621.313.322.016.

313

Monograph No. 85 SUPPLY SECTION

TRANSIENT THEORY OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS UNDER UNBALANCED CONDITIONS

By Y. K. CHING, B.Sc., and B. ADKINS, M.A., Member.
{The paper was first received 29 th May, and in revised form 26th August, 1953. It was published as an
INSTITUTION MONOGRAPH, 15th December, 1953.)

SUMMARY The paper contains a mathematical theory of the operation of a synchronous generator after the closing of a switch at its terminals, under the assumption that the speed remains constant after the change. The theory is first formulated for the general case where the external circuit consists of any unbalanced impedances and source voltages. It is then applied to the three well-known conditions of unbalanced short-circuit. The method of solution is fully explained for the line-toline short-circuit, while only the equations and the results are quoted for the line-to-neutral and the double-line-to-neutral short-circuits. The solution is obtained by the method of the Laplace transformation, but its application is more difficult than in ordinary circuit theory or in the case of a generator under balanced conditions, because the differential equations, although linear, have variable coefficients. The solutions are obtained as infinite series, which can be summed, however, for the cases given. For each of the three short-circuit conditions, comparative experimental and theoretical results are given for a small synchronous machine. The theoretical curves were calculated from the mathematical expressions, using the measured constants of the machine. (1) INTRODUCTION When the external connections of a 3-phase synchronous generator are balanced between the phases, the voltages or the currents are sinusoidal under any condition of steady operation, and each forms a balanced 3-phase system. Under transient conditions the quantities are still substantially sinusoidal in form, but the amplitude varies with time and the wave may be displaced away from the zero line. For example, the current after a symmetrical short-circuit is of this type, and its value as a function of time can be calculated by means of an operational solution of the equations.1 When the external connections are unbalanced, the voltages and currents are not sinusoidal and may contain pronounced harmonics. During steady operation each of them is periodic and can be expressed as the sum of a fundamental and an infinite series of harmonics.2 Under transient conditions the wave is of a periodic type but is not sinusoidal, and the shape of the wave, as well as its magnitude, varies with the passing of time. The analysis of a single-phase short-circuit on a synchronous generator was first given by Doherty and Nickle,3 who obtained expressions for the transient currents in the armature and field circuits and verified them by means of oscillograph tests. A full treatment of the three alternative types of short-circuit of a 3-phase generator (line-to-line, line-to-neutral and doubleline-to-neutral) is contained in the recent book by Concordia,4 who investigates the open-phase voltages and the torque as well as the currents. The method used by both writers is to derive the initial values of the components by approximate methods and to estimate a time-constant appropriate to each component. The present paper gives a more rigorous and general analysis
Correspondence on Monographs is invited for consideration with a view to publication. uiivauuu. "" ' was formerly at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, Mr. Ching Uni diversity of London, and is now at King's College, Hong Kong. Mr. Ad kins is Reader in Electrical Engineering, Imperial College of Science and Technology, University of London.

of the synchronous machine under unbalanced conditions. Operational expressions are obtained for the currents and voltages with any combination of external impedances. However, the evaluation of the quantities as functions of time is not feasible in the general case and can be carried out only for simplified conditions. Rigorous mathematical solutions have been obtained for the three short-circuit conditions, subject to certain assumptions about the relative magnitudes of the parameters, and lead to expressions which agree with and supplement those obtained by Doherty and Nickle, and Concordia. The solution for the balanced short-circuit is relatively simple, because when the equations are expressed in terms of direct- and quadrature-axis quantities, they take the form of linear differential equations with constant coefficients in which the applied voltages are known. In the unbalanced problem, the solution is more difficult. The analysis given starts with equations containing the phase quantities and transforms them into new equations using a, j8 components. They are linear differential equations but the coefficients are variable. (2) GENERAL EQUATIONS OF THE 3-PHASE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE (2.1) Assumptions The machine analysed is an "ideal synchronous machine" as defined by Park,5 and illustrated in Fig. 1. It has a field winding/

Fig. 1.Diagram of a 3-phase synchronous machine, and direct- and quadrature-axis damper windings kd and kq. The three armature phases are labelled a, b and c. The principal assumptions are that (a) The machine runs at constant speed. (b) There is no magnetic saturation. (c) There are negligible space harmonic effects. Assumption (c) corresponds to Park's definition of a sinusoidally-distributed armature winding. All the harmonic winding factors for the armature are zero, and consequently the currents produce no space harmonics of magnetomotive force. In a salient-pole machine, space harmonics of flux exist because 166]

CHING AND ADKINS: TRANSIENT THEORY OF UNBALANCED SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS

167

of the variable permeance, but they cannot induce any voltage in the armature winding. In the problem considered, the generator is assumed at first to be running steadily on open-circuit with a known field voltage efQ. At zero time the machine is connected suddenly to an external system consisting of linear static impedance elements and voltage sources. The solution determines the currents in the armature, field and damper circuits, the terminal voltages and the torque, as functions of time.
(2.2) Voltage Equations of the Machine

where a b c
[vm] =
V

at + *a bt + eb

ia
l

V v

b
c

ct + ec

(4)

[/]

*c '/

(5)

f
kd kg
ea E sin 6

f
kd kq

hd
ikq

With constant speed co, the angle 6 between the pole axis and the axis of phase a is given by 0 = cot + A where A is the angle at zero time. The equations relating the terminal voltages to the currents in the six circuits are expressed by the matrix equation

(6)

M = [*JM
where [Zm] =
a , _ d
fa + La0j-(
M M

0)
c
kd kg

b
d

Ms

*dT

4
di

+ ?La2 cos 20
mr
d

+ J(La2cos ( 2 0 - 3 ) +
,
d +
T

^La2cos(26+^j
MsO

-j-AfqfCOS 6

-rMtf COS 6

jMaq Sin 6

d
2

ra + LaO-7

-Mqfcos(6-T)

+ ^ - (

2 0

- T )

StLa2cos(2B+

l)

+ j(La2 cos 26
J.
T
d

dJM<*C0SV-j)

d..,

fa

2TT\

-d<MSm{d-3)

d.,

. /o

2TT\

-Mqfcos(6+T) + ^L a2 cos(20+^) f
kd
-TrAffl/COS 6

-^tMagsm a(0+-j)

d..

