Quincey, Thomas, writer, in Edinburgh Review, 76 debts of America, 21 declaration of Britains independence from her colonies, 62 Declaration of Independence, 9 Declaration of Rights of Man, 109, 134 Declaratory Act (1766), 30, 34, 62 for American control over internal taxation, 38 Burke as champion, 3940 parliamentary sovereignty in law, 58 Rockingham Whig administration (c.1760), 32 defence against slights on American character, 149 defence of British Empire, 74

Index defence of United States as destination for economic migrants from Old World, 149 deist movement in America Thomas Paines support against persecution, 142 dependence of America and hostility, 42 Dissenters, disproportionate representation in British radicals, 19 division of church and state, 96 domestic policies, point of reference for British liberals, 102 Duke of Graftons Conciliation Bill (1 March 1776), 39 Duke of Portland, head of opposition Whigs (1782), 104 Dundas, Henry, MP, 55 Dunning, John, House of Commons motion (1780), 30 Earl of Shelburne, disciple of Chatham, 45 economic and cultural dominance of America by Britain, 69 economy in America, lenience towards debtors, 117 Eden, William, MP, 55 Edinburgh Review, liberal, 75, 76, 104 court faction, 103 on criticism of Americans as national abuse, 119 reviews on American constitution and party politics, 107 sovereignty and independence of America, 102 Edmund Burke, Sketch of the Negro Code (1780), 49 Edwards, Jonathan, pre-Revolution preacher and theologian, 96 book on Free Will, praise for, 116 election politics, American (1800) Anti-Jacobin Review, unfavourable, 77 elections in Britain and America, 17 elitist elements in government, 20 Embargo Act (1807), 121, 165 emergence of party politics in United States, criticism, 138 emigrants expectations, 149 emigration to North America, 74

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factionalism of representative government, 81 fanaticism, Methodism, 96 farming attempt in Virginia, 93 fear and jealousy of United States, William Cobbett, 165 fear of American colonies to France or Spain, 57 of American power, conservatives, 83 of American success in independence, 70 of American wealth and greatness, 63

emigration of Joseph Priestley, 10 Emmet, Robert, Irish revolutionary, 83 energy of new nation, 146 English constitution and laws, basis of America, 834 English language, barbarous treatment, 97, 149 English patriotism of Cobbett, 168 English Puritans, principles of Revolution, 78 English roots of American people, Cobbetts belief in, 168 Englishmen versus Americans, John Bull English character, 64 Enlightenment belief in human progress, 145 conviction of human progress, 11 rational religion, 143 Episcopal Church, weak and republican, 96 equality of men, emphasis, 21 Erskine, David, British minister in Washington (1809) Cannings draft agreement, 86 Europe, avoidance of entanglement with Thomas Paine, 22 Europe as trade market, 22 European economic warfare pamphlet contempt of Anti-Jacobin Review, 97 Evangelicals, 143 evangelization of slaves Knox, William (17321810), provost marshal in Georgia, 65 Examiner, 104, 111 emphasis of American success and courage, 124

242

British Visions of America, 17751820 France events in, influence on radicals, 129 important lessons from American Revolution, 1089 France and Spain, possibility of strife, 46 franchise, restricted, 18 francophilia, British fear of, in America, 83 Franklin, Benjamin, 10, 12, 30, 39 American growth and wealth to take over Britain, 60 preferable for Britain to submit to French, 60 freedom for individuals, declining, radical concern, 138 freedom of conscience and speech, 142 freedom of elections concern of John Cartwright and Jeremy Bentham, 133 French effort to curb American trade to Britain, 85 French entry of War of Independence on Americas side, 77 French gold use in America, 156 French maritime aggressions against American vessels, 156 French Revolution, 1, 5, 20, 70 Burkes opposition, 51 inspiration for by American War of Independence, 78 origin in American war, 108 Friend of America, Edmund Burke, 29, 32, 45 Anglocentrism, 33 Gagging Acts, 166 George III appointment of Charles James Fox as Home Secretary, 45 appointment of Marquis of Rockingham First Lord of the Treasury, 45 appointment of Shelburne as Foreign Secretary, 456 dismissal of Whigs over issue of Roman Catholic emancipation, 103 ejection of Charles James Fox from power, 109 increased powers of Crown, 30 political ambitions, 33

