Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 4

National Conference on Recent Trends in Engineering & Technology

Study of Geotechnical properties of black cotton soil contaminated by castor oil and stabilization of contaminated soil by sawdust
Ms. Arpita V Patel Asst. Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Parul Institute of Engineering and Technology, Waghodia, Vadodara. E-mail ID: avpatel_3@yahoo.co.in

Abstract: The environment is being polluted by humans & in doing so, not only air & water but land is also being contaminated. The major contaminant of soil is oil. These contaminations largely affect the geotechnical properties of soil, specially physical & chemical. Taking into consideration the structural safety of structures of such location it is necessary to consider the change in the geotechnical properties due to such contaminations. In this paper the changes in the geotechnical properties like plastic limit, liquid limit, specific gravity, optimum moisture content, maximum dry density, cohesion, angle of internal friction, and California bearing ratio of black cotton soil with 5%, 10% and 15% castor oil as contaminant is represented. After that the effect of sawdust as stabilizer on black cotton soil contaminated with 10% castor oil is observed. Keywords: plastic limit, liquid limit, specific Gravity, optimum moisture content, maximum dry density, cohesion, angle of internal friction, California bearing ratio, castor oil, contamination, sawdust, stabilize 1. Introduction

Rapid increase in the population all over the world is directly proportional to the development programmers in housing and construction for industrial enhancement. Nowadays it can be shown that geotechnical work and earning are directly related to the industrialization that in turn brings pollution effect to the surrounding. The rapid growth of industrialization has created several problems in all parts of the world. In the present situation, if industrial development for the benefit of humanity is not properly planned then environment is being adversely affected at a great speed. Increasing of industrialization and changes in land use pattern have resulted in general degradation of the soil i.e. pollution of soil, water and air which affect the technology of the environment area and vice versa. Oil contaminated soil is defined as any earthen material or artificial fill that has human or natural alteration in its physical, chemical, biological or radiological integrity resulting from the introduction of crude oil, any fraction or derivative there of (such as gasoline, diesel, or Motor oil) or oil based product.

Oil contamination of soils may occur through a variety of sources such as oil leakage from damaged pipelines, tanker accidents, and discharge from coastal facilities or natural seepage. One typical example is the oil spills in Kuwait during the Gulf war. Another example is the oil spill at Valdez, Alaska resulting from an oil tanker accident. In Saudi Arabia, soil is being contaminated by the leakage of oil from damaged pipelines and oil storage tanks. Despite the best efforts of both, petroleum industry and regulatory community releases, leakages and spills of petroleum products occurs frequently. It is estimated that in the United States, 25% of the storage of petroleum products are leaking. Once a spill or leakage occurs, the hydrocarbon liquid under gravity moves down to the groundwater partially and upon reaching the ground water table, this liquid may spread horizontally by migration within the capillary zone, thereby further saturating the soil. Clay particles are chemically active soil particles. Their behavior is always affected by the environment to variable degree depending on the clay particles mineralogy. The particular environment includes the pore fluids, their properties and type of ions present therein. Their behavior can be altered substantially by the presence or permeation of different pore fluids. Nowadays castor oil is also used in industries like in the manufacturing of soaps, plastics, synthetic resins, fibers, paints, varnishes, lubricants, dyes, leather treatments, grease, hydraulic fluids, machining oils, rubbers and as bio fuel. Due to these all uses, it may contaminate soil. Due to soil contamination by various liquids from different sources, clay behavior may change. Most foundation design and construction is based on ASTM or Indian standards, in which distilled water is a standard control pore fluid at room temperature. Since many underground soil/water systems are polluted to some degree, some difference in soil properties exists in laboratory and in site conditions. Therefore certain analysis and design procedures for foundation structures must be revised or modified. Most foundation structures require friction or adhesive force between structure and soil for earth pressure, pile capacity and bearing capacity compaction. Unfortunately this force changes frequently if the groundwater table fluctuates. The present study shows the interaction behavior of typical CH type black cotton soil and castor oil. To study the interaction effects, the soil has been tested with varying percentage of oil. The physical and engineering properties of virgin soils and contaminated soils were determined.