. /

2TT\

+ j(Lal d ,

cos 26 ft,
2TT\ _L r +L

A*

' 'Jt
Mfkdjt

MfkdJt
, T
d

-jMaf COS 6 jMaq sin 6

JtMfcos

(6-T)
. fa
2TT\

r/cd + Lkdjt
r
d

kg

d.,

rkq + Lkg^ (2)

and [vt] and [/,] contain the six voltages and currents at the terminals. The symbols r, L and M denote respectively resistance, self-inductance and mutual inductance, and the suffixes indicate the windings to which they relate. All the quantities are measured as fractions of an arbitrary unit, i.e. they are "preunit values." The derivation of the impedance matrix is given in Reference 2. By a simple substitution the equation may be modified so that the field current in eqn. (1) is not the actual current if, but the current ij- by which it differs from the initial steady current Ij-Q e/olry. After the substitution has been made, the applied field voltage becomes zero and the armature voltages are modified. The equation then becomes

and vat, vbt, vct are the phase terminal voltages. E is the maximum steady phase voltage.
(7) (2.3) Operational Equations for Phase Currents

In Appendix 10.1, the Laplace transformation6 defined by

is performed on eqn. (1) assuming the currents to be initially zero. By eliminating the field and damper currents and transferring terms like ia(p + y2a>), etc., to the voltage matrix, the operational voltage equations of the three armature circuits are obtained in the form

k,]=K][']

0)

- [ZOO] POO]

(8)

168 where [v(j>)] =

CHING AND ADKINS: TRANSIENT THEORY OF

*Jp) + ea(p) - }p{e-mZD(p

^i/0 7 ) + ^ C P ) ~ ip{he~J2XLD(p

+ ja>)[IJLp + j2co)- 4 hib(p + j2co) + W lc{p + y'2oj)] 4- conj}

l +joo)[ia(p +j2a>) -hib(p + j2co) + h ic(p 4- j2a))] + conj}

(9)

rt(p) + ec(p) - i ^ - y z x l ^ + yW)[f> + y2co) hhi - b(p + j2cS) + hllc(P + 72co)] 4- conj}

a + i ^ [ ^ o + AsG? + y60) + conj] |^[L0 -4- hLs{p 4- yo>) 4- conj]

ip[Lo + h%<P + ju)-{- conj]

[L0 + 'i P + j) + conj]

lp[Lo -\-hLs(p + yco) 4- conj]

MA)4- h2Ls(p 4-fa)4 conj]

ra + ip[i^o + ^ O 3 + yw) 4- conj]

do)

Jp[Z,0 + h2Ls(j> 4- ;co) -f- conj]

ip[Lc + hLsip

conj] Td0~Lflrf

and

(ID

fk

(15)

In the voltage and impedance matrices (9) and (10),

L

ry - f ^ - M A ^ + M rf /-? M foW
(16) The form of eqns. (13) and (14) is more convenient for evaluating Ld(p) and Lq(p), particularly when approximations are to be made. When p = 0, each factor becomes unity. When p is large, the figure of unity in each factor may be ignored. (12) (2.4) Operational Equations for a-f& Components of Current To solve the equations it is advantageous to transform them into new equations in terms of a, jS, 0 components instead of the phase values. The transformation has the effect of replacing the 3-phase machine with currents ia, ib, ic, by an equivalent 2-phase machine with currents ia and z'p, allowance being made also for a zero-component of current / 0 which flows equally in all three phases. The transformation matrix [S] and its inverse [S]-1 are a j8 0 1

0 =

a0

2 M

s0

^M

(rf + pLf)(rkd ~
r

2Mfkd)

kq

Md = The term "conj" is used to indicate the conjugate function obtained by replacing j by j. It should be noted that it is not the same as the numerical conjugate when p is complex, h is the complex number d 2 "/ 3 . The operational impedances Ld(p) and Tq(p) may be expressed in terms of six time-constants as follows: Tdop)(l + T^ Tq'op (13)

1
1

[S]=

V3
2

~~2 1

(17)

V3
2 b
j

~2 and a 2

1 c -1

(14) 1

V3
1

-V3
1

(18)

where !T^0, 7^Q, Td and 7^' are found by factorizing the numerator and denominator of the expression for Ld(p). In many practical cases, TdQ and Td are much larger than Td0 and T'd, and these four time-constants then have approximately the values given in eqn. (15). TqQ and Tq have the values given in eqns. (16).

Applying this transformation to eqn. (8), the new voltage equation is (19)

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS UNDER UNBALANCED CONDITIONS where [(/>)]'= [S]~ [v(p)] =

a
l

169

*,(/>) Hh 4CP) - */>[

LD(p

+ ycu)fa(/> + y'2a>) - - conj] -J-/7[ye J2^LD(p

-\- jco)l i(p+j2aj)~ h

conj]
(20)

P
0

P,(P) -\-h(p)-*p[je-'*ZD(p

+ ,;(/>+;2a>) + conj] + ip[e~->lxLD(p -\- joi)lr (p+y2co)H - conj]

tip)
a

P
[jLs{p + JOJ) + conj]

a + hp[Zs(/7 + yaj) + conj]

Ls(p + ya>) + conj]

J 8
0

^[I^Cp+yw) + conj]
r.+pZ*

(21)

(22)

(3) DERIVATION OF OPERATIONAL EXPRESSIONS FOR THE CURRENTS (3.1) Armature Currents The three simultaneous eqns. (27) suffice to determine fa(p), ijj(p) and I0(p). By eliminating I0(p) and l${p) by the method outlined in Appendix 10.2, an equation containing ljj>) only can be obtained.

The quantities in the new voltage matrix are

= Up) + i
. . . . (28)

wcosA+/?sinA\
and

(23)

P cos A o> sin A

7 3 ^ ~
The phase currents are related to the a, ft, 0 components of current by the formula
(24)

where the coefficients are known functions of p derived in the course of the elimination. Eqn. (28) is a recurrence equation containing fa(p j2oS) as well as Ia(p). The next step is to solve eqn. (28) in order to determine fa(p) as an explicit function of p. The expression for IJJJ), derived by the method explained in Appendix 10.3, is obtained in the form of an infinite series W) = A0(j>)FaiP) . (29) where
1

The simplification obtained by means of the above transformation arises from the fact that, as far as the machine is concerned, the zero components are independent of the a and ft components. In order to complete the equations the external source voltages and the external impedances must be introduced. These may be expressed in terms of a, ft, 0 components by operational matrices of the following form:
a
V<xs(P)
S

+ Y%p) - 1

A_n{j>) = ( - *)

ft V$ (P)
0 and a a
VQS(P)

(25) YJip-j2w)
1

(30)

P
^(P) z^ip)
Z0&)

1 -

- j2u>) - j2*J)Ka(p ~ J4to) 1- ...