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of increase of power of Crown, conservatives, 58 of military government, 57 of popular sovereignty, 63 of Republicanism in Great Britain, 60 Fearon, Henry Sketches of America, 118 negative conclusions on emigration, 166 Federalist administrations, 40, 137 conceding too much to Britain, wary of France, 139 Federalist party, attack on Thomas Paine, Letters to the Citizens of the United States, 138 Federalist supporters of Washington and Adams administrations, 129 Ferguson, Adam (17231816), professor of moral philosophy, 545, 74 Remarks on a Pamphlet Lately Published by Dr Price, Intitled Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty (1776), 545 Britains imperial position, 56 independence not like liberty, 66 rebellion suppression necessary, 567 fertile land, vast expanses in America, 93 fishing off Newfoundland, Britain, Royal Navy protection, 91 forms of government in American colonies, popularity of, 61 Fox, Charles James (17491806), 34, 104 acceptance of American independence, 41, 42 distrust of Bonaparte, 109 liberal commentator on American crisis, 29 personal influence, 104 political ideology, to limit power of Crown in Britain, 109 preference for American independence than conquest by force, 44 on sovereignty and independence of America, 102 support for Rockingham (1774), 30 sympathy for American colonists, 30 universal manhood suffrage, 111 Foxite Holland House circle, London, 104

Index Gerrald, Joseph, American descent from British, 150 Gifford, John (17581818), historian of France Anti-Jacobin Review, 745 Second Letter to the Hon. Thomas Erskine (1797), 78 some rejection of American political principles by French, 77 venomous obituary of Washington, 77 Glorious Revolution (1689), 43 libertarian inspiration, 108 Whig views, 29 Gordon Riots in England (1780), 148 Gould, Eliga H., 3 Government of Canada Bill (1791), 110 governments mismanagement of the war, 34 Grenville, William, 104, 121 habeas corpus protection, 167 Hall, Charles, 142 Hamilton, Alexander, Secretary of the Treasury under Washington financial system, reinforcement of social stratification, 142 Hammond, George, 85 Harris, Theophilus, Welsh radical (1794), 136 a place of refuge, America, 132 harsh life of common British soldier, 154 Hartley, David (17311813), MP, writer and scientist, 32 Letters on the American War (1778), 345 acceptance of American independence, 41 belief in friendship of America as good, 47 case for persuading Americans to return to British fold, 31 friend of Benjamin Franklin, London (1759), 30 liberal commentator on American crisis, 29 on positive aspects for America, 48 proponent of federalism, 40 support for American cause, 30 support of kings theory, 44

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Henshall, Rev. Samuel, Anti-Jacobin Review (1799), 81 hereditary principle in American government, 133, 134 HMS Leopard dispute with Chesapeake (1807) American harbours closed to British, 90 Hogg, James, writer, in Edinburgh Review, 76 hostilities at Lexington and Concord, 11 House of Representatives, 81 Howe, Sir William, 15 Hume, David, Scottish philosopher, 54 ideology of empire, liberty, 43 imperialism, 74 importance of concessions to Americans, 36 independence, falsely charged on America Earl of Chatham assertion, 37 independence, inevitability of, 13 independence of Europe, America, radical views, 148 industrial unrest, 122 inhabitants of the United States refuse of nations, 95 intellect of Americans, 96 intercourse with Europe, avoidance, 22 interest in revolutionary America, 131 internal peace in America, 148 international relations with America trade only reason, 140 international role of United States, 76, 827, 148 Irving, Washington, 96 isolationist conception of America, 22 Jacobite rebellions, 33 Jay Treaty (1794), 85, 103, 139, 1556 concluded with Britain (17945), 139, 1556 Jebb, John, 11, 13 Jefferson, Thomas, Francophile republican, 10, 98, 112 Notes on Virginia, praise for, 116 American president (1800), 86, 140 Democratic Republicans, 129 election of, atheist and Jacobin, 83

