1. What is the definition of gravity and state the units of gravity.

measurements and features of the Earth's gravity field can be used in the determine of physical earth. It is used in combination with measurement information arc sizing earth where the earth can be determined. gravity is in the context of physical geodesy is the result of a combination of the power of the earth's gravitational force (gravitational mass of the earth) and the power diagonally (centered velocity) due to the rotation of the earth acting on a mass located on the surface of the earth. The value of gravity is affected by the arrangement and distribution of the mass and rotation of the earth is constantly changing change over time. Average value of the surface gravity (g) is 980 unit gal which is 1 gal = 1cm/sec2. Unit of gravity: The average value of gravity at the earth's surface is about 9.80 ms-2. Gravity changes caused by changes in the density of the surface of the earth is in 100mms-2. Unit micrometers per second per second is known as the unit of gravity (mg). Typical accuracy achieved in terrestrial gravity survey is 0.1mg, equivalent to the millionth of the Earth's gravity field. In the ocean, the accuracy achieved rather less of 10mg. Cgs units for units of gravity is miligal [1 Mgal = 10-3 (gal = 10-3cms-2)] which is equivalent to 10mg. Fgrav = G (m1m2) /r2. In this equation, Fgrav is gravitational force, and r2 is the square of the distance between the two objects.

2. Explain the method to measuring absolute and relative gravity. Absolute gravity : Involving the whole magnitude at a given point of gravity pengukurannilai speed at a point directly. It dilakukantanpa make reference to any other station. Require sophisticated equipment, the cost of an expensive and tempohcerapan longer. Four methods that can be used, namely the free falling, symmetrical free fall, pendulum measurement and sakuma method.

Free Fall Body These are absolute instruments. They replaced pendulums maybe 20 years or so ago. The idea is to watch an object fall and thereby determine its acceleration. If v0 is the initial velocity, and x1 is the vertical distance fallen after time t1, then:

If x2 is the distance fallen after time t2, then

Eliminating v0 gives: .

So, if you measure (x1,t1) and (x2,t2) you can find g. Since x is a distance and t is a time, this is an absolute meter. No calibration is necessary (except of your measuring tape and your clock). In practice, you probably want to measure lots of xs and ts, and then determine g by least squares fitting it to x = v0t + gt2/2. The earliest free fall meter was simply a meter bar which was dropped alongside a fixed pointer. A strobe light was flashed at a known frequency and a number was read off the meter stick at each flash as it fell.

Nowadays, free fall meters are much fancier. They involve laser interferometers.

Symetrical free fall

You throw a mass, m, upwards and measure two time intervals (see Figure 2.7):

1. tA = time between upward and downward crossing of A; 2. tB = time between upward and downward crossing of B.

Then, tA/2 = time to get from A to the top of the trajectory. Since at the top the velocity is 0, then: tA 0 = vA g 2

B m

where vA = upward velocity at A. So, tA vA = g 2 Also, (tA tB)/2 = time to go from A to B. So, if h is the height of B above A, then: .

Using Equation 2.8 for vA gives h in terms of tA, tB and g. Or inverting to find g:

So, measuring a distance (h) and two time intervals gives g.

Pendulum measurement

Measurement principle is based on the determined pendulum swing with long ropes (l) suspension pendulum and observation period (T) is a pendulum swin

T = 2

l -----g

Sakuma Method

Principle similar to the method of symetrical free fall but interferometrik method. Time interval (T1 - T2) between the cross body detector recorded at the same velocity. In this method is its pace tube corner reflector (CCR), which acts as a mirror Michelson interferometer. CCP position when they are positioned equidistant from slanting translucent mirror can be determined, as the fixed mirror position can be determined if the mirrors is illuminated by white light. when both are the same distance, it will form a collision (interference) between the radiation that reaches the Photomultiplier by two phases and output is maksimum.Pembentukan this interference can be formed by placing a second translucent mirror parallel to the fixed mirror and the second position can be determined CCR and g can be measured.

Relative gravity :

To detect changes in the strength of the gravitational field of a point above to other physical surface of Earth. It was done denganmerujuk to a point that made the control as rujukanuntuk get gravitational differences with the other point.

