DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ME 2351 GAS DYNAMICS AND JET PROPULSION

UNIT IV Part - A (2 Marks) 1. What is meant by a jet propulsion system? It is the system for the propulsion of a jet aircraft or missiles by the reaction of jet coming out with high velocity. The jet propulsion in used when the oxygen is obtained from the surrounding atmosphere. 2. How will you classify propulsive engines? The jet propulsion engines are classified into: i. Air breathing engines and ii. Rocket engines which do not use atmospheric air. 3. What is the difference between shaft propulsion and jet propulsion? SHAFT PROPULSION a) The power to the propeller is transmitted through a reduction gear b) At higher altitude, the performance is poor. Hence it is suitable for lower altitudes. c) With increasing speeds and size of the aircrafts, the shaft propulsion engine becomes too complicated. d) Propulsive efficiency is less. JET PROPULSION a) There is no reduction gear. b) Suitable for higher altitudes. c) Construction is simpler. d) More.

4. List the different types of jet engines. i. Turbo-jet ii. Turpo-prop engine, iii. Ram jet engine, iv. Pulse jet engines. 5. Define the principle of Ram jet engine. The principle of jet engine is obtained from the application of Newtons law of motion. We know that when a fluid is accelerated, a force is required to produce this acceleration is the fluid and at the same time, there is an equal and opposite reaction force of the fluid on the engine is known as the thrust, and therefore the principle of jet propulsion is based on the reaction principle. 6. When can a ram jet engine be used? (AU May 2011) In ramjet, no rotating machinery is used and compression is achieved by the intake and diffuser. As such they require high speed to compress air enough that good efficiency can be achieved. Ramjets are inefficient at subsonic speeds and they can be used at supersonic speeds. 7. Give the components of a turbo jet. i. Diffuser ii. Mechanical compressor,

iii. Combustion chamber, iv. Turbine and v. Exhaust nozzle. 8. Give the difference between pulse jet and ram jet engine. (AU May 2012) PULSE JET RAM JET a) Mechanical valve arrangements are used during combustion. b) The stagnation temperature at the diffuser exit is comparatively less. a) Works without the aid of any mechanical device and needs no moving parts. b) Since the mach number in Ram jet engine is supersonic, the stagnation temperature is very high.

9. Give the difference between turbojet and ram jet engine. TURBO JET RAM JET a) Compressor and turbine are used. b) Lower thrust and propulsive efficiency at lower speeds. c) Construction cost is more. a) Compressor and turbine are not used but diffuser and nozzle are used. b) It provides high thrust per unit weight. c) In the absence of rotating machines, the construction is simple and cheap.

10. What is specific impulse? Specific impulse is the thrust developed per unit weight flow rate through the propulsive device. It is a useful performance parameter in aerospace propulsion systems. I spe = F/ W

11. Give the difference between Jet propulsion and Rocket propulsion. JET PROPULSION ROCKET PROPULSION a) Oxygen is obtained from the surrounding atmosphere for combustion purposes. b) The jet consists of air plus combustion products. c) Mechanical devices are also used. a) The propulsion unit consists of its own oxygen supply for combustion purposes. b) Jet consists of the exhaust gases only. c) Mechanical devices are not used.

12. What is the difference between turbo prop engine and turbo jet engine. TURBO PROP TURBO - JET a) The specific fuel consumption based on thrust is low. b) Propulsive efficiency within the range of operation is higher. c) On account of higher thrust at low speeds the take-off role is short and a) TSFC is comparatively higher at lower speeds and altitudes. b) Propulsive efficiency is low. c) Take off role is longer and requiring longer run way. d) Lower Frontal area.

requiring shorter runway. d) Use of centrifugal compressor stages increases the frontal area. e) Higher weight per unit thrust.

e) Lower weight per unit thrust.