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British Visions of America, 17751820 concentration on British North American territories, 74 description of perpetual union between Britain and America, 59 liberalization of commercial restraints on colonies, 56 mercantilist peace settlement (1783), 69 money to Jamaica for slaves, 65 personal regrets at separation, 64 possessor of rice plantations in Georgia, 54 slave owner in Georgia, 645 land and people, continuing increase constitution consolidation, difficulty of, 113 land sales, 21 Laurens, Henry, 10 Lee, Richard Henry, 10 Leventhal, Fred Anglo-American Attitudes: From Revolution to Partnership (2000), 3 Lewis and Clarke expedition (18046) insufficiently equipped, 97 liberals admiration for American republic, 124 ambivalence about advantages of emigration, 118 approving of American constitution, 112 attitudes towards America (177583), 31 belief in reconciliation with America, 35 British, abolitionists, 114 criticism of American internal arrangements, 49 development of Whig party, 103 divisions on American independence, 33 eventual sympathy for United States departure, 169 Friends of America, 7 silence of, after end of war, 45 slowness to defend secession of American colonies, 31, 51 liberal British commentators critical of society and intellectual achievements, 101 engagement (17921820), 101 expectations of United States, 4551 press, 122

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Kenrick, Samuel, 11 knowledge of America, lack of, 31 Knox, William (17321810), provost marshal in Georgia, 55 Extra Official State Papers (1789), 54 Letter to Wilberforce, 65 agent for Georgia in London (17625), 54 authority of Parliament, 55 British military police contribution (from 1777), 54

policy of rapprochement with Federalists, 140 Republican administration, 131 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (1786), 23 Jeffersonian Republicans hostility towards Britain, 155 William Cobbett, 157 Jeffrey, Francis (17731850), 104, 112 on American literature as inferior, 116 disapproval of American government, 112 founding editor of Edinburgh Review, 105 leading Whig advocate for Scottish bar, 104 Lord Advocate for Scotland, Whig administration (18304), 105 many connections in New York, 105 on United States influence, 1245 Johnson, Dr Samuel (170984), 54 The False Alarm (1770), 58 Taxation No Tyranny (1775), 55 on commerce with America, 56 criticism of American slave ownership, 65 defence of governments American policy (1770 and 1775), 55 no discussion after 1791, 74 Jones, John Gale slave-owner, though former abolitionist, 142 judges, no training to practise, 82 judicial procedures, American questioning by British radicals, 141 jurisprudence in early American republic, 104

Index recognition of United States as commercial power, 46 regret for independence, blame on British government, 107 rejection of resentment, contempt and fear of conservatives, 101 view of Britain as tyrannical to Americans, 38 liberal commentators in the United State (17921820), 10210 liberal Whigs desire for Anglo-American relationship, 120 party supporting America, 122 liberals more Anglocentric than radicals, 51 libertarian sympathy from Rockinghamite partyfor American position, 44 libertarian values of United States and Great Britain, 33, 125 liberty, America as asylum for, Cobbetts belief, 168 liberty of press in America, 157 liberty of speech, benefits for radicals, 136 licences to trade at French-controlled ports, 122 Lillibridge, George D. Beacon of Freedom: The Impact of American Democracy upon Great Britain (1954), 3 literary and intellectual achievements of Americans, 115 literary talent, lacking, 149 literature in United States, 114 Locke, John, 60, 108 Lockean doctrine of contract theory and natural rights Johnson against, 58, 60, 66 Lockhart, J. G., writer, in Edinburgh Review, 76 loss of American market, as result of Orders in Council, 122 Loyalist support, British reliance on, 57 Luxembourg prison in Paris, Thomas Paine in 1794, 138 Macaulay, Catharine (173191), 10, 12 Address to the People of England, Scotland and Ireland (1775), 25