*.(*)

ft
0

^BOCP)

(26)

7*(/>) = conjugate function of YJjj) _ iKa(p)K^(p + j2co) Yl(p+j2u>) A similar expression for l$(p) may be obtained by eliminating ia{p) and fo(jj) from eqn. (27). I0(p) can then be found by substituting ia(p) and I^(p) in eqn. (27). Finally the values of the currents as functions of time are

^oo(^)

The complete equation is then

' (27)

170

CHING AND ADKINS: TRANSIENT THEORY OF (4) APPLICATION OF THE THEORY TO THE SINGLE-PHASE LINE-TO-LINE SHORT-CIRCUIT (4.1) Armature Current (4.1.1) The Operational Equation. The single-phase line-to-line short-circuit is the simplest case of unsymmetrical transient operation of a synchronous machine. In this Section the transient currents and other quantities are determined as functions of time by solving the equations obtained in Section 2, with certain simplifying assumptions. The shortcircuit takes place between lines 6 and c at the instant when the open phase a is at an angle A from the field axis, and as before, the speed is assumed to remain constant after the short-circuit. Under this condition, ia(j>) = lo(p) = %,(p) 0. The recurrence equation for z'pQ?) follows directly from the second equation of eqn. (19), which becomes + J'2co) - conj (31) . (39)

determined by the inverse transforms of the operational expressions. (3.2) Field and Damper Currents In deriving expressions for the field and damper currents it is convenient to introduce the axis components id and iq of the armature currents, defined as follows:

U*
iq =

cos

+ ib cos (d ~ ~ ) + ic cos (0 + Y

sin 0 + ib sin

(9 - 2f

/c sin

The transforms of these quantities are

UP) -= ib~JlUp +/) + conj + he-Mb(p +y) + conj + h2~^Ic(p +jco) + conj ]
jto) + yfp(p + yo;)] + conj + conj +jh e~Wc(p +yo>) + conj] - i p O + ju)j\ - conj The voltage equations (100), (101) and (102) in Appendix 10.1 can be written (32)
2

and gives on rearranging, an equation of the same form as eqn. (28), but with jS instead of a,
+y'2eo) (40)

where
p cos A co sin A

ra + %P[LS(P +M+
kdkd

conj]

-jco)

0 = WaqPtqiP) + ('** + LkqP)lkq{p) The following expressions are obtained by solving eqns. (32),
r

pZD(p +jto) (j> +JOJ) + conj]

(41)

The operational expression for fpO) is similar to eqn. (29), = BQ{p)F^{p) + 2 [Bn(j>)F&(j> +j2naj) + conj] (42)
711

kd

- Mfkd) pld(p) Lkd ~ 2M/kd).

(33)

where

~ Vf

rf + p(Lf M/kd) pid(j>) -2M )Z (p) kd fkd d (34) (35) and

n\P) = \ ?< Y^(p)=l-

(43)

Hence if fa(/>) and i$(p) are known, f/(/?), f^O?) and ikjj>) can be b f found. d i'( i'f(p) i is the h transform f of f the h superimposed field current which is added to the original steady current 7y0. (3.3) Electromagnetic Torque The torque developed by the machine is given by the following expression due to Park: 7 T - ifjdiq - tfiqid where and tpd - f [Ldid + M^ij- + ikd)] iftq = f(Z,^ + JWaffifc^ (36)
(37)

Eqns. (42) and (43) are expressed in a simpler form than the more general eqns. (29) and (30) because, for the special case under consideration, F(j>) is a real function of p . In obtaining the conjugate quantity in eqn. (42), it is understood that Bn(p) is substituted from eqn. (43) before j is replaced by y. (4.1.2) General Method of Solution. To determineri as a function of time, the inverse transform of the expression for itfjj) in eqn. (42) must be evaluated. To do this, the poles of each term like Bn(p)F^,(j> + j2nco) must be found and the function split up into partial fractions, by the following method. If p = pk is one of the values of p which makes fp(p) infinite, the corresponding partial fraction is

Alternatively the transforms if*d(p) and ifjq(j>) are given, in terms of the armature currents and the original steady field current 7y0, by
. . (38)

where

Ck = [(p - pk)i^{p)]p,-Pk

and the inverse transform is

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS UNDER UNBALANCED CONDITIONS The solution therefore consists of several infinite series of exponential terms. The values of pk are imaginary or complex and occur in conjugate pairs, so that the final result consists of an infinite number of real sinusoidal terms some of which have an exponential decrement factor. Because of the complicated nature of fp(p), containing as it does the continued fractions Y(p), it is necessary to make some simplifying assumptions about the relative magnitudes of the parameters, as explained later. With these assumptions, it is found that the solution can be obtained in four parts, (a) Steady-state component i$s where (b) Field-transient component i'% (c) Sub-transient component / (d) Armature-transient component /pa Pk = - xa J2nco

171

(4.1.3) Steady-State Component. There are evidently poles at p j(2n + 1)&>, depending on the factors (p + jco)(p jco) in the denominator of These poles determine the steady-state component i$s. The transform of the steady-state component is given by = 2 -T-TTT-fr +
con

(44) (45)

Cn = [(/> + j2n + 1 CL)/pO^)]/ = y < 2 + i > o

Only two of the terms in l$(p) have a pole at/? j(2n + l)co, and consequently only these two terms need to be considered. Hence eqn. (45) reduces to + j2nco) (46) Table 1
FORMULAE FOR FUNCTIONS IN

fp(/>)
Approximate value when p ~ yvw (v > 2)

Function

Approximate value when p ~ yw

Approximate value when p ~ /to

KQ\J>)

2(JL'q Lrf)

Ld(p Jco) + 2-^CP y*") + </ "1" -^9 2[Lq(p jco) Zd(p jco)]

2[Lq(p + jco) Ld(p + jco)] L~d(p + jco) + Tq(p + jco) + L'J + L'q' 2(L'q' - L'J) L~d(P + jco) + Eqfjp + jco) + L'J + L'4 Ed(p + jco) + Eg(j) + jco) + 2Lmi L~d(p + jco) + Zq{p + jco) + L'J + Lq

Lq'-Ld L'J + L'4 Lq L'J

K%\p)

