1.

**

Relative atomic mass (RAM) - The relative atomic mass of an element is the average mass of one atom of an element when compared with 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon-12

Relative atomic mass of an element

= the average mass of one atom of an element 1/12 x the mass of an atom of carbon -12 2. **

The nucleon number of an element

Relative molecular mass (RMM) - The relative molecular mass of a molecule is the average mass of the one molecule when compared with 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon -12

Relative molecular mass of a molecule = the average mass of one molecule

1/12 x the mass of an atom of carbon -12 The relative molecular mass of a molecule can be calculate by adding up the relative atomic mass of all the atoms that are present in the molecule. - Ex : NaCl RMM of NaCl: 23+35.5=58.5 RAM: 23 RAM: 35.5 3. Mole A mole is an amount of substance that contains as many particles as the number of atoms in exactly 12g of carbon-12 - Symbol : mol Avogadro constant or Avogadro number The Avogadro constant ,

4. ***

NA+ is defined as the number of particles in one mole of a substance

x

Number of moles

NA NA
particles

Number of particles

One mole of substance contain 6.02 x

6.02 x is known as Avogadro constant , A Ex: How many oxygen molecule are there in 0.5mol of ? =0.5 x 6.02 x =

5. ***

Molar mass - The molar mass of a substance is the mass of the substance with unit gram per mol or - The mass of one mole of atoms is numerically equal to its relative atomic mass in grams - The mass of one mole of molecules is numerically equal to its molecular mass in grams Number of moles
X

molar mass

Mass (g)

molar mass
of magnesium? (Molar mass of Mg :24)

Ex: What is the mass of 2.408x = 2.408x = 0.4mol 6.02 x The mass of 2.408x of magnesium? =0.4 mol x 24 =9.6g

Molar mass of atom =RAM of the atom Molar mass of molecule =RMM of the molecule

6. ***

Molar volume - The molar volume of a gas is the volume occupied by one mole of the gas - One mole of any gas always has the same volume under the same temperature and pressure - One mole of a gas occupies a volume of at room conditions and at STP
X

Number of moles

molar volume

Volume of gas

molar volume

Ex : How many moles of ammonia gas , room conditions? 1 =0.001 600 =0.6 =0.6 = 0.025mol

are present in 600

STP = The condition Room condition: The condition condition

of the gas measured at

and 1 atm are called the

standard temperature and pressure ,STP and 1 atm are called room

7. ****

Combination of 3-6 Number of particles

x

NA

Number of moles

molar mass

Mass (g)

NA NA
X

molar mass

molar mass
Volume of gas (

molar mass
)

8. ***

Chemical formula -A chemical formula is a representation of a chemical substance using letters for atoms and subscription numbers to show the numbers of each type of atoms that are present in the substance. Ex: There is no subscript here. This means there is The letter show the symbols of the elements only 1 oxygen atom in a water molecule

The subscript 2 shows the number of hydrogen atoms

9.***

Empirical formula - The empirical formula of a compound gives the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in the compound - Ex: glucose . The ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen atoms in the molecule is 6:12:6 - This can be simplified as 1:2:1.Therefore , the empirical formula of glucose is O. - A sample of aluminium oxide contains 1.08g of aluminium and 0.96g of oxygen .What is the empirical formula of this compound? {RAM : O,16:Al,27} Element Mass of element (g) Number of moles Ratio of moles Al 1.08 1.08 27 0.04 0.04
= + = +

O 0.96 0.96 16 0.06 0.04

= + = +

0.04 1

0.06 1.5

Simplest ratio of moles

2
.

Procedure 1. Write down the mass of each element 2.Divide each mass by its RAM 3. Divide each number by the smallest number 4.Multiply each answer by 2 to obtain the simplest ratio in whole number

So , the empirical formula of the compound is

There are two ways to determine the empirical formula of metal oxide in laboratory o Combustion by using crucible lid - Oxide of metal which are more reactive than hydrogen - Ex : MgO , ZnO o Combustion by using combustion tube - Oxide of metal which are less reactive than hydrogen - Ex: CuO , PbO , FeO 10. **** Molecular Formula - The molecular formula of a compound gives us the actual number of atoms of each element that are present in a molecule of the compound - Ex: Compound Empirical formula Molecular formula n Water O = O 1 Ethene = 2 Glucose = 6