13. Write down the formula for propulsive efficiency and define the same. The force which propels the aircraft forward at a given speed is called thrust (or) propulsive force. Propulsive efficiency is defined as the ratio between propulsive power (or) thrust power to the power output of the engine. P = Thrust power (or) Propulsive power/ Power output of the engine = F x u/ P = 2/(1+ ) = u/ C j = Effective speed ratio (or) flight to jet velocity u=flight velocity C j = jet velocity 14. What is ram effect? When an aircraft flies with high velocity, the incoming air is compressed to high pressure without external work at the expense of velocity energy is known as ram effect. 15. Explain specific thrust as applied to jet engines. Specific thrust is defined as the thrust produced per unit mass flow rate through the propulsive device. Specific thrust Fsp = F/ m Where, F = thrust and m = mass flow rate 16. Differentiate between pressure thrust and momentum thrust. Pressure thrust mainly depends on the difference in pressure between the nozzle exit pressure and the ambient pressure and is given by Pressure thrust = (Pe Pa) A Momentum thrust depends on the difference in velocity between the aircraft velocity and jet velocity is given by Momentum thrust = m (cj u) where, Pe = nozzle exit pressure Pa = ambient pressure A = Area of cross section at the nozzle exit Cj = jet velocity and u = forward speed of aircraft 17. What is thrust augmentation? (AU May 2012) To achieve better take-off performance, higher rates of climb and increased performance at altitude during combat maneuvers, there has been a demand for increasing the thrust output of aircraft for short intervals of time. This is achieved by during additional fuel in the tail pipe between the turbine exhaust and entrance section of the exhaust nozzle. This method of thrust increases the jet velocity is called Thrust Augmentation. 18. Why after burners are used in turbojet engine? (AU May 2011)

Exhaust gases from the turbine have large quantity of oxygen, which can support the combustion of additional fuel. Thus if a suitable burner is installed between the turbine and exhaust nozzle, a considerable amount of fuel can be burned in this section to produce temperatures entering the nozzle as high as 1900C. The increased temperature greatly augments the exhaust gas velocity, and hence provides the thrust increase. 19. What is after burning in turbo jet engines? (AU May 2007) An afterburner (or reheat) is a combustor located immediately upstream of the engine final nozzle, where fuel is burnt to raise the nozzle entry gas temperature, thereby increasing the net thrust of the engine. Because of the relatively high fuel consumption associated with afterburning, the system has to be used sparingly. A variable area nozzle is normally fitted to accommodate the increased gas volume flow when the afterburner is alight. 20. Why a ram jet engine does not require a compressor and a turbine? In general, the speed of a ram jet engine is supersonic (the range of Mach number) is very high. At this flight speed the contribution of the compressor to the total static pressure rise is insignificant. Hence, arm jet engine does not require compressor and turbine. 21. Briefly explain thrust augmentation and any two methods of achieving it. (AU May 2009) The method of increasing Jet thrust by different methods is called thrust augmentation. The thrust can be increased by injecting additional fluids and it is then called wet thrust. Water is injected at the air compressor inlet or the diffuser to cool the compressing air which permits an increase in pressure for higher burning. Today's military combat engines use an afterburner for increased thrust. An afterburner or "reheat jet pipe" is a device added to the rear of the jet engine. It provides a means of spraying fuel directly into the hot exhaust, where it ignites and boosts available thrust significantly; 22. Compare the propulsive efficiency of jet engine with that of rocket engine. (AU Nov 2006) Propulsive efficiency ( ): how much of the energy of the jet ends up in the vehicle body rather than being carried away as kinetic energy of the jet is the Propulsive efficiency . The exact formula for air-breathing engines moving at speed velocity is given in the literature as with an exhaust

And for a rocket

23. Define specific impulse.

Specific impulse is defined as the thrust (N) divided by the fuel weight flow rate (N/s). The resulting measure is usually quoted in seconds and defines the weight fraction that is necessary to give a particular delta V for a rocket or range for an aircraft with a given lift to drag ratio. 24. What is TWR? Thrust-to-weight ratio is a ratio of thrust to weight of a rocket, jet engine, propeller engine, or a vehicle propelled by such an engine. It is a dimensionless quantity and is an indicator of the performance of the engine or vehicle. The instantaneous thrust-to-weight ratio of a vehicle varies continually during operation due to progressive consumption of fuel or propellant, and in some cases due to a gravity gradient. Part - B (16 Marks) 1. With a neat sketch explain the principle of operation of turbo-jet engine also list its important applications. (AU May 2011) (AU May 2012) The turbojet is the oldest kind of general-purpose air breathing jet engine. Turbojets consist of an air inlet, an air compressor, a combustion chamber, a gas turbine (that drives the air compressor) and a nozzle. The air is compressed into the chamber, heated and expanded by the fuel combustion and then allowed to expand out through the turbine into the nozzle where it is accelerated to high speed to provide propulsion. Air intake Preceding the compressor is the air intake (or inlet). It is designed to be as efficient as possible at recovering the ram pressure of the air stream tube approaching the intake. The air leaving the intake then enters the compressor. Compressor The compressor is driven by the turbine. The compressor rotates at a very high speed, adding energy to the airflow and at the same time squeezing (compressing) it into a smaller space. Compressing the air increases its pressure and temperature. Several types of compressor are used in turbojets and gas turbines in general: axial, centrifugal, axial-centrifugal, double-centrifugal, etc. After leaving the compressor section, the compressed air enters the combustion chamber.