13-14 May 2011

B.V.M. Engineering College, V.V.Nagar,Gujarat,India

National Conference on Recent Trends in Engineering & Technology

2. Materials & Methods 2.1 Materials: The experimental work was conducted with Black cotton soil, procured from Karajan, Gujarat. Castor oil was used as contaminant and sawdust as stabilizer. The soil was contaminated in the laboratory with varying percentage of castor oil as contaminant to study the contaminants effect on various geotechnical properties of soils. 2.2 Procedure of Contamination: Initially, the soil is air dried and hand sorted to remove the pebbles and vegetable matter, if any. It is then oven dried, ground, pulverized and sieved through a 425 sieve. The soil is then contaminated by castor oil in varying percentage i.e. 5%, 10% and 15% by weights and tested to determine their physical and engineering properties. After that black cotton soil contaminated with 10% castor oil is stabilized with sawdust. The sawdust is mixed with contaminated soil in varying percentages, i.e. 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% &10% by weights. The aim of the investigation is to examine the effect of contaminant and stabilizer on various geotechnical properties of soil. Following laboratory tests have been performed to study the geotechnical properties of soil before and after contamination. Physical and Engineering properties Atterbergs Limits Maximum Dry density and optimum moisture content Specific gravity Strength test CBR test 2.3 Experimental Work The experimental schedule for collecting data is shown in the following tables. Table 1: Test performed on Black cotton Soil
Test Black cotton Soil C5 Atterberg Limit M.D.D O.M.C Specific gravity U.C.S Triaxial Test C.B.R test Contaminated soil C10 C15

Table 2: work schedule for finding out effect of sawdust as stabilizer on Black cotton soil contaminated with 10% castor oil
Test

UCS Tria xial CBR

Contaminated soil for stabilization (saw Dust) 2.5% 5% 7.5% 10% No. of Days No. of Days No. of Days No. of Days 1 3 7 14 1 3 7 14 1 3 7 14 1 3 7 14

Here, No. of Days is days after mixing sawdust with contaminated soil 3. Result & Discussion 3.1 Result: The effect of castor oil contamination on geotechnical properties of black cotton soil is shown in table 3 & effect of stabilizer on geotechnical properties of black cotton soil contaminated with 10% castor oil is shown in table 4. Table 3: Various Geotechnical Properties of virgin black cotton soil and contaminated black cotton soil
Virgin Black cotton soil 2.58 77.14 38.55 1.59 20.5 1.19 1.42 3.08 17.83 3.09 Contaminated black cotton soil C5 2.14 72.43 37.99 1.55 16.91 0.62 0.84 11.18 21.34 1.12 C10 1.99 69.28 36.22 1.52 14.36 0.61 0.6 11.49 20.77 1.03 C15 1.97 56.49 33 1.68 7.19 0.36 0.46 12.95 18.53 1.68

Properties of soil Specific Gravity Liquid Limit(%) Plastic Limit (%) Maximum Dry Density(gm/cc) Optimum Moisture content (%) Unconfined Compressive Strength (kg/cm2) Cohesion (kg/cm2) Angle of internal friction (Deg.) CBR (Unsoaked) CBR (soaked)

C=Castor Oil, Suffix is percentage of contamination

13-14 May 2011

B.V.M. Engineering College, V.V.Nagar,Gujarat,India

National Conference on Recent Trends in Engineering & Technology

Table 4: Effect of saw dust on engineering properties of black cotton soil contaminated with 10% castor oil
No. of day for aging period 1 3 7 14 14 14 1 1 Cont amin ated soil 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.6 12.9 20.77 1.03 Percentage of saw dust 2.5 % 1.02 1.03 1.39 1.73 0.52 25.8 15.3 1.4 5% 1.83 2.43 2.49 3.03 1.2 16.1 10.1 0.37 7.5 % 3.07 3.12 3.45 4.17 0.53 25.9 17.1 1.26 10% 2.58 2.92 3.29 3.96 0.14 34.6 24.7 1.12

40 35 30
25.8 25.9 34.6

Black cotton soil contaminated with 10% castor oil Black cotton soil contaminated with 10% castor oil +2.5% sawdust Black cotton soil contaminated with 10% castor oil +5% sawdust

Properties of soil Unconfined Compressive Strength (kg/cm2) Cohesion (kg/cm2) Angle of internal friction (Degree) CBR Value (Unsoaked) CBR Value (soaked)

25

values
20 15 10 5
0.6 0.52 1.2 16.1 12.9

Black cotton soil contaminated with 10% castor oil +7.5% sawdust Black cotton soil contaminated with 10% castor oil +10% sawdust

0.53 0.14

Cohesion (kg/cm2)

Angle of internal friction (Degree)

Aging period of stabilization (14days)

Fig. 2 Effect of Sawdust on Cohesion and angle of internal friiction of Black cotton soil contaminated with 10% custor oil
30

25

24.7

Black cotton soil contaminated with 10% castor oil Black cotton soil contaminated with 10% castor oil +2.5% sawdust

4.5
4.17

Unconfined compressive strength (kg/cm2)

4 3.5
3.07 3.12 2.92 2.58 2.49 3.45 3.29 3.03

3.96

3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 1 3


1.02 0.61 1.03 0.61 1.83 2.43

1.73 1.39

Black cotton soil contaminated with 10% castor oil Black cotton soil contaminated with 10% castor oil +2.5% sawdust Black cotton soil contaminated with 10% castor oil +5% sawdust Black cotton soil contaminated with 10% castor oil +7.5% sawdust Black cotton soil contaminated with 10% castor oil +10% sawdust