"Edip jco) + Zq(p jco) + L'J + L'4

j [Eq(p jco) Ed(j> jco)]2 / \Ed(P JCO) + Zq(j? jco) + L'J + Lq] X X X [Zd(P jco) + Zq(p jco) + 2Lm\] J L~d(P jco) + Zq(p jco) + 2Lm\ L"d(p jco) + Zq(p jco) + L'J + Lq

L'J + L'4 1 WL'J + VI4f)2 2 L'J + L'4

YQ\P)

Y$(p)

[Lq{p + jco) Zd(p + yco)]2 2 / [Ld(P +JCO) + Zq{p + JCO) + L'J + L'q'] \ X X [Zd(p + jco) + T^p + jco) + 2LmX] J 2[IG> + jco) - Ld(p + jco)] L~d(p + jco) + Lq{p + jco) + 2Lm\

L'J + Lq'

KQ,(J>)

- *<JL'4"\/L'J

_,

Y$(p) 2[Lq(p jco) Zd(p jco)] L~d(p jco) + Eq(j) jco) + 7Lm\

77-77-77777 -2JD\

VLd + VLq

Bo(p)

( [L~d(P jco) + Lq(p jco) + L'J + Lq] X 1 X X &d(j> - jco) + Eq(p - jco) + 2Lml] J 4 (Ed(j> jco) + Lm]\Lq(j> jco) + Lm\]

f [Ld(p + jco) + Zq(p + jco) + L'J + L'4] \ 1 X x lL~d(p + jco) + Lq(j} + jco) + 2Lmi] J 4 [Ed(j> + jco) + Zm][Lq(j> + jco) + Lml] 2E 1 -ye-/X co Zd(p + jco) + Eg(p + jco) + L'J + L'4 P+ }<

2E
10

1 yeA Zd(p jco) + Zq(p jco) + L'J + L'4 P ~ J0* 1 -yc-yx Ed(p jco) + Zq(p jco) + L'J + L'4 P ~ J0*

2E
00

2E

yWX

^ Ld(p + jco) + Lq(j> + jco) + L'J + Lq'P+ J10

172

CHING AND ADKINS: TRANSIENT THEORY OF

In evaluating eqn. (46) it is assumed that ra is negligible comp a r e d with coLd, a)Lq, coLd or coLq, L"d and L'q', being given by L'd Lg = (T'dTd'lTdQTd'0)Ld (TqITq0)Lq

'

-j2n(51)

(47)

and that 2co7^0, 2cur^, 2ojTd0, 2coTd, 2o)Tq0 and 2w7^' are large compared with unity. These assumptions are used in where />' = / + y'2/io). Eqn. (51) shows that /p(^) has poles at values of p' deterobtaining the formulae, given in Table 1, for the functions in / I$(j>) when p has values near to jco or multiples of jco. mined by the factor <f>(p ) in the denominator, where Table 2 gives the values to which some of the functions reduce Table 2
VALUE OF FUNCTIONS WHEN p jo> Function Value of P Approximate value of function

/>'+./"

T'd'(p'

T'd0(p' +ycu)][l

d+

ml '

(52)

K$(p)
Yfa(p)

-jco

2(LQ-Ld) Ld + Lq + 2Lm\ 1 (Ld + Lq + L'J + L'q'XLd + Lq + 2Lm\) 4 (Ld + Lml){Lq + Lml) 2E 1 -yWX co Ld + Lq + L'J + Lq p + jco
2E 1 y'eA CO Ld + Lq + L'J + Lq p + JCO

Bo(j>)

~ F$(j>)

J(O

- j .

The corresponding factor containing Lq(p' + ya>) has cancelled out because of the approximations made. A more accurate solution would contain small terms depending on the quadrature-axis quantities. <(pO is the quotient of two quadratic expressions in / / , of which the numerator determines the poles of fp(/?). The two linear factors of the numerator may be found approximately by using the fact that T'd0 and T'd are much greater than Td'Q and Td . The poles which determine the field-transient component are found by substituting [1 + T'd'^{p' +yco)]/[l + Td(j>' + jco)] = 1 in eqn. (52). Then

F$(p + j2co)

-jco

(53) when p = jio. It may be noted that the continued fractions Yp,(p) and Y^ip) are evaluated by solving a quadratic equation. where In the Tables the symbol Lml is introduced.
"ml

a = L'd + Lml T, ml dO
x

(54) (55)

and
By using the values of the functions in Table 2, and in the last column of Table 1, eqn. (46) simplifies to
s-i
t

>-lL
J

d0

^__^

Ld -f Lml

(48)

where bx is a constant having the value shown in Table 1. Substitution of eqn. (48) in eqn. (44) gives E 1 f_&,v; -i(2H+i)x o oI r(b e-jQn+\yk t\n} 1

a! is a real quantity which is small compared with co and whose value is independent of n. Eqn. (53) shows that i$(p) has a pole at/? = a! j(2n + l)a>. The solution therefore has a decrement factor e~ a ''. The result is usually expressed in terms of a line-to-line transient timeconstant, 7rf(/_/), where

7"
(49)

- L'd + V(LdLg') ^,

-Lm, w =oL^+X2/i+ 1)

The inverse transform of eqn. (49) gives the explicit expression for the steady-state current (with 6 cot + A) 2E

The corresponding component of fp(/?) can now be found, = -E-( I 1 \

(-6,)" sin ( 2 H + 1 ) 0 . (50)

co \L'H + L ml
r ( - bl)nj io\_ac' + p +j(2n+ +/ n

+ conj

(4.1.4) Field-Transient and Sub-Transient Components

(57)

If the values of the functions in Table 1 are used to evaluate the terms Bn(p)F$(p + j2nco) and Bn+l(p)F&[p + j2n + leu], when p is nearly equal to j(2n + l)o>, the following result is obtained: 2nio) + Bn ^ l

The inverse transform of eqn. (57) gives the explicit expression for the field-transient component of current, 1 L'H
-'ml
71 = 0

1
ml'

( - bi)n sin (2/i + 1)0

(58)

The poles which determine the sub-transient component are found by substituting [1 + T'd0(p' +jco) ]/[l -f T'd(p' + jo)] = T'dolTd in eqn. (52). Then

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS UNDER UNBALANCED CONDITIONS

173

Eqn. (65) shows that i$(j)) has a pole at a value of p determined by the factor (ra + p'Lml) in the denominator. Thus there is a pole at p = a jincu, where
dQ(

jco)

(59)
(66)

where and

a =
"
d d

(60)
T

The corresponding time-constant is the line-to-line armaturetransient time-constant, Ta{i_ty where (67) The component of fp(p) can now be found as follows: haiP) = j j + 2 ( , i , H- conj) . (68) 1(x) a>Lml [_oca + p n =i\a f l + p +j2ncu /J The inverse transform gives the explicit expression for the armature-transient component of current.