Combustion chamber In a turbojet the air and fuel mixture passes unconfined through the combustion chamber. As the mixture burns its temperature increases dramatically, but the pressure actually decreases a few percent. The fuel-air mixture must be brought almost to a stop so that a stable flame can be maintained. This occurs just after the start of the combustion chamber. Because of the shape of the combustion chamber the flow is accelerated rearwards. Some pressure drop is required, as it is the reason why the expanding gases travel out the rear of the engine rather than out the front. Less than 25% of the air is involved in combustion, in some engines as little as 12%, the rest acting as a reservoir to absorb the heating effects of the burning fuel. Jet engines run a very lean mixture, so lean that it would not normally support combustion. A central core of the flow (primary airflow) is mixed with enough fuel to burn readily. The unburned air (secondary airflow) mixes into the burned gases to bring the temperature down to something a turbine can tolerate. Turbine Hot gases leaving the combustor are allowed to expand through the turbine. Turbines are usually made up of high temperature metals such as inconel to resist the high temperature, and frequently have built-in cooling channels. The turbine's rotational energy is used primarily to drive the compressor. Some shaft power is extracted to drive accessories, like fuel, oil, and hydraulic pumps. Because of its significantly higher entry temperature, the turbine pressure ratio is much lower than that of the compressor. In a turbojet almost two-thirds of all the power generated by burning fuel is used by the compressor to compress the air for the engine. Nozzle After the turbine, the gases are allowed to expand through the exhaust nozzle to atmospheric pressure, producing a high velocity jet in the exhaust plume. In a convergent nozzle, the ducting narrows progressively to a throat. The nozzle pressure ratio on a turbojet is usually high enough for the expanding gases to reach Mach 1.0 and choke the throat. Normally, the flow will go supersonic in the exhaust plume outside the engine.

If, however, a convergent-divergent de Laval nozzle is fitted, the divergent (increasing flow area) section allows the gases to reach supersonic velocity within the nozzle itself. This is slightly more efficient on thrust than using a convergent nozzle. There is, however, the added weight and complexity since the convergent-divergent nozzle must be fully variable in its shape to cope with changes in gas flow caused by engine throttling. Applications: Turbojets are quite inefficient if flown below about Mach and very noisy. Most modern aircraft use turbofans instead for economic reasons. Turbojets are still very common in medium range cruise missiles, due to their high exhaust speed, low frontal area and relative simplicity. 2 (i) Differentiate turbojet and turboprop propulsion engines with suitable diagrams. (AU May 2012)

Turbojet vs Turboprop A turbojet is an air breathing gas turbine engine executing an internal combustion cycle during the operation. It also belongs to the reaction engine type of the aircraft propulsion engines. Turboprop engines are another variant built on the turbojet engine, and use the turbine to produce shaft work to drive a propeller. Also, turboprop engines can be seen as a turbo-shaft engine with propeller connected to the shaft through a reduction gear mechanism. Turbojet Engine Cold air entering through the intake is compressed to high pressure in the successive stages of an axial flow compressor. The pressurization of the air also increases the temperature, and when mixed with the fuel produces a combustible gas mixture. Combustion of this gas increases the pressure and temperature to a very high level (1200 oC and 1000 kPa) and the gas pushes through the blades of the turbine. In the turbine section, gas exerts force on the turbine blades and rotates the turbine shaft; in a common jet engine, this shaft work drives the compressor of the engine.