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democratic government, 18 support for American grievances against British government, 10 Mackintosh, Sir James (17651832), 104, 195, 124 Vindiciae Gallicae (1791), 105, 108, 2 Whig History of England (176383), 13 on disgrace of slavery, 115 volte face on French Revolution (1796), 112 Macpherson, John, 55 Madison, James, (17511836), president of United States, 98 gross partiality for France, 878 mob using to enforce administrations wills, 81 Manila and Batavia, colonies seized during war, 120 manners in America, 149 manufacturers, poor quality, 117 maritime issues, rising Anglo-American tensions, 120 maritime power Fox, Charles James (17491806), 46 maritime rights dispute, Britain and United States, 114 maritime rights of neutral nations, 75, 104 tension, Britain, United States, France, 140 Marshall, Peter, 3 Remaking the British Atlantic (2012), 4 material prosperity of America due to republican government, 1467 Mayhew, Jonathan, 10 Methodist meetings, 96 military conflict from commercial disputes, 140 military defence of Britain, 34 militia qualification for voting, 141 Millar, John, (17351801) professor of civil law at University of Glasgow, 104, 113 active part in Foxite connection, 104 argument for political reform in Britain, 104 Ministry of All The Talents, 121 Charles James Fox (17491806) foreign secretary, 104

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British Visions of America, 17751820 New York resistance to parliamentary taxation, 34 Newgate, Cobbetts imprisonment in, 160 Non-Importation Act (1809), 165 northern states, favouring Britain, 82 North, Frederick, 8th Lord North and 2nd Earl of Guilford (173292) administration, opposition of liberals strength of pro-Americanism, 34 administrations policies, 32 letter to King, on speech wording, 64 resignation of (1782), 45 northern and southern American states rivalry and strife, 82, 89, 119 opposition to federal government policy from domestic radicals and political refugees, 139 opposition to Napoleonic France conservative attitudes to America, 84 optimism of Americans, Thomas Paine, 16 outlawing of electoral bribery and corruption Duke of Richmond supportive, 35 Paine, Thomas, (17371809), Norfolk Quaker, 127 Age of Reason (1795), American offence, 21, 137 Common Sense (1776), 12, 17, 32, 61 Dissertation on the First Principles of Government (1795), 14, 141 Letter Address to the Addressers (1792), 14 Letter to George Washington (1796), personal assault, 138 Letter to the Abb Reynal, on the Affairs of North America (1782), 15 Public Good, address to Virginians (1780), 20 Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), 12930 Rights of Man, Part Two (1792), 5, 6, 79, 128, 141 Serious Address to the People of Pennsylvania (1778), 18, 92 belief in America, 13

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Napoleonic War (1803) British policy towards America, neglectful, 1, 2, 845 Napoleons Milan decree (1807), 87 National Convention, 98, 141 national debt in Britain, 158 Native Americans, 140 barbarity, 64 little comment from radicals, 144 treatment of them, no discussion, 115 natural assets of America, 16, 69 naval dominance of Britain, 6970 naval superiority need for Britain, The Times comment, 86 navigation laws, British, 74 negative views of American character by British, 64 negro slavery censuring, Richard Price, 19 neutral shipping rights, 86, 121 neutralism of America, towards French Revolution, 109 New England states most like Europeans in manners, sentiments, 82

Ministry of All the Talents under Grenville and Fox (18067), 89 mockery of the British, 149 monarchical heritage of Britain, radicals blame, 140 monarchies, 29, 63, 137 Montesquieu , Charles de Secondat, Baron de la The Spirit of the Laws (1748), 63 Monthly Magazine (17491844), 104 condemnation of British government, 107 critical of white slave trade, indentured servants, 118 leading liberal periodical, 75, 106 proposal of French-style Directory for office of president, 112 Monthly Review (1796) leading liberal periodical, 2, 106 Montreal Courant (Anti-Jacobin Review) poor opinion of American Revolution, 77

Index bitterness against Washington and Adams, 138 concern about single-arch iron bridge, 47 in favour of American independence, 12 manhood suffrage, 14 persecution in America, 138 rejection of British nationality, 6 on Revolution in America (1776), 11 wish to see New World regenerate the Old, 150 writing as an American, 10 paper money increase, 21 parentchild analogy, patronizing to Americans, 44 Parkinson, Richard Tour in America in 1798, 1799 and 1800 (1805), 93, 118 Parliament of England right to bind the Colonists by statutes, 58 parliamentary reform in Britain, 74 parliamentary sovereignty, 17, 54, 60 parliamentary taxation, 58 party politics, priority of, 51 peace negotiations refused by Britain (1813), 123 Peace of Amiens unworthy capitulation to French Jacobins, 158 peace terms with Americans (1783), 45 peace treaty firmness need by Britain, 92 peace with America, negotiation, 36 Pennsylvania state constitution (1776), 234 broad franchise, annual elections, secret ballot, 23 Perceval, Spencer, Prime Minister (1762 1812) government policy towards America, 75 Order in Council, 122 Phillips, Kevin, The Cousins Wars (1999), 3 physical location of America, ideal, Thomas Paine, 16 pioneer lifestyle, far from home hardship for most Englishmen, 166 politeness, lack in American society, criticism Edinburgh Review, Examiner, 115 political and economic development of United States Cobbetts fascination, 1689