(61)

Hence there is a pole at p = a" j(2n + l)w. The corresponding component of l$(p) can therefore be found, and is
1
ml

V, + LmJ

conj

(62)

and the exph'cit expression for the sub-transient component of current is (4.1.6) Resultant Armature Current. The armature current after a line-to-line short-circuit has S ( - />!)" sin (2n + 1)0 . (63) been obtained as the sum of four components given by eqns. (50), (58), (63) and (69). The operational expression for ltfj>) may be written in the form _A is the line-to-line sub-transient time-constant. tt> \L'd + Lmi L'd + Lm QTZ.

where

. . (64)

h(J>) = - i
r

(4.1.5) Armature-Transient Component. A further set of poles can be found by evaluating the terms of /3G?) for p 2i j2noj. Table 3 gives approximate values of the functions when p ~ 0. In making these approximations, the field and damper resistances are neglected and the armature resistance is assumed to be small compared with the reactances at normal frequency. Table 3
APPROXIMATE VALUES OF FUNCTIONS Function \ J \ j Approximate value when p 0 P(^' - ^d') r^ -|~ iPK^d ' ^Q ) 1 PWL'q' -\/Ld')2

(-d[p+J(fr
l)co] +LmlP ( b
n^i\oca+p+j2iuo

+ conj I + conj
(70)

jEsinAf 1 \_<xa+p ' 2E

The complete expression for /p(/) is

- 6!) cos 2/iwl

(71)

where

Hip) $ >
2?o(p)

4 ra + \p{L'd' + L'q) ra + ip(Ld' + L'q') ra + pLm\ 1 E sin A co ra + MLd' + Lq')

(L'df
'-d "f -^ml

. The phase currents are given by

. (72)

F$ip)

If the values of the functions in Table 3 and in the last column of Table 1 are used to evaluate Bn(p)F$(p + j2nw) when p is nearly equal to j2nco, the following result is obtained:

The solution thus contains four harmonic series as explained in Section 4.1.2. It may be noted that in each series the magnitudes of the harmonics are in geometric progression with the same ratio bx [except for the zero-frequency term in /pa(/)], and that each series has a decrement factor which is the same for all harmonics. (4.2) Field and Damper Currents The transforms of the field and damper currents are given by eqns. (33), (34) and (35) in terms of the axis quantities ld(j>) and ii), which are related to / a O) and l^{p) by eqns. (31). Using

'=0

"sinA(
r

a+P'L

(65)
ml

174

CHING AND ADKINS: TRANSIENT THEORY OF

the value of l^j>) given by eqn. (71), and putting fa(/>) = 0 in eqns. (31), the following expressions are obtained: 2 sin Ae-' x S ? ?(1 +/>j)sinA
'ml

1)0 ( - ^ ^ cos 20 . (79)

+ conj conj * " '

."I

Since v$t = vOt = 0, eqn. (79) gives also the actual terminal voltage va across the open phase.
(4.4) Torque

w =-

E{\ ~ bj) 1
-d(P ~\ J2na>) {-L,
ml

To determine the torque, id, iq, tf/d and i//g must be found. (1V\ U a n d iq a r e derived as the inverse transforms of eqns. (73) " K } and (74)

+ conj + conj
. . . . (74)

+ +:
to(Ld' +
" / x ^/nl

(_ biye-Jto+V*

.
n=0

(80)

Substituting these values in eqns. (33), (34) and (35), and evaluating the inverse transforms, the following explicit expressions for the field and damper currents are obtained:

:-'/7"a(/-/)2(-61)"COS(2/J + l)0 . (81)

n=0

ipd and ipq are obtained by substituting eqns. (73) and (74) in eqns. (38), and evaluating the inverse transforms, ./. r* _
3 L

mE

^f 1" ^kd [ ^ I ) " " 1 cos La ' -^ml 20

) sin - M
fkd

,i . .
+

. . . .

(82)

_ 3 (1 3(1-6
2 :

S (~ ^i)""1 cos
sin A
n-0

-'/r(/-/)2 ( - b1ycos(2n + 1)0 . . . . (83)

( - 6^" sin

,]}..

(76)

Substituting eqns. (80), (81), (82) and (83) in eqn. (36) and making use of the following products of harmonic series:

2 (~ ^i)"- 1 sin 20 x 2 (~ ^i)""

00

oo

oo

= \ 2 "( ^i)"" 1 sin2(n + ( - h)n-1 sin 2nd

ml

( - 61)sin(2 + 1)0 x 2 ( - 6i)wcos(2 + 1)0

. . (77)
0
=0
/ i i

-'ml

71-0

(4.3) Open-Phase Voltage From eqn. (19), with Up) = 0, the a-component of the terminal voltage is given by + conj] . (78)

, ^(-bl)nsm(2n+1)9 ( ^ ) . (_ "-
ftj)n

, x^(-b1)"-^ ,"
(

(84)

*')-'sin(2"

Substituting the values of ea(p) and fpCp) from eqns. (23) and (70) and evaluating the inverse transform, the explicit expression for the open-phase voltage is obtained,

- (_ "- 1 1 _ i y> (n ^\b )"-lcos(2n+ l =oV 1 bJ

1)9

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS UNDER UNBALANCED CONDITIONS the explicit expression for the short-circuit torque is obtained, E2 2 sin A E2[ 1 + b. d + Lml
(85)

175

reactances. It has, in effect, a uniform air-gap and no damper windings. The same machine was used for each of the three short-circuit conditions. For operation as a synchronous machine the appropriate rating would be about 110 volts, 16 amp, 3 kVA. The constants of the machine are given below both in actual values and in per-unit values relative to this rating. xd = xq = x'q' 6 0 ohms =1-51 per-unit. x'd xd = 0-54 ohm = 0-136 per-unit. x0 = 0-90 ohm = 0-227 per-unit. ra = 0-15 ohm = 0 038 per-unit. T'd0 = 0073 sec. Fig. 2 shows a set of oscillograms taken after a line-to-line short-circuit (phase 6 to phase c) from 25% normal voltage. Fig. 3 shows calculated curves of the same quantities drawn to the same scale and corresponding to the same instant of switching. The numerical expressions from which the calculations were made are also given in Fig. 3.

