PHYS 219 General Physics: Electricity, Light and Modern Physics

Exam 1 is scheduled on Wednesday, February 13 @ 8 10 PM It will cover four Chapters 17, 18, 19, and 20. Physics Room 203 for those whose last names start with A - N Physics Room 331 for those whose last names start with P - Z Reviewing lecture notes, home works, and recitation problems !
EXAMS: There will be two 75-minute evening exams and a two-hour final exam. The evening exams are multiple-choice and should be able to be completed within 75 minutes by a well-prepared student; note that were giving you 120 minutes. The times and locations of the evening exams are as follows: Exam 1: Wednesday, February 13 @ 8 10 PM in Physics 203 and Physics 331

Exam 2: Tuesday, March 26

@ 8 10 PM

in Physics 114

All exams are closed book. For the exams you will need a #2 pencil, a calculator and your student ID. You may make a single crib sheet for Exam 1 (you may write on both sides of an 8.5 x 11 sheet of paper). Bring this and a second crib sheet to Exam 2; bring both crib sheets and a third to the Final Exam. Many, but not all, formulae will be provided on the front of the Exams.

Review of Chapters 17, 18, 19, and 20 Lecture 11

Physics 219 Equation Sheet for Exam I (to be handed out) - 1

Physics 219 Equation Sheet for Exam I (to be handed out) - 2

Physics 219 Equation Sheet for Exam I (to be handed out) - 3

Chapter 20 Magnetic Fields and Forces Lecture 10

20.1 Sources of Magnetic Fields 20.2 Magnetic Forces Involving Bar magnets 20.3 Magnetic Forces on a Moving Charge 20.4 Magnetic Forces on an Electric Current 20.5 Torque on a Current Loop and Magnetic Moments 20.6 Motion of Charged Particles in the Presence of Electric and Magnetic Fields 20.7 Calculating the Magnetic Field: Amperes Law 20.8 Magnetic Materials: What Goes On Inside ? 20.9 The Earths Magnetic Field 20.10 Applications of Magnetism

Problem Solving Strategy

Problem 20.55 A long current-carrying wire lies on the y-axis and carries Current I = 4.5 A along the + y direction. A magnetic field of magnitude B = 1.2 T lies in the y-z plane directed 30o , away from the y- axis, as shown in Figure P20.55. (a) What is the direction of the magnetic force on the wire ? (b) What is the magnitude of the magnetic force on a 1.0-m-long section of the wire ?

Figure P20.55 (p707)

Problem Solving Strategy, cont.

Recognize the principle. The direction of the force on the wire can be found using right-hand rule #1. The magnitude of the force is related to the current, the field magnitude, the length of the wire segment, and the angle between the directions of the current flow and the magnetic field.
Sketch the problem. See Figure P20.55. Identify the relationships. There is no simple mathematical relationship to find the direction of the force. The magnitude of the magnetic force on a currentcarrying wire is given by: Fon wire = ILB sin

Problem Solving Strategy, cont.

Solve. (a) Pointing your fingers in the direction of the current flow (+y direction) and rotating them into the direction of the field (30 above the +y direction), your thumb points in the +x direction. Therefore, the force is in the +x direction (b) Substituting into the equation Fon wire = (4.5 A)(1.0 m)(1.2 T)sin30 = 2.7 N What does it mean? The force is perpendicular to the plane containing the direction of current flow and the direction of the magnetic field. The magnitude of the force would be larger if the field and direction of current flow were perpendicular to each other ( = 900).

Ampres Law
There are two ways to calculate the magnetic field

produced by a current
One way treats each small piece of wire as a separate

source

Similar to using Coulombs Law for an electric field Mathematically complicated

Second way is to use Ampres Law Most useful when the field lines have high symmetry Similar to using Gausss Law for an electric field

Section 20.7

Ampres Law, cont.

Relates the magnetic

field along a path to the electric current enclosed by the path For the path shown, Ampres Law states that B L o Ienclosed
closed path

o is the permeability

B dl I

0 enclosed

of free space o = 4 x 10-7 T . m / A

Section 20.7

Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire

If B varies along the path, Ampres Law can be

impossible to apply in practice Ampres Law can be used to find the magnetic field near a long, straight wire B|| is the same all along the path If the circular path has a radius r, then the total path length is 2 r Applying Ampres Law gives o I B L o Ienclosed B 2 r closed
path

for a straight wire current

B dl I

0 enclosed

Section 20.7

Field from a Current Loop

It is not possible to find a

path along which the magnetic field is constant

So Ampres Law cannot

be easily applied

From other techniques, the

field at the center of the loop is B o I 2R for a circular loop of current For a straight wire current o I B (Ampres Law) 2 r