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political corruption, 108, 159 in governance of colonies, 43 political intentions of George III, 35 political liberty, as universal Major John Cartwright (17401824), 145 political reform in Britain, 25, 108 political union of states, need, 21 popery, slavery, arbitrary power, 33 popular power and destruction of liberty, 58, 66, 79 popular sovereignty by 1786, Thomas Paine, praise, 22 universal manhood suffrage, 133 population and trade, American overtaking Britain, 66 power of the Crown, 103 preservation of British authority and pride rebellion resisting, 57 Price, Richard, Chathamite, 7, 10, 66 Observations on the American Revolution (1784), 14, 15, 19, 143 Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty (1776), 1213, 32 compromise of gradual abolition of slavery, 143 Europe as principle arena, 13 praised liberation of America, 130 recommendation for federal structure for new republic, 14 recommends avoidance of international trade, 22 price of peace, Madisons demand British right to search, 123 pride in Britains place in world, 74 Priestley, Joseph (17331804) Address to Protestant Dissenters on the Approaching Election (1774), 10, 11, 12 Essay on the First Principles of Government (1768), 14 Lectures on History and General Policy (1803), 139 Letter of Advice (1773), 19 Letter to the Inhabitants of Northumberland, 139 Letters to the Right Honourable Edmund Burke (1791), 130

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British Visions of America, 17751820 fault finding ,administrations of Washington and John Adams (1790s), 138 slave-owners, 142 radical impulse, exhaustion in America, 131 radical, liberal, conservative views on American independence, 2, 67, 9 radical writers, support for American Revolution, 169 radicals anti-monarchical republicanism, 129 criticisms and concerns, 13545 whether emigrants or in Britain, 129 reality of American Independence, 4 republic, large, no viability, 63 recognition of American independence for American goodwill, 46 reform of civil list establishment Duke of Richmond supportive, 35 Reformation in Europe, libertarian inspiration, 108 Regency Crisis, Britain, 13 Reign of Terror in America, 139 rejection of British power impact on rest of British Empire, 57 rejection of religious tests for civil offices, praise for, 23 religion in America, over-godliness, or brutal irreligion, 96 complete freedom of types, 1920 removal from constitutional code Thomas Jefferson, atheist, 96 religious constraints concern, 142 religious Dissent, 58 religious freedom, enshrining of, 19, 136, 142 religious practice, effect on, 66 religious principles of radicals, 129 religious protection, Thomas Paines concern, 19 religious toleration, 29 religious zeal of Americans, Richard Price, 16 representation for Americans at Westminster, 59 representation for Americans in House of Commons Tuckers scorn, 61, 133 representative government, 127 equality of rights, 141

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Quarterly Review independent magazine, 74, 76 accusation of barbarity towards Native Americans on British side, 91 admitting peace and stability since American revolution, 80 American character ought to be distinctive, 95 Britain should avoid war with America, 89 founding by Walter Scott, 107 liberalism, opposition to, 76 on wanting whole continent, Atlantic and Pacific, 92 Quebec Act (1774), 22 Quinault, Roland Anglo-American Attitudes: From Revolution to Partnership (2000), 3 Quincy, Josiah, 10 radical admiration for America, as model for Britain, 129 radical emigrants to America elysium not asylum, later returned home, 137 radical exiles