Then the gas is directed through a nozzle, and this produce a large amount of thrust, which can be used to power an aircraft. At the exhaust, the speed of the gas can be well above the speed of sound. The operation of the Jet engine is ideally modeled by the Brayton cycle. The turbojets are inefficient at low speed flight, and optimal performance lies beyond Mach 2. Another disadvantage of the turbojets is that the turbojets are

extremely noisy. However, they are still used in the mid-range cruise missiles because of the simplicity of production and low speed Turboprop Engine Turboprop engine is an advanced version of the turbojet engine, where the shaft work is used to drive a propeller through a reduction gear mechanism attached to the turbine shaft. In this form of jet engines, majority thrust is generated by the propeller reaction and the exhaust generates a negligible amount of usable energy; hence mostly not used for thrust.

The propellers in turboprop engines are usually a constant speed (variable pitch) type, turboprop engines usually contain at least one stage of centrifugal compression. Propellers lose efficiency as aircraft speed increases, but very efficient at flight speeds below 725 km/h. Hence turboprops are normally not used on high-speed aircraft and are used to power small subsonic aircraft. The difference between Turbojet and Turboprop Engine Turbojets were the first air breathing gas turbine engine for aircraft, while turboprop is an advanced variant of turbojet, using the gas turbine to drive a propeller to generate thrust. Turbojets show good performance at supersonic speed, while turboprops show good performance at subsonic speeds. Turbojets are used in specific military applications at present, but turboprops are widely used in both military and commercial aircraft. 3. With the help of a neat sketch describe the working of a ramjet engine. (AU May 2007) A ramjet, sometimes referred to as a stovepipe jet, is a form of air breathing jet engine using the engine's forward motion to compress incoming air, without a rotary compressor. Ramjets cannot produce thrust at zero airspeed, thus cannot move an aircraft from a standstill. Ramjets therefore require some other propulsion system to accelerate the vehicle to a speed where the ramjet begins to produce thrust. Ramjets work most efficiently at supersonic speeds around Mach 3. This type of engine can operate up to speeds of Mach 6.

A ramjet is designed around its inlet. An object moving at high speed through air generates a high pressure region upstream. A ramjet uses this high pressure in front of the engine to force air through the tube, where it is heated by combusting some of it with fuel. It is then passed through a nozzle to accelerate it to supersonic speeds. This acceleration gives the ramjet forward thrust. A ramjet is sometimes referred to as a 'flying stovepipe', a very simple device comprising an air intake, a combustor, and a nozzle. Normally, the only moving parts are those within the turbopump, which pumps the fuel to the combustor in a liquid-fuel ramjet. Solid-fuel ramjets are even simpler. Inlet Ram jets try to exploit the very high dynamic pressure within the air approaching the intake lip. An efficient intake will recover much of the free stream stagnation pressure, which is used to support the combustion and expansion process in the nozzle. Most ramjets operate at supersonic flight speeds and use one or more conical (or oblique) shock waves, terminated by a strong normal shock, to slow down the airflow to a subsonic velocity at the exit of the intake. Further diffusion is then required to get the air velocity down to a suitable level for the combustor. Combustor As with other jet engines, the combustor's job is to create hot air, by burning a fuel with the air at essentially constant pressure. The airflow through the jet engine is usually quite high, so sheltered combustion zones are produced by using 'flame holders' to stop the flames from blowing out. Since there is no downstream turbine, a ramjet combustor can safely operate at stoichiometric fuel:air ratios, which implies a combustor exit stagnation temperature of the order of 2400 K for kerosene.