( ^ I ) " " 1 sin 2nd

71-1

(4.5) Alternative Expressions for Currents and Voltage

By using the summation formulae

a_
M'-O

[B + V(AB)] sin d

(A-B)cos2d

\A + B+{A-B) cos 20
2 (2 + 1)6" sin (2n + 1)0

(AB)j
(5) LINE-TO-NEUTRAL SHORT-CIRCUIT (5.1) Operational Equation for the Armature Current

. (86)

(A-B)cos20]' and 2 2(n + 1)6" cos 2(n +

n '0

With phase a short-circuited, the following relations hold for the following terminal voltages and currents:
= 0 . . . . (88)

A-B+(A

+ B)cos2d
- B) cos 20] 2 The equation for ia(p) is obtained by adding the first and third equations of the matrix equation (19). In order to make the result more general, it is assumed that there is some external resistance in the neutral circuit, so that the total resistance is r0. The difference between r0 and ra can then also allow for the fact that in practice there is a difference, not allowed for in the

where
b =

+
the quantities ib, va and if can be expressed as
l

b = -

'c = ~ ^TT-

Xd)

C0S

;[>i(0 sin 0 e~'/r(/-/) sin A)]

** COS 20

va = and

[x'd' + xq' + (x'q' - jf^) cos 20]2

w
1 cq + (x'q' -

(x'q' - x'd') cos (87)

Lkd-

xd')cos2d sin A sin 0

C

where the x's are the corresponding L's multiplied by o>.

(4.6) Comparison with Experimental Results

~ xd)

cos 2

theory, between the zero- and positive-sequence resistances. The equation is

In order to verify the results of the theory, a series of tests was made on a 7^-h.p. 110-volt 1 500-r.p.m. star-connected induction motor. The machine was operated as a synchronous machine by exciting two rotor phases and leaving the third rotor phase open. The machine represents a relatively simplified case of the synchronous machine, but it is one which gives rise to pronounced harmonics because of the widely differing sub-transient

+L

j]}/ conj . . . . (89)

Eqn. (88) can readily be put in the form of eqn. (28), and the same method of solution used as for the line-to-line short-circuit.

176

CHING AND ADEEMS: TRANSIENT THEORY OF

Fig. 2.Oscillograms of current and voltage after a line-to-line short-circuit.

2TT

S 100

S o
ex
rt

\i
Y
Y
Fig. 3.Calculated values of current and voltage after a line-to-line short-circuit.
/ ' (f 3 3 8 ) E - " o - O 2 . 9 + Q-298) +TT -298)+ O-866s-'/o-76] t'ac = 2r< (aftc the short-circuit) 146sinG-161sin'e V (0702 CF20 + cos 26)2

o -50

-.-100

a o f-250
5-500 >-75O

298) +

63-8 + 76-3cos26 (1.

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS UNDER UNBALANCED CONDITIONS

177

MWlWPSL ,

Fig. 4.Oscillograms of current and voltage after a line-to-neutral short-circuit.

I 100
^ Q

<&

50
a

'"-100 300 % 200 > 100 -100

} ~5

>2
w

"5
r*"

100 0
200 -300

> -100

V
t* ~

v
15-3 cos 0

Fig. 5.Calculated values of current and voltage after a line-to-neutral short-circuit.

. , /I \ , // = 15.5 e -' /0 - 0288 + 2 3-6(i-36-cos26 ~ 1 - 08 J(0-607 s -' / - 288 + 0-393) 4 20 *2 ia = ~ 1-36 - cos26 [(0 ' 607e ~ </0 ' 0288 + " 393 ) COS + O-766e-*/o-58] 39-6sin6-18-lsin*6-123cos6+ 150cos*G ./,
( 1 - 3 6 - c o s 26)2 (0-607-'/0-0288 + O-393) 48-7 - 13-4 sin 26 - 66-3 cos 26 , / , E ( 1 - 3 6 - c o s 26)2 39-6sin6-18-lsin*8 + (1 - 36 48-7 + 13-4 sin 2 6 - 66-3 cos 20 r _. f T (1-36 -cos26)2

178

CHING AND ADKINS: TRANSIENT THEORY OF

(5.2) Expressions for Currents and Voltages The values of armature current ia, field current i'f, and open-phase voltages vbt and vct, after a line-to-neutral short-circuit at the instant when phase a is at an angle A from the field axis, are as follows:

x'J + x'q' + x 0 - (x'q' - x'd') cos 20

vbt =

[g2{t) C O S 9 - e-"ra(/-n) C O S A]

y/3xo[(2x'q' - x'd' + jx 0 ) sin 9 - {xq' - x'^ sin3 0] - 2(xq' + $x0) [{xq' - 2x'd' - jx0) cos 0 - (xq' - x^Q cos3 9] [xd + xq + x0 - (xq - xd') cos 20p -> cos AV3^o sin 0 W~ 2fl] - ( q - d) C O S Id]
x x

[V +

V3xo[(2xq' - x'd' + jx0) sin g - ( ^ ' - x^Q sin3 6] + 2(xq' + ^ [ ( ^ - 2xd' - ^ 0 ) cos 9 - (x'q' - xjQ cos3 6] [xd + ^^' + x0 - (xq - xd) cos 29]2 -* cos A

.(90)

3^o sin 6 + ( < - y

- ^ - ( ^ + xj' + x0) cos 20]

- xd) cos

m2

1 [x'q' - x'd' \x'd' + x'q' + x0 - {x'qr - x'd') cos 2Q

2xm2

cos A cos 9
-

(^^' -

*dO COS

where

= 0 O) = 0

(92)

cd_
Using eqns. (92) in conjunction with eqn. (19), two simultaneous equations for ijji) and f^(p) are obtained,
w
. Xd
x
X

d -V

w2

X
x

m m2

f Zs{p + joj) + conj]}fa( (91)

</ ^

m2

+
conj (93)

/-)

m2

Xo

conj]faCp)

+
(5.3) Comparison with Experimental Results Fig. 4 shows a set of oscillograms taken after a line-to-neutral short-circuit (phase a) from 25 % normal voltage on the machine described in Section 4.6. Fig. 5 shows the corresponding calculated curves and the numerical expressions from which the calculations were made. (6) DOUBLE-LINE-TO-NEUTRAL SHORT-CIRCUIT (6.1) Operational Equations for the Armature Currents With phases b and c short-circuited, the following relations hold for the terminal voltages and currents:

+ conj]}fp(/>) + y2o>) . . . . ] + conj (94)

By means of the method of elimination explained in Appendix 10.2, separate equations of the form of eqn. (28) are derived. From this point the solution follows the same lines as in Section 4. r0 is introduced in the same way as in Section 5.1. (6.2) Expressions for Currents and Voltages The values of armature currents ib and ic, open-phase voltage vat, and field current if, after a double-line-to-neutral shortcircuit at the instant when phase a is at an angle A from the field axis, are as follows:

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS UNDER UNBALANCED CONDITIONS

<\/3x'q' cos 6 {xq + 2x0) sin 0 x'd'x'q' + xo(xd + xq) + x o ( 4 ' - *d') cos 20
?