The Present State of Liberty in Great Britain and Her Colonies (1769), 12 America out of European politics, 140 anti-federalist, 138 Cobbetts attack on, 155 emigration to United States (1794), 128, 137 hint on popular sovereignty, 13 on republican polity, 134 settlement in America (1794), 132 primogeniture, against, 21 Prince Edward Island, 54, 74 Proclamation Line of 1763, important boundary, 67 property destruction, none in America, 148 property distribution, unequal, 21 prosperity in United States, 114 protection of British interests, 63 protection of Canada, 92 protectionist commercial policy, 74 purchase of Louisiana (1803) immense tract of land, 117

Index representative government for peace, 148 repression of liberty in England, 164 republic, successful, 14450 republican experiment, radicals need for success, 26 republican government, 24, 48, 57, 132 republican success to British radicals, importance of, 151 republicanism, 6, 17 too much power to people, 81 republicanism in America, approval of British radicals, 23 Restraining Bill (March 1775), 37 Revolution, France, 43, 110 Richmond, third Duke of (17351806) acceptance of American independence, 412 criticism of bad management of navy, 34 liberal commentator on American crisis, 29 repeal of Stamp Act, 30 rights of neutral shipping, restriction of British interest, 120 rivalry between American states, 67 Robertson, William, historian, History of America (1777), 31 Rockingham, Charles Watson Wentworth, Marquis of (173082), 29, 104 Whig thinking Britains own liberty at stake by war, 36 Rockingham Whigs, 30 acceptance of American independence, 41 keen on prosperity of British Empire, 31 strong concern for oppositional party politics, 34 weak opposition to Coercive Acts (1774), 34 Rockinghamite creed revolutionary Americans as English Whigs, British government as evil ministers, 43 Roman Catholic emancipation, 109 Rule of 76, 85 Rush, Benjamin, revolutionary and physician, 10 Cobbetts accusation of quack medicine, 157 Rush-Light newspaper, covering his libel trial, 157

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sailors, quality of American navy increasing, 89, 147 scientific achievements in United States, slow to develop, 97 scientists in America knowledge for commercial purposes, 116 scorn for American literature and learning Quarterly Review (from 1809), 96 Scott, Walter Edinburgh Review, liberal, 1067 Quarterly Review (from 1809), 75 Scottish representation in liberals, high intellectual contribution, significance of, 104 Second Great Awakening, radical misunderstanding, 142 secret ballot, 1334 security of liberty as main business of government, 17 separation, acceptance of, (177783), 414 separation, only course of action Tucker, Josiah, conservative (171399), dean of Gloucester Cathedral, 61 separation of colonies from the mother country, 41 servants and lower classes, insolence of, 98 Seven Years War, 10, 56 defeat of French in Canada, 30 Sharp, Granville (17351813), 10, 11 campaign against slavery in British territories, 18 concern about poor of Senate, 20 opposition to slavery, total, 143 sympathy with libertarian ideas of American patriots, 1011 Shayss Rebellion (1786), 21 shipbuilding industry, as asset to United States, 117 sick house for slaves Knox, William (17321810), provost marshal in Georgia, 65 slander against Great Britain, 155 slave rebellion on Santo Domingo (1791), 19 slave trade argument of conservatives, 65 barbarity of, 64 Britain and America, 94 in British territories, 18

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British Visions of America, 17751820 Talents ministry fall, 122 taxation, heavy potential cause of western move, 678 taxation and representation, 58 taxation and tithes for English farmers, 167 taxation as pretext to separate, 108 taxation of Americans, Britain should relinquish right, 40 territory of America, wild and savage, conservatives, 98 Terrorists of the New World, Washington and Adams, Thomas Paine, 139 Test Acts, campaign against, 13 The Examiner (1808), 106 The Monthly Review on Americas consequence among nations of earth, 103 Thistlethwaite, Frank The Anglo-American Connection in the Early Nineteenth Century (1959), 3 Tory-Radical tradition of William Cobbett, 159 Townshend Duties, 34 Trade and Navigation Acts, 39 trade with colonies, 62 embargo, 85 improvements for America, 85, 117 India and China, at British expense, 117 neutral nations, protection, 140 travel writings of British tourists in the United States, 4, 97 trial by jury, benefits for radicals, 136 True Churchmans Magazine (from 1798), 74 Tucker, Josiah, conservative (171399), dean of Gloucester Cathedral, 5, 13, 55 Dispassionate Thoughts on the American War (1780), 64 Four Letters to Lord Shelburne (1783), 70 Letter to Edmund Burke, Esq. (1775), 54 America as principal Seat of Learning, 66 at end of war, glad of American independence, 63 no discussion after 1799, 74 opponent of slavery as immoral, 65 pamphleteer on American crisis, 534