Nozzles The propelling nozzle is a critical part of a ramjet design, since it accelerates exhaust flow to produce thrust. For a ramjet operating at a subsonic flight Mach number, exhaust flow is accelerated through a converging nozzle. For a supersonic flight Mach number, acceleration is typically achieved via a convergent-divergent nozzle. Performance and control Although ramjets have been run from as low as 45 m/s (162 km/h) upwards, below about Mach 0.5, they give little thrust and are highly inefficient due to their low pressure ratios. Above this speed, given sufficient initial flight velocity, a ramjet will be self-sustaining. Indeed,unless the vehicle drag is extremely high, the engine/airframe combination will tend to accelerate to higher and higher flight speeds, substantially increasing the air intake temperature. As this could have a detrimental effect on the integrity of the engine and/or airframe, the fuel control system must reduce engine fuel flow to stabilize the flight Mach number and, thereby, air intake temperature to reasonable levels. Due to the stoichiometric combustion temperature, efficiency is usually good at high speeds (Mach 2-3), whereas at low speeds the relatively poor pressure ratio means the ramjets are outperformed by turbojets, or even rockets. 4. With the help of a neat sketch describe the working of a pulse jet engine. A pulse jet engine (or pulsejet) is a type of jet engine in which combustion occurs in pulses. Pulsejet engines can be made with few or no moving parts, and are capable of running statically. Pulse jet engines are a lightweight form of jet propulsion, but usually have a poor compression ratio, and hence give a low specific impulse.

Function

Pulse jet schematic. First part of the cycle: air flows through the intake (1), and is mixed with fuel (2). Second part: the valve (3) is closed and the ignited fuel-air mix (4) propels the craft.

The combustion cycle comprises five or six phases: Induction, Compression, (in some engines) Fuel Injection, Ignition, Combustion, and Exhaust.

Starting with ignition within the combustion chamber, a high pressure is raised by the combustion of the fuel-air mixture. The pressurized gas from combustion cannot exit forward through the one-way intake valve and so exits only to the rear through the exhaust tube. The inertial reaction of this gas flow causes the engine to provide thrust, this force being used to propel an airframe or a rotor blade. The inertia of the traveling exhaust gas causes a low pressure in the combustion chamber. This pressure is less than the inlet pressure (upstream of the one-way valve), and so the induction phase of the cycle begins. In the simplest of pulsejet engines this intake is through a venturi which causes fuel to be drawn from a fuel supply. In more complex engines the fuel may be injected directly into the combustion chamber. When the induction phase is under way, fuel in atomized form is injected into the combustion chamber to fill the vacuum formed by the departing of the previous fireball; the atomized fuel tries to fill up the entire tube including the tailpipe. This causes atomized fuel at the rear of the combustion chamber to "flash" as it comes in contact with the hot gases of the preceding column of gasthis resulting flash "slams" the reed-valves shut or in the case of valveless designs, stops the flow of fuel until a vacuum is formed and the cycle repeats. There are two basic types of pulsejets. The first is known as a valved or traditional pulsejet and it has a set of one-way valves through which the incoming air passes. When the air-fuel is ignited, these valves slam shut which means that the hot gases can only leave through the engine's tailpipe, thus creating forward thrust. The cycle frequency is primarily dependent on the length of the engine. For a small model-type engine the frequency may be around 250 pulses per second, whereas for a larger engine such as the one used on the German V-1 flying bomb, the frequency was closer to 45 pulses per second. The low-frequency sound produced resulted in the missiles being nicknamed "buzz bombs." The second type of pulsejet is known as the valve less pulsejet. Technically the term for this engine is the acoustic-type pulsejet, or aerodynamically valved pulsejet. The advantage of the acoustic-type pulsejet is simplicity. Since there are no moving parts to wear out, they are easier to maintain and simpler to construct.

Review Questions Part - A (2 Marks) 1. What is weight flow co-efficient? 2. What is thrust co-efficient? 3. Define propulsive efficiency. 4. What are the benefits of thrust augmentation in a turboprop engine? 5. What is the by-pass factor of turbofan engine? 6. Give the components of a turbo fan engine. 7. Why does not a pulse jet engine require a compressor and a turbine? 8. Write down the formula for thermal efficiency. 9. What is thrust power? 10. Define overall efficiency.