Measurement of the relative gravity of the gravity difference between stations is much easier and become the standard method of measuring gravity. Absolute gravity values measured at stations can diperolehidengan refer to the International Gravity Standard Network (IGSN) 1971 (Morelli et. Al. 1971). This network is the stations absolute gravity value was determined by reference to the absolute gravity measurement site. By using the tools that can give readings to determine the relative difference between the gravity stations and station IGSN field, then the value of the field station gravitimutlak on can be determined.

Measurement method is divided into two, namely the dynamic (pendulum) and static methods (Lacoste Romberg and Worden)

Worden gravimeter using a zero-length vertical spring Operated as shown in the figure below.

OX line is horizontal and OM is about the same line with it. BA is a spring with length d - a sin B where d is a constant distance. when the spring tension on the O is:

K ( d aSinB) ( a CosB)

La Coste & Romberg Model-G Gravimeter

The principle is based on the zero-length spring. This tool is able to give a digital reading of the read-out number, with recitation until 00:01 with an estimate of up to 0,005 Mgal. Tension T in the long spring is :

T = k ( l 1 ) which is k is constant, l = l bila T = 0

The Graf Gravimeter

This type of spring gravimeter use to balance the force of gravity to the contrary. The shift can be measured by the increase or decrease of gravity will lengthen or shorten the main spring. It can be restored at a fixed reference value by changing the spring tension adjuster. Pelarasanketegangan value is directly function of gravity changes from the reference value. Examples of stable gravimeter which Askania Gravimeter, Scintrex CG-3, and BolidenGravimeter

Traverse Method

This measurement just like do tranverse theodolite or survey level where measurement instituted at reference point known the value gravity and concludes by reference point that same or reference point the rest (value gravity known say gl) see figure under. Location and gravity point height position need to be known to do the decline gravity data that is observed.

Forward & Backward Method

Receiving 2 reading every station and involving 1 reference station only give data that is excess for adjustment better than tranverse method.

Forward Looping Method used to establish basic gravity network. every station is observed 3 time start and ends on first reference station / different stations known give information drif that is better expensive and need time observation that is old.

Star Method involving 1 reference station observation are made at station cross-references after every time make observation in points needed needing long time the apabula point dropping from reference station give tool draft information that is better because every reference station made repeatedly observation

3. i.

Discuss about the correction of systematic error in the gravity measurement. Correction of height instrument This correction should be made if the device gravimeter placed at different altitudes in each point of observation.This correction is a correction of free-air gravity values for small changes caused by small changes in elevation iaitu0.3086mgal / m. ii. Tidal Correction Earth. Earth actually suffered through the phenomenon of tidal deformation of the earth will cause periodic changes in the value of gravity.This change is in the radial direction towards the center of mass of the earth at about 0.2mgal magnitude. Changes in the condition of tidal fluctuations earth is within 40cm, while changes in vertical deflection angle is 0.4 '. Earth tide correction must be made for the precise level measurement.

iii.

Drif correction when the spring gravimeter always stretch over time caused a prolongation of spring slowly. This will cause the counter gravimeter readings will change. temperature can also influence the effect of the drift on the gravimeter. drift effects are of two types: a. static Drift CU reading changes that occur in proportion to the time even gravimeter is in a fixed position. b. Drift dynamics CU readings due to changes of the gravimeter instrument subjected to movement during transfer to the reading from the station to the other station

4.

Elaborate the heighting datum that has been used in the vertical reference datum.

Mean sea level (mean sea level) to the theoretical MSL was used as a zero reference for orthometrik height. Determination value of it zero is based on the observation that determined using Tige-Gauge as shown in the figure below:

Keterangan : HSML ialah ketinggian purata aras laut (mean sea level) HISL ialah ketinggian semasa aras laut ( Instantaneous sea level)

5.

Explain clearly about orthometric correction.

Difference of levelling height can be change to the different of orthometric height with use the correction below:

HAB = Dimana :

IAB + OCAB

IAB ialah perbezaan ketinngian aras, CCAB ialah pembetulan orthometrik.

HAB ialah perbezaan ketinggian orthometrik dan

CCAB =

Dimana : g ialah gravity yang dicerap sepanjang garis aras gA da gB purata purata gravity sepanjang plumb-lines A dan B g = g + 0.0424H y ialah gravity normal yang mana fungsi bagi latitudnya: y = f dan H ialah ketinggian orthometrik.