11. **** *

Ionic Formula Charge Cations Ammonium ion +1 +1 * +1 +1 +1 * +1 +1 +1 +2 Copper(I) ion Hydrogen ion Lithium ion Nickel(I) ion Potassium ion Silver ion Sodium ion Barium ion Cu+ H+ Li+ Ni+ K+ Ag+ Na+ Ba2+
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 Chloride ion Chlorate(V) ion Ethanoate ion Fluoride ion Hydride ion Hydroxide ion Iodide ion Manganate(VII) ion ClClO3CH3COOFHOHIMnO4-

Formula NH4+

Charge -1

Anions Bromide ion

Formula Br-

+2 +2 * +2 * +2 * +2 +2 *

Calcium ion Copper(II) ion Iron(II) ion Lead(II) ion Magnesium ion Manganese(II) ion Nickel(II) ion Tin(II) ion Zinc ion Aluminium ion Chromium(III)

Ca2+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Pb2+ Mg2+ Mn2+

-1 -1 -2 -2 -2 -2

Nitrate ion Nitrite ion Oxide ion Carbonate ion Chromate(VI) ion Dichromate(VI) ion

NO3NO2O2CO32CrO42Cr2O72-

+2 +2 * +2 +3 +3 *

Ni2+ Sn2+ Zn2+ Al3+ Cr3+

-2 -2 -2 -2 -3

Sulphide ion Sulphate ion Sulphite ion Thiosulphate ion Nitride ion

S2SO42SO32S2O32N3-

ion +3 * +4 * +4 * Iron(III) ion Lead(IV) ion Tin(IV) ion Fe3+ Pb4+ Sn4+
-3 -3 Phosphate ion Phosphite ion PO43PO33-

Name of compound :Zinc Bromide Cation Anion Zinc ion , Bromide ion, 2+ 1-

Name of compound: Aluminium oxide Cation Anion Aluminium ion Oxide ion 3+ 2-

1 Formula of compound : Zn

2 Formula of compound

12. ****

Chemical Equation 1. Importance of chemical equation: The types of reactants; the physical conditions; the quantity of reactants and products and stated in moles. nA + nB > pC + pD 2. Reactants are written in the left side of the reaction and products are written in the right side of the reaction. Example 1: Word equation: Sodium hydroxide + sulphuric acid > sodium sulphate + water

Ch

Reactants

Products

Chemical equation: NaOH + H2SO4 > Na2SO4 + H2O Balancing equation: 2NaOH + H2SO4 > Na2SO4 + 2H2O Complete chemical equation: 2NaOH + H2SO4 > Na2SO4 + 2H2O Example 2: Word equation: Aluminium + copper(II) oxide > aluminium(III) oxide + copper Chemical equation: Al + CuO > Al2O3 + Cu Balancing equation: 2Al + 3CuO > Al2O3 + 3Cu Complete chemical equation: 2Al + 3CuO > Al2O3 + 3Cu Example 3: Word equation: Nitrogen + hydrogen <> ammonia Chemical equation: N2 + H2 <> NH3

Balancing equation: N2 + 3H2 <> 2NH3 Complete chemical equation: N2 + 3H2 <> 2NH3 3. Information obtainable from chemical equations. i) mass of reactants ii) volume of reacting gas iii) mass of products formed iv) volume of gas produced Example: 2 cm3 of lead (II) nitrate solution is added to excess of potassium iodide solution. How many molecules of potassium nitrate will be formed? [Relative atomic mass: N, 14; O, 16; K, 39; I, 127; Pb, 207; Avogadro's constant: 6.02 x 10 23mol-1] Step 1: Write a complete chemical equation. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) > PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq) From the equation, 1 mole of Pb(NO3)2 reacts with 2 moles of KI formed 1 mole PbI2 of and2 moles of KNO3. Step 2: Convert to moles. No. of moles of Pb(NO3)2 = Mass of Pb(NO3)2 / Relative molecular mass = 2 / [207 + 2(14 + 3 x 16)] = 6.04 x 10-3 mol Step 3: Ratio of moles. Number of moles of KNO3/ Number of moles of Pb(NO3)2 = 2/1 Number of moles of KNO3 = (2 x 6.04 x 10-3) / 1 = 12.08 x 10-3 mol Step 4: Convert to the number of molecules of potassium nitrate. Number of molecules of KNO3 = 12.08 x 10-3 x 6.02 x 1023 = 7.27 x 1021