20.77

20
17.1

Values 15

15.3

Black cotton soil contaminated with 10% castor oil +5% sawdust Black cotton soil contaminated with 10% castor oil +7.5% sawdust

10

10.1

Black cotton soil contaminated with 10% castor oil +10% sawdust

5
1.03 1.4 0.37 1.26 1.12

0 CBR Value (Unsoaked) CBR Value (soaked) Aging Period of stabilitation (1day)

0.61

0.61

14

Aging period of stabilization (days)

Fig. 1 Effect of Sawdust on unconfined compressive strength of black cotton soil contaminated with 10% custor Oil

Fig. 3 Effect of Sawdust on CBR value (Soaked and Unsoaked) of Black cotton soil contaminated with 10% custor oil 3.2 Discussion: The specific gravity, Liquid limit, plastic limit and optimum moisture content of black cotton soil were observed to be decreasing with increase in percentage of contaminant. For black cotton soil contaminated with 5% and 10% castor oil, the maximum dry density was found less than that of virgin soil and for 15% contaminant, it was found more than that of virgin soil. The unconfined compressive strength and cohesion of contaminated black cotton soil decrease as percentage of contaminant increases while angle of internal friction was

13-14 May 2011

B.V.M. Engineering College, V.V.Nagar,Gujarat,India

National Conference on Recent Trends in Engineering & Technology

observed to be increasing as percentage of contaminant increased. The CBR value (soaked & unsoaked) was seen to be decreasing as percentage of contaminant increased but unsoaked CBR values are found greater than that of virgin soil. The Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of stabilized black cotton soil contaminated with 10% castor oil increased by 67.21% at 1st day, 68.85% at 3rd day, 128.4% at 7th day and 183.31% at 14th day with 2.5% stabilizer. It increased by 199.36% at 1st day, 298.57% at 3rd day, 308.5% at 7th day and 396.38% at 14th day with 5% stabilizer. It (UCS) found to increase by 403.41% at 1st day 411.47% at 3rd day, 465.57% at 7th day and 583.6% at 14th day with 7.5% stabilizer. It (UCS) increased by 322.76% at 1st day, 378.68% at 3rd day, 440.08% at 7th day and 549.18% at 14th day with 10% stabilizer. The cohesion of stabilized black cotton soil contaminated with 10%castor oil found to decreased by 13.10% with 2.5% stabilizer, increased by 99.83% with 5% stabilizer, decreased by 12.93% and 77.44% with 7.5% and10% stabilizer respectively. The angle of internal friction of stabilized soil increased by 99.38%, 24.63%, 100.38% and 167.87% with 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% stabilizer respectively. The CBR value (unsoaked) of stabilized soil decreased by 51.33%, 26.06%, 17.29% and 18.9% with 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% stabilizer respectively. The CBR value (soaked) of stabilized soil decreased by 64.05% with 2.5% stabilizer, while increased by 8.8%, 22.72% and 36% with 5%, 7.5% and 10% stabilizer respectively. 4. Conclusion 4.1Effect of contaminant: The geotechnical properties of black cotton soil found to be greatly affected by 15% castor oil among the various percentage of contaminant. 4.2 Effect of stabilizer (sawdust) on contaminated soil: The unconfined compressive strength of stabilized soil increases as the time duration increases. The maximum unconfined compressive strength found on the 14th day with 7.5% sawdust. The angle of internal friction was found in an irregular pattern. The cohesion was found maximum with 5% sawdust and minimum with 10% sawdust. The maximum unsoaked CBR value of stabilized soils found with 10% sawdust, while minimum with 5%. The maximum soaked CBR value of stabilized soils found with 2.5% sawdust, while minimum with 5% sawdust. References: A. Fotinich, V.K.Dhir, and S. Lingineni (January1999)Remediation of simulated soils contaminated with Diesel, Journal of Enviornmental engineering, p.g 36-45

Hasan A. Al-sanad,Walid K-Eid and Nabil F-Ismael (may1995) Geotechnical Properties of Oil Contaminated Kuwaiti Sand ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering p.g.407415 Hasan A. Al-sanad and Nabil F-Ismael (march-1997 Agining Effect on Oil Contaminated Kuwaiti Sand ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering p.g.290-293 Jay N.Meegoda (January 1999) Stabilization / Solidification of Petroleum contaminated Soils with Asphalt Emulsions Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxin, and Radioactive Waste Management p.g.46-55 Sanjay J shah, A.V.Shroff, Jignesh V Patel, K.C. Tiwari, D Ramakrishanan (2003) stabilization of Fuel Oil Contaminated Soil-A Case Study Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, p.g.415-427 P Tiwari, M.K. Gupta and R.K Srivastava (2006) Laboratory Studies on Surfactant Enhanced Remediation of Engine Oil Contaminated Soils, Indian Geotechnical Journal 36(4), p.g. 287-298

13-14 May 2011

B.V.M. Engineering College, V.V.Nagar,Gujarat,India

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi