Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 4

Works Cited Pennsylvania Herald, "A Democratic Federalist," October 17, 1787. http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=1935 (accessed February 16, 2013).

This newspaper article depicts the widespread and lasting effect Zenger's trial had the colonies. Even in the early stages of a new United States of America, this monumental trial was still on their minds. This is included in the "legacy" section of our website. Franklin, Benjamin. "To the Author of the Pennsylvania Gazette." Pennsylvania Gazette (Pennyslvania), November 17, 1737. http://www.sos.la.gov/Portals/0/FreedomTrain/BenjaminFranklinsEditorialonZen gerPrintedinthePennsylvaniaGazette1737.pdf (accessed January 6, 2013). This newspaper editorial makes reference to John Peter Zenger's trial, discussing its impact and importance on the grand scheme of colonial America. Although submitted anonymously, it was later discovered to have been written by Benjamin Franklin. This is important because it solidifies the connection between the trial and the first amendment. At the Constitutional Convention, Ben Franklin was the eldest and thus most senior and therefore a well respected delegate. His ideas about free speech and press, stemming from Zenger's trial, would have influenced both the great Thomas Jefferson and the rising star James Madison. Jefferson, on multiple occasions, wrote to Madison emphasizing freedom of speech and press in the Bill of Rights, and Madison did deem it necessary to include, therefore completing the link between Zenger's trial and the creation of the Constitution. Jarrow, Gail. The Printer's Trial: the case of John Peter Zenger and the fight for a free press. Honesdale, Penn.: Calkins Creek, 2006. This book, although written in a simpler and less analytical language, provides a solid foundation for a basic understanding of the trial and a general sequence of events. It serves as a good starting point, and contains a few primary sources to give the reader a basic but all encompassing idea of the trial. Lee, John. "The First Edition of the Zenger Trial, 1736." The Wisconsin Magazine of History 1, no. 1 (1917): 68-72. jstor.org (accessed December 27, 2012). This short and concise scholarly article focuses less on the facts and details of the trial and discusses its overall influence in the course of colonial history leading up to the Revolution. It cites various sources and reflects a clear and educated a thesis, as well as gives light to not only the political, but the social ramifications of the trial as well. It analyzes the goals of the New York Weekly Journal, as well as provides the overall attitude of colonists in New York towards the

Journal. Lepore, Jill. New York Burning: Liberty, Slavery, and Conspiracy in Eighteenth-Century Manhattan. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005. Jill Lepore is a professor of American history at Harvard University. She serves as chair of Harvard's History and Literature Program. Lepore is a contributing writer at The New Yorker. In this Pulitzer Prize Finalist, Lepore recounts the dramatic and impact of important events of New York in the eighteenth century. The book has a significant portion that pertains to the trial of John Peter Zenger, but since it covers a larger portion of New York history it really goes above and beyond in describing the short and long term impacts of the trial on colonial New York and thus the colonies in general. Lepore's in depth and thorough analysis recounts the trial from a modern perspective, with all up to date facts while including a superb selection of primary sources to prove her assertions. Linder, Douglas. "The trial of John Peter Zenger." UMKC School of Law. http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/zenger/zenger.html (accessed November 27, 2012). Douglas Linder is a professor of history at the University of Missouri at Kansas City School of Law. He is a recipient of the Elmer Powell Pier Professor of Law Award, and has published many different websites to provide open information for students, not just of his own, but for those of the entire country. Much of his teaching pertains to constitutional law and great trials of history, establishing his qualifications on the topic of John Peter Zenger's trial. His website for it contains key information on some of the nitty-gritty details of the trial as well as short, sweet, and to the point biographies of each important figure, as well as a solid analysis of the actual trial and its effects. Madison, James. "James Madison: The Question of a Bill of Rights." Constitution Society. http://www.constitution.org/jm/17881017_bor.htm (accessed January 2, 2013). This letter from James Madison to Thomas Jefferson is included in our analysis of how the trial had a long term impact on the development of the American Government. Mason, George. "Virginia Declaration of Rights, 1776." Constitution Society. http://www.constitution.org/bcp/virg_dor.htm (accessed January 3, 2013). The Virginia Declaration of rights is included in our legacy section, where we discuss how Madison derived his ideas for the first amendment. New York Weekly Journal, "Mr Zenger," January 27, 1733, 13 edition. http://www.newsbank.com/readex/?content=96 (accessed December 27, 2012).

This article is simply a letter to John Peter Zenger, thanking him for dedicating the New York Weekly Journal to being uncensored and free, portraying both the "good and bad" sides of government and people associated with it. There is an underlying tone of admiration in the man's writing as he recognizes Zenger's courage and the risk being taken here. This letter used to exemplify the people's reaction to the New York Weekly Journal, as they are relieved to have an outlet dedicated to unbiased news. New York Weekly Journal, "Mr Zenger," February 25, 1733, 17 edition. http://www.newsbank.com/readex/?content=96 (accessed December 27, 2012). This is another letter to John Peter Zenger on the topic of libel. The author of the letter argues that a libel cannot be a libel if it is true. This relates and reinforces Andrew Hamilton's truth as a defense and helps to explain why it was adapted as a court standard. This, like the other article, serves to portray the colonial mindset of the time and contributes to an effective argument as to the necessity of a free press in colonial America. Rutherfurd, Livingston. John Peter Zenger: His Press, His Trial, and a Bibliography of Zenger Imprints. 1904. Reprint, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2007. This book by Livingston Rutherfurd creates a scene of colonial New York, similar to that of Jill Lepore in New York Burning. The key difference is that Rutherford takes a more analytical approach, using documents and primary sources as evidence in order to prove his thesis, which contains elements similar to ours, which designates this book as useful. The author cleverly chooses key phrases from the trial transcripts and letters in order to create a complete understanding of the events before, during, and after the trial. He concisely relates it to the overall picture of colonial America in its inevitable stride towards revolution. Rutherfurd depicts the Zenger trial as adding fuel to an already decent sized fire as he takes a more step-by-step and chronological approach to analyzing the trial. "Student Interview with Judge Hiller Zobel." Personal interview. 24 Mar. 2013. This interview with Judge Hiller Zobel took place at his apartment in Boston on March 24, 2013. His views on the trial are used in various places throughout the website to supplement our assertions. Zenger, John, and Paul Finkelman. A Brief Narrative of the Case and Tryal of John Peter Zenger, Printer of the New-York Weekly Journal: With Related Documents. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2010. This book was written by Paul Finkelman, a specialist in American legal history and constitutional law. He has written over 150 scholarly articles and more than 30 books. He is a professor at Albany Law School in New York. In this book, he

demonstrates an extensive study of the case of John Peter Zenger, providing much analysis while using Zenger's actual account of the trial as a supplement to his analysis. He gives an extensive explanation and analysis of the events before, during, and after the trial and gives some of the most in depth analysis we could find.

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi