THE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

HISTORY OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE . History of AI includes Important people in the early study of AI Alan Turing -Father of modern computer science -Concept of the algorithm -In mathematics, an algorithm is a definite list of well-defined instructions for completing a task that will proceed through a series of consecutive states, eventually terminating in an end-state John McCarthy -Professor of Computer Science at Stanford University -Coined the term Artificial Intelligence in 1955. What is Artificial Intelligence? Intelligence is the ability to think, to imagine, creating, memorizing, and understanding, recognizing patterns, making choices, adapting to change and learn from experience. It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, software, games, and toys. Artificial intelligence is a human endeavor to create a non-organic machine-based entity that has all the above abilities of natural organic intelligence. It can be also defined as, The study of intelligent behavior and the attempt to find ways in which such behavior could be engineered in any type of artifact. -Basically, putting human intelligence into a machine. It is the ultimate challenge for an intelligence, to create an equal, another intelligent being. It is the ultimate form of art, where the artist's creation, not only inherits the impressions of his thoughts, but also his ability to think!

DIVISIONS OF AI Weak AI -Weak AI refers to AI that only simulates human thoughts and actions -Actions, decisions, and ideas are programmed into it -They mimic humans based on their programming -All current forms of AI are Weak AI Strong AI -Strong AI refers to AI that matches or exceeds human intelligence -Example: The robots from the movies Matrix, Terminator, I Robot, etc. -Also called True AI, as they are truly intelligent -They dont just simulate humans, they are intelligent on their own.

Examples of Current artificial intelligence:

Current AI: Current AI in your everyday life Cars Self-parking ,Cruise control, Speech recognition, Banks Monitoring for fraud Cell Phones, Voice recognition ,Internet Search Engines, Safety Vision recognition, Temperature sensors Water heating control, Central heating control Magnetic door and window contacts, Electricity and light sensors, Autonomous submersibles -Unmanned surveillance in shallow waters

Researchers branched into different approaches, but they had the same goal of

creating intelligent machines.

Main approaches to artificial intelligence. They are divided into two main lines of thought, the bottom up and the top down approach. 1. Neural Networks: This is the bottom up approach. It basically aims at mimicking the structure and functioning of the human brain, to create intelligent behavior. Researchers are attempting to build a silicon-based electronic network that is modeled on the working and form of the human brain! Our brain is a network of billions of neurons, each connected with the other.

2. Expert Systems: This is the top down approach. Instead of starting at the base level of neurons, by taking advantage of the phenomenal computational power of the modern computers, followers of the expert systems approach are designing intelligent machines that solve problems by d Heavy Industries and Space: Robotics and cybernetics have taken a leap combined with artificially intelligent expert systems. An entire manufacturing process is now totally automated, controlled and maintained by a computer system in car manufacture, machine tool production, computer chip production and almost every high-tech process. 3. Finance: Banks use intelligent software applications to screen and analyze financial data. Softwares that can predict trends in the stock market have been created which have been known to beat humans in predictive power. 4. Computer Science: Researchers in quest of artificial intelligence have created spin offs like dynamic programming, object oriented programming, symbolic programming, intelligent storage management systems and many more such tools. 5. Aviation: Air lines use expert systems in planes to monitor atmospheric conditions and system status. The plane can be put on auto pilot once a course is set for the destination.

6. Weather Forecast: Neural networks are used for predicting weather conditions. Previous data is fed to a neural network which learns the pattern and uses that knowledge to predict weather patterns. 7. Swarm Intelligence: This is an approach to, as well as application of artificial intelligence similar to a neural network. Here, programmers study how intelligence emerges in natural systems like swarms of bees even though on an individual level, a bee just follows simple rules. They study relationships in nature like the prey-predator relationships that give an insight into how intelligence emerges in a swarm or collection from simple rules at an individual level. They develop intelligent systems by creating agent programs that mimic the behavior of these natural systems!

THE ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK What is an artificial neural network? An artificial neural network is a system based on the operation of biological neural networks, in other words, is an emulation of biological neural system. Why would be necessary the implementation of artificial neural networks? Although computing these days is truly advanced, there are certain tasks that a program made for a common microprocessor is unable to perform; even so a software implementation of a neural network can be made with their advantages and disadvantages. Advantages:

A neural network can perform tasks that a linear program can not. When an element of the neural network fails, it can continue without any problem by their parallel nature. A neural network learns and does not need to be reprogrammed. It can be implemented in any application. It can be implemented without any problem.

Disadvantages: The neural network needs training to operate. The architecture of a neural network is different from the architecture of microprocessors therefore needs to be emulated. Requires high processing time for large neural networks.

Artificial neural networks (ANN) are among the newest signal-processing technologies in the engineer's toolbox. An Artificial Neural Network is an adaptive, most often nonlinear system that learns to perform a function (an input/output map) from data. Adaptive means that the system parameters are changed during operation, normally called the training phase. After the training phase the Artificial Neural Network parameters are fixed and the system is deployed to solve the problem at hand (the testing phase). The Artificial Neural Network is built with a systematic step-by-step procedure to optimize a performance criterion or to follow some implicit internal constraint, which is commonly referred to as the learning rule. The input/output training data are fundamental in neural network technology, because they convey the necessary information to "discover" the optimal operating point. The nonlinear nature of the neural network processing elements (PEs) provides the system with lots of flexibility to achieve practically any desired input/output map, i.e., some Artificial Neural Networks are universal mappers . There is a style in neural computation that is worth describing.

An input is presented to the neural network and a corresponding desired or target response set at the output (when this is the case the training is called supervised). An error is composed from the difference between the desired response and the system output. This error information is fed back to the system and adjusts the system parameters in a systematic fashion (the learning rule). The process is repeated until the performance is acceptable. It is clear from this description that the performance hinges heavily on the data. If one does not have data that cover a significant portion of the operating conditions or if they are noisy, then neural network technology is probably not the right solution. On the other hand, if there is plenty of data and the problem is poorly understood to derive an approximate model, then neural net At present, artificial neural networks are emerging as the technology of choice for many applications, such as pattern recognition, prediction, system identification, and control.

THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL When creating a functional model of the biological neuron, there are three basic components of importance. First, the synapses of the neuron are modeled as weights. The strength of the connection between an input and a neuron is noted by the value of the weight. Negative weight values reflect inhibitory connections; while positive values designate excitatory connections the next two components model the actual activity within the neuron cell. An adder sums up all the inputs modified by their respective weights. This activity is referred to as linear combination. Finally, an activation function controls the amplitude of the output of the neuron. An acceptable range of output is usually between 0 and 1, or -1 and 1. Mathematically, this process is described in the figure

From this model the interval activity of the neuron can be shown to be:

The output of the neuron, YK, would therefore be the outcome of some activation function on the value of vk. The artificial neural networks which we describe are all variations on the parallel distributed processing (PDP) idea. The architecture of each neural network is based on very similar building blocks which perform the processing.

APPLICATIONS
Natural language processing. Speech Recognition. Voice Dictation. Facial recoganization systems. Handwriting Recognition. Robotics And many more..

FUTURE OF AI.Predicting the future is always a hit and miss proposition,

DEVELOPMENTS:

Microscopic computers are being implanted in the eye and connected to the brain to restore sight:

Restoring Sight - Artificial Retina is one of many forerunners of the molecular manufacturing revolution described in this book. Black dot on penny at right is actual size of implant shown at left.

The primary goal of creating an artificial intelligence still remains a distant dream but people are getting an idea of the ultimate path which could lead to it.