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eventual abolition of, 49 flaw in American society, 94 United States, 114 self-glorification in America, 149 Smith, Adam The Wealth of Nations (1776), 46 belief in British detachment from America, 46 concern to prove folly of mercantile system, 46 social and literary standards, growing with society, 116 social benefits of political reforms, 147 social inequalities in American republic British radical worry, 142, 151 society in United States, 114 socio-economic backgrounds of radicals, 129 southern states, favouring France, 82, 89 Southey, Robert pantosocracy, emigration to Pennsylvania, 118 sovereignty belonging to people, 17 sovereignty of Parliament, conservative ideology, 578 Speech of Conciliation, March 1775, Edmund Burke, 48 spirit of liberty of Americans, 48 Stamp Act, argument for repeal (1766), 30, 62 state authoritarianism, increasing, radical concern, 138 States of America, independence, 24 stature of American presidents, 146 Stone John Hurford seditious letters addressed to Priestley, 139 Styles, Ezra, 10, 12 Subjects of an Independent State, 63 suffrage based on property in America, 133, 145 sugar from slave labour, 65 support for Jeffersonian Republicans, slave owners, 1423 suspension of habeas corpus (1817), 166 system of justice in American republicanism Quarterly Review, 82

Index parting from colonies, a necessity, 61, 62 reasons to accept separation, 603 on slave labour, 65 war, not effective, reasons for, 612 tyranny of the people, America, 157 unicameral government, 20 Unitarians, unwelcome in America, 142 United Colonies of America, 12 United States, growing power of British apprehension of, or anticipation, 169 United States, expectations, 6370 United States for emigrants, 978 United States, relation with rest of North America Thomas Paine Public Good (1780), 22 universal liberty, Richard Price, 15 universal manhood suffrage, 141, 159 Fox, Charles James (17491806), 111 John Cartwright in favour, 18 no specification for, 18 true independence in vast country, 113 universal representation, benefits for radicals, 136 usefulness of slavery, 143 utilitarian argument, 133, 143 Utopia, definition, 9, 11

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Yorke, Henry Redhead, 130 Young, Arthur (17411820), 92 The Example of France, a Warning to Britain (1793), 75 agricultural reformer and writer, 75 American constitution, near the British, 79 American experiment too young for judgment, 80 correspondence with George Washington, 5, 75 interest in French Revolution, 75 loss of a distant empire, more rich and powerful, 78 suffrage of poor, alarm over, 133

value of United States physical refuge for British radicals, 132 vast and unpopulated territory, internal stability, 80 vastness of America, production of needs, 22 Vaughan, Benjamin, hope for reconciliation, 13 Virginia state, 22 virtues of United States, magnification by radicals, 131 war and taxation, 58 war against France battle between liberty and tyranny, 161 War of 181215, 1, 76, 82 President Madison and Bonaparte, 76 War of Independence (177583), 1, 9 warning against luxury at expense of liberty Price, Richard, Chathamite, 21 wars with France, support for, 76

Washington, George, 99 accusation of being too fond of political power, 138 anglophile foreign policy, 155 confidence in him, 20 obituaries at his death, 77 pacific and pro-British, 85 Wedgewood, Josiah, 11 westward expansion of America, 67 Whigs, opposition, reform of British governance in America, 1012 Whigs campaign against Orders in Council, 122 white slavery indentured servitude, 95 Wilkite radicals in Britain, seeking shelter in America, 11, 26 Willard, Joseph, 10 Winterbotham, William (17631824), Plymouth, Baptist preacher Historical, Geographical, Commercial and Philosophical View of the American United States (1795), 4, 128 government of America, 130 orthodox Dissenter, complete freedom for all church sects, 142 slavery, 143 Wooler, Thomas (17861853) agrarianism in Black Dwarf, 147 Black Dwarf, radical periodical, 113, 128