Part - B (16 Marks) 1) (i) Differentiate between a pulse jet and ram jet. (ii) Describe with a sketch the turbojet engine. When is this type of engine used? (AU May 2012) 2) A turboprop engine operates at an altitude of 3000 meters above mean sea level and an aircraft speed of 525 Kmph. The data for the engine is given below Inlet diffuser efficience =0.875 Compressor efficieny =0.790 Velocity of air at compressor entry =90m/s Properties of air : =1.4, Cp =1.005 KJ/kg K (16) 3) The diameter of the propeller of an aircraft is 2.5m; It flies at a speed of 500Kmph at an altitude of 8000m. For a flight to jet speed ratio of 0.75 determine (a) the flow rate of air through the propeller, (b) thrust produced (c) specific thrust, (d) specific impulse and (e) the thrust power. (16) 4) An aircraft flies at 960Kmph. One of its turbojet engines takes in 40 kg/s of air and expands the gases to the ambient pressure .The air fuel ratio is 50 and the lower calorific value of the fuel is 43 MJ/Kg .For maximum thrust power determine (a)jet velocity (b) thrust (c) specific thrust (d) thrust power (e) propulsive, thermal and overall efficiencies and (f) TSFC (16) 5) The data for the engine is given below: Stagnation temperature at the turbine inlet =1200K Stagnation temperature rise through the compressor =175 K Calorific value of the fuel =43 MJ/Kg Compressor efficiency =0.75 Combustion chamber efficiency =0.975 Turbine efficiency =0.81 Mechanical efficiency of the power transmission between turbine and compressor =0.98 Exhaust nozzle efficiency=0.97 Specific impulse =25 seconds Assuming the same properties for air and combustion gases calculate Fuel air ratio, (2) Compressor pressure ratio, (4) Turbine pressure ratio, (4) Exhaust nozzles pressure ratio ,and (4)

Mach number of exhaust jet

(2)

6) A ramjet engine operates at M=1.5 at an altitude of 6500m.The diameter of the inlet diffuser at entry is 50cm and the stagnation temperature at the nozzle entry is 1600K.The calorific value of the fuel used is 40MJ/Kg .The properties of the combustion gases are same as those of air ( =1.4, R=287J/Kg K ). The velocity of air at the diffuser exit is negligible Calculate (a) the efficiency of the ideal cycle, (b) flight speed (c) air flow rate (d) diffuser pressure ratio (e) fuel ratio (f)nozzle pressure ratio (g) nozzle jet Mach number (h) propulsive efficiency (i) and thrust. Assume the following values:D =0.90B =0.98, j= 0.96.Stagnation pressure loss in the combustion chamber =0.002Po2. (16) 7) A rocket flies at 10,080 Kmph with an effective exhaust jet velocity of 1400m/s and propellant flow rate of 5.0Kg/s .If the heat of reaction of the propellants is 6500KJ/Kg of the propellat mixture determine; a) Propulsion efficiency and propulsion power, (6) b) Engine output and thermal efficiency ,and (6) c) Overall efficiency. (4) 8) Determine the maximum velocity of a rocket and the altitude attained from the following data: Mass ratio =0.15 Burn out time =75s Effective jet velocity =2500m/s What are the values of the velocity and altitude losses due to gravity ?Ignore drag and assume vertical trajectory . (16) 9) A missile has a maximum flight speed to jet speed ratio of 0.2105 and specific impulse equal to 203.88 seconds .Determine for a burn out time of 8 seconds a) Effective jet velocity (4) b) Mass ratio and propellant mass functions (4) c) Maximum flight speed, and (4) d) Altitude gain during powered and coasting flights (4) 10) Calculate the orbital and escape velocities of a rocket at mean sea level and an altitude of 300km from the following data: Radius of earth at mean sea level =6341.6Km Acceleration due to gravity at mean sea level =9.809 m/s (16) 11) With a neat sketches the principle of operation of: 1. turbo fan engine and (8) 2. ram jet engine (8) 12) Explain the construction and operation of a ramjet engine and derive an expression for the ideal efficiency. (16) 13) Explain the construction and operation of a solid propellant rocket engine. Also name any four solid propellants.and state its advantages and disadvantages. (16) 14) What are the advantages and disadvantages of liquid propellants compared to solid propellants. (16)

15) Dicuss in detail the various propellants used in solid fuel rockets and liquid fuel system .Also sketch the propellant feed-system for a liquid propellant rocket motor. (16) 16) Briefly explain the construction and working of : A. Rocket engine (6) B. Ramjet engine (6) C. Pulsejet engine (4) 17) With the help of a neat sketch describe the working of a ramjet engine. Depict the various thermodynamic process occurring in it on h-s diagram. What is the effect of flight Mach number on its efficiency? (16) 18) Explain with a neat sketch the working of a turbo-pump feed system used in a liquid propellant rocket? (16)