179

) + xo(xq

t ~^ *'1f x )" cos

d

xdxq 2
63V

+ xo(x'd' + x'q') + xQ(xq' - x^O cos 20

a' cos 0 + ( x ' ' + 2x0) sin 0 'x^'x'' + x o (xy + x'O + xo(x" - x'd') cos

-ECOsX-'lT<xUl-n]

xdxq

- W - x'd) s i n 2d - x'd"> c o s + xo(xd + x^') + xo(.xq ~ x'^ cos

^
.77
3

V 3 c . A _ / / 7 Mn x'd' ^" S i n A t ' (3U' "J 4

r

+ x ^ + 4x0 - (xqf - 4 Q cos 26

77; ;r;; ;r;; -r ;; -rjr

- x'd') sin
^7;

77r

xd xq + X Q ^ + x g ) + XQCX^ - xd) cos 20

[2xo(xq' - 2x'd ) - x'd'x'q'] sin 0 - ^ ( ^ - xfi sin 0

K * i ' + ^ ' + *;o + ^oK' - *io cos 20]^

3xoxdxq(xq ~ '
,/T

cos A sin 20

^
rv"v"

XQ{X<'

+ xfl + x o (x- - 4 0 cos 20P

j) cos 20] 2

(95)

-4k
dXq

l M, Jkd

[dq
x

x x

y + ^fcd 2Mfkd
^W M

1 d + xc

'd + ^<

Lf xd + xe

40 Lf+ Lkd - 2Mfkd V K ' ( 4 ' + 2x0)] f

fkd

Vt^'^'C^y + 2xo)(x^' + 2x0)]

*q) -'rfOi

( 4 ' 4 ' ) cos 20

- M, fkd

-a

X X

d q

d) COS 20

c o )(x- + 2x0)]

M cos A cos 0 + ( q < + 2A:0)e-'/%//-n) sin A sin 0)

where
y. _xdxq

(6.3) Comparison with Experimental Results

m3

- V K ' ( 4 ' + 2*0)]

Fig. 6 shows a set of oscillograms taken after a double-line-toneutral short-circuit (phases b and c) from 25% normal voltage on the machine described in Section 4.6. Fig. 7 shows the corresponding calculated curves and the numerical expressions from which the calculations were made. (7) CONCLUSION The theory explained in the paper provides a rigorous basis for the investigation of unbalanced conditions in synchronous machines. The results agree with those given in References 3 and 4 and include several additional formulae not hitherto published. Doherty and Nickle gave sets of oscillograms and calculations for the line-to-line short-circuit similar to those in Figs. 2 and 3. However, their theoretical formulae, like the tests, only applied to the simplified case of a machine without a damper winding. Concordia considerably extended the theoretical results but gave no tests. His book contains complete expressions for the armature currents for each of the three types of short-circuit, but only gives initial values of field current and open-phase voltages. Thus the present paper, apart from the greater rigour

4' +
xd 4" x^
y" 4- v
d0
1

x^ + x,e J

tlTd(U-n) +

(96)

d{ll-ri) " -T~

x

m3 + 2 *0

180

CHING AND ADHNS: TRANSffiNT THEORY OF

Fig. 6.Oscillograms of current and voltage after a double-line-to-neutral short-circuit.

Fig. 7.Calculated values of current and voltage after a double-line-to-neutral short-circuit.

if 50- l e -'/o-oi2i
+

^g ^ ^ 2 6 ~ .,

6O

)(O-835s~' / o 0 1 2 1 + 0-165) -

175 cos 6s" < / o - 2 2 86 + cos 29

2Olsinee~' /o - 27 8 1-86 + cos 29 ., 22-7 - 12-2 cos 2 9 - 2 0 - 1 sin 29 1-86 + cos 26 22-7 - 12-2 cos 26 + 20-1 sin 26 . _ / > . 0 W .

67-2 cos 6 - 5 0 - 5 sin 9

13-3 + 10-5 cos 29 + 6-4 sin 1-86

+ O .,65)

/.

1-86 + 19 sin 9 - 243 sin1 8 "U r 86H r cos"26)2~ (

13-3 4- 10-5 cos 29 - 6 - 4 sin 28 1-86 + cos 28

+

1-86 + cos 26

68-1 sin 2 8 ^ 0 121 + 0-165> + (1-86 +cos 28)2

(28-6 + 53-1 cos 28)E- -"8 (1-86 + cos 26)2

(/

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS UNDER UNBALANCED CONDITIONS of its method, supplements the results already available, and gives experimental confirmation for the two more difficult types of short-circuit. Moreover it provides a general method by means of which more complicated practical conditions can be investigated. (8) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Much of the paper is based upon a thesis presented to London University by one of the authors (Mr. Ching). The authors wish to thank the Imperial College of Science and Technology and Professor Willis Jackson for providing the facilities for carrying out the work recorded in the paper, and also many colleagues for their advice and assistance.