Section 20.7

Field Inside a Solenoid

By stacking many loops close together, the field

along the axis is much larger than for a single loop A helical winding of wire is called a solenoid
More practical than stacking single loops
Section 20.7

Solenoid, cont.
For a very long

solenoid, it is a good approximation to assume the field is constant inside the solenoid and zero outside Use the path shown in the figure Only side 1 contributes to the magnetic field
Section 20.7

Solenoid, final
The magnetic field inside the solenoid is given by

Bsolenoid
diameter

o N I
L

N o nI , n L

For a solenoid with a length much greater than the

Section 20.7

Amperes Law applied to a ideal solenoid

Long solenoid (a<<L): B inside solenoid B outside solenoid // to axis nearly zero a

(not very close to the ends or wires) Amperes Law: B L o Ienclosed

closed path

B dl I B dl Bh

0 enclosed

Ienclosed =nhI length)

(n windings per unit

N n L

B 0n I
for an ideal solenoid

Magnetic Fields of Solenoids (1)

(Magnetic field lines for solenoid with 600 turns)

17

Magnetic Fields of Solenoids (2)

To create a uniform field, a solenoid is used consisting of many loops

wound close together

Solenoids are commonly used in electric valves and other electro-

mechanical devices

Magnetic Materials
Magnetic poles always come in pairs To understand why, the atomic origin of permanent

magnetism must be considered

Section 20.8

Motion of Electrons
The motion of an electron around a nucleus can be

pictured as a tiny current loop

The radius is approximately the radius of the atom
The direction of the resulting magnetic field is

determined by the orientation of the current loop

Using right-hand rule 1

Section 20.8

Electron Spin
The electron also

produces a magnetic field due to an effect called electron spin The spinning charge acts as a circulating electric current The electron has a spin magnetic moment

Section 20.8

Electron Spin, cont.

When an electron is

placed in a magnetic field, it will tend to align its spin magnetic moment with the magnetic field

Section 20.8

Magnetic Field in an Atom

The correct explanation of electron spin requires

quantum mechanics Confirms an atom can produce a magnetic field in two ways
Through the electrons orbital current loop Through the electrons spin

The total magnetic field produced by a single atom is

the sum of these two fields

Section 20.8

Magnetic Field from Atoms, cont.

Each atom produces a

current loop The collection of small current loops acts as one large loop This produces the magnetic field in the magnetic material The current in each atomic loop is very small, but the large number of atoms results in a large effective current

Section 20.8

Atomic Magnets to Permanent Magnets

Not all atoms will actually be magnetic since the

current loops of different electrons can point in different directions

Their magnetic fields could cancel

The total magnetic field will depend on how the

atomic magnetic fields are aligned A permanent magnet has the atomic fields aligned

Section 20.8

Isolated Magnetic Poles

A bar magnet is

produced by a collection of aligned atomic-scale current loops Cutting the magnet in half produces two new complete bar magnets Each resulting piece still produces the magnetic field of a complete bar magnet with a north and south pole
Section 20.8

Magnetic Domains
It is possible for the atomic

magnets in different regions within a magnetic material to point in different directions

Called magnetic domains

The arrangement shown is

equivalent to two bar magnets Because the atomic magnets are aligned in opposite directions, this would appear to be nonmagnetic
Section 20.8

Properties of Magnetic Domains

A material has two

domains of approximately the same size Apply a magnetic field from a bar magnet The domain aligned with the magnetic field grows at the expense of the other domain The material now acts like a bar magnet
Section 20.8

Earths Magnetic Field

The Earth acts like a

very large magnet A compass needle aligns with its north magnetic pole pointing approximately toward the Earths geographic north pole
So the Earths

geographic north pole is actually a south magnetic pole

Section 20.9

Earths Magnetic Field, cont.

The location of the Earths south magnetic pole

does not correspond exactly with the geographic north pole The Earths south magnetic pole moves slowly
Currently at about 40 km/year

The Earths magnetic field has completely reversed

direction The field is probably produced by electric currents in the core

Section 20.9

Cosmic Rays
Charged particles from

space are called cosmic rays Their motion is affected by the Earths magnetic field At the equator, the particles are deflected away from the Earths surface At the poles, the particles follow a helical path and spiral into the poles They interact with the Earths atmosphere and produce aurora

Section 20.9

Applications of Magnetism
Magnetism is used by doctors, engineers,

archeologists, and others Applications include

Blood-flow meters Relays

Electric motors (Demo)

Bacteria Magnetic dating

Section 20.10

Electric Motor

A magnetic field can produce a torque on a current loop If the loop is attached to a rotating shaft, an electric motor

is formed In a practical motor, a solenoid is used instead of a single loop Reversal of the current is needed to keep the shaft rotating
Section 20.10

Demo Electric Motor

S N

S
N

Current direction is switched using a commutator