181

0 = WtfP{e-J*[la(P + + hh(P +Jw) + h%(P +J<)] + c o n J}

+ h2lc(p+jco)] +conj}+ (rkq + Lkqp)lkq(p) where lfe(p) = l'f(jj) + lkd(p) and h ~ eJW\

. (102)

From eqns. (100) and (101), lfe{p) may be determined,

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

(9) REFERENCES B.: "Transient Theory of Synchronous Generators conj} connected to Power Systems," Proceedings I.E.E., 1951, . . . . (103) 98, Part II, p. 510. CHING, Y. K., and HUMPHREY DAVIES, M. W.: "Harmonics where Zd(p) has the value given in eqn. (12). The values of lfe(jp + joj) and ikq(p + jo>) and their conin Synchronous Machines under Steady Conditions," jugates are readily obtained from eqns. (102) and (103), and Proceedings I.E.E. (to be published). DOHERTY, R. E., and NICKLE, C. A.: "Synchronous when substituted in eqns. (97), (93) and (99) give the rows of the MachinesIV," Transactions of the American I.E.E., 1928, matrix equation (8). 47, p. 457. (10.2) Derivation of the Recurrence Equation CONCORDIA, C.: "Synchronous Machines" (John Wiley and By eliminating tQ(p) from eqn. (27), two simultaneous equations Sons, New York, 1951). PARK, R. H.: "Definition of an Ideal Synchronous Machine are obtained for la(p) and I$(p) in the following form: and Formula for the Armature Flux Linkages," General fa(P) = Z(p)p) + Z^{p)l^p) Electric Renew, 1928, 31, p. 332. + j2cS)] CARSLAW, H. S., and JAEGER, J. C.: "Operational Methods -j2a>)] . (104) in Applied Mathematics" (Oxford University Press, 1939). PARK, R. H.: "Two-reaction Theory of Synchronous Machines," Transactions of the American I.E.E., 1929, ] + J2a>) M 48, p. 716. j2GS)-jl l(j>--j2u>)] . (105) 9 (10) APPENDICES
ADKTNS,

(10.1) Derivation of the Simultaneous Operational Equations

Assuming that the currents are initially zero, and using the formulae

in which the new functions are deduced in the course of the elimination. To eliminate f$(p) from eqns. (104) and (105), multiply eqn. (105) by j and add it to eqn. (104), and then replace p by p + j2a> in the resulting equation, [Z(p +j2co) +jZ&p +j2a>)] Up +j2uS) + j [Z$ <J> +j2co) -jZ^(p +J2co)] f0O \ j2co)

where the symbol Vindicates the Laplace transformation defined in Section 2.3. The six eqns. (1) can be expressed in operational form as follows:
I = (rfl + LOQPVJJ)) + MsOp!b(p) + M^picip)
l2/>{e--' 2X

(106) Elimination of I&(p + j2cS) from eqns. (104) and (106) then leads to eqn. (107). Similarly, eqn. (108) is obtained by deriving an equation conjugate to eqn. (106) and using it to eliminate l$(j> j2cS) from eqn. (105),

[fa(P +j2a>) + hib(p +j2uS) x>nj] (97)

j2to)\ + conj} + \Mafp\e~Mj-e{p +/co) + conj] i = M^pijji) + (ra + LaQp)ib<j>) + M^pljj))

l2p{[he-JK[ia(P

. . .

(107)

+y'2w) + Mb(j> +j2uS) j2u))] + conj} + hMtfP [he~Jtffe(p +ya>) + conj] conj] (98)

. . . .

(108)

vct{p) + ejj>) = M^PW + MsOplb(p) + (r + $La2p{h2e-JK[Ia(p +j2co) + h!b(p +J2a>) + h2lc(p +j2))] + conj

Finally eqn. (28) is obtained by eliminating /p(/?) from eqns. (107) and (108). (10.3) Solution of the Recurrence Equation If p is replaced by p j2<x> in eqn. (28) and the resulting expressions are substituted in the original eqn. (28), a new

conj] (99)

182

CHING AND ADK1NS: TRANSIENT THEORY OF UNBALANCED SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS

equation involving Fa(p), FJj? j2a>), !a(p) and ijj> jAoi) is The series is assumed to be convergent from the nature of the obtained. By repeating this process, it can be concluded that physical problem, that is eqn. (28) has a solution of the form Lim An(p) = 0 71>00 + y2co) . . . (109) Hence when n is large, eqn. (116) becomes approximately The proposition is proved by replacing p by p + j2nu) in ip + j2co) <* 0 . . (118) eqn. (28) with n taking all integral values from oo to + oo. The result is an infinite number of s'milar equations which can Now replace n by n 1 in eqn. (116) and p by p j2co in be represented by the matrix equation eqn. (118) and eliminate An(p j2a)). [y.] =[*][*] -Oio)

[1 - i

- J2a>)]An_l{p)

where [yn] is an infinite column matrix whose general element is

+ $-WKtt(p)An_2(j>+j2a>) = 0

. (119)

yn~ F*(P + J2fla>) (in)

[xm] is an infinite column matrix whose general element is xm ~ Ja(/7 + j2moS) anm -- 1 . . . . (112) and [anm] is an infinite square matrix whose general element is when m n 0 ? \-j2no)) when m n = 1 \j2no)) when A n n 1 when \m n\ > 2 1

Repetition of this process indicates that the correct form of eqn. (118), when n is a positive integer (not zero), is Ye&)AJLp) + te-J*KJLp)Am-l(p+j2w)==0 . (120) where YJji) is the continued fraction given in eqn. (30). This result may be proved as follows: Assume that eqn. (120) is correct, and replace n by n -f 1 and p by p ;2co. Then
Y(X(p

(113)

-j2co)An+l(p

-J2w)

- j2uS)An(p) = 0

~ 0

or From the closed expression for Ya(j>) in eqn. (30) (114)

By Cramer's rule, when m 0, xm becomes xQ and is given by (Cofactor of an0) x yn

Ya(p-j2a>)_l
KJJ>-J2M) 4 1 - YJj>) ' ' '
(122)

where \anm\ is the determinant of the matrix [ a ^ ] . Substituting eqns. (Ill) and (112) in eqn. (114) gives eqn. (109), and also defines the coefficient A0(p),
A0(p)-= (Cofactor of anQ) ~ \anm\

Substitute, eqn. (122) in eqn. (121) and multiply throughout by

(115) Addition of eqns. (120) and (123) gives the original eqn. (116). By repeated use of eqn. (120) the expression for An(p) in eqn. (30) can be deduced. A similar argument leads to the following relation for the coefficients with negative suffixes:

Consequently eqn. (109) is a solution of eqn. (28). Substituting eqn. (109) in eqn. (28) and equating coefficients gives An(p) + ^"J2^KiX(p)An_l(p +y2co)
l(p-j2co)=0

. (116)

except for n 0, when

A0<J>) + i

Yl(p)A_n(p) + ^mK(pU_n+l(p-j2a>)

= 0 . (124)

+j2at) - j2w) =1
(117)

and to the expression for A_n(j>) in eqn. (30). The value of A0(p) in eqn. (30) is obtained by putting n 1 in eqns. (120) and (124) and substituting them in eqn. (117).