CEE 7700 Meeting 2

Objectives of This Meeting

Review some basic elements of LEFM to prepare for
computational implementation:

Crack front stress and displacement fields
Stress Intensity Factor
T-stress
Small scale yielding (SSY) concept
Energy Release Rate

Demonstrate finite element calculation of these fields
using FRANC2D
Lecture #2
35
Continuum Fracture Modes
Mode I
Mode II Mode III
Basic modes of crack loading. Positive sense shown for each:
Mode I = crack opening
Mode II = in-plane sliding
Mode III = anti-plane tearing
y,v
x,u
z,w
z,w
x,u
y,v y,v
x,u
z,w
36 Lecture #2
2D Crack Tip Fields
Williams (1957) expansion of crack tip
stress and displacement fields:

Mode I
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ + =

=
u u k

) 2
2
cos(
2 2
cos ) 1 (
2 2
1
2
n n n n
a
r
n I
n
n
n
u
(

+
|
.
|

\
|
=

=
u u k

) 2
2
sin(
2 2
sin ) 1 (
2 2
1
2
n n n n
a
r
n I
n
n
n
v
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ + =

u u o ) 3
2
cos( ) 1
2
( ) 1
2
cos( ) 1 (
2
2
2
1
1
2
n n n n
a r
n
n I
n
n
n
x
(

+
|
.
|

\
|
=

u u o ) 3
2
cos( ) 1
2
( ) 1
2
cos( ) 1 (
2
2
2
1
1
2
n n n n
a r
n
n I
n
n
n
y
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ =

u u t ) 1
2
sin( ) 1 (
2
) 3
2
sin( ) 1
2
(
2
1
1
2
n n n n
a r
n
n I
n
n
n
xy
o
y
x
y
o
x
t
xy
r
u
(1)
(3)
(2)
(5)
(4) and where = G
and k =
34v, plane stress
(3v)/(1+v), plane strain
0 = =
yz xz
t t
0
z
o =
( )
z x y
v o o o = +
plane strain
plane stress
Lecture #2
37
Crack Tip Fields
Williams expansion of crack tip
stress and displacement fields (1957):

Mode II






(

|
.
|

\
|
+ =

=
u u k

) 2
2
sin(
2 2
sin ) 1 (
2 2
1
2
n n n n
a
r
n II
n
n
n
u
(

+
|
.
|

\
|
+ =

=
u u k

) 2
2
cos(
2 2
cos ) 1 (
2 2
1
2
n n n n
a
r
n II
n
n
n
v
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ =

u u o ) 3
2
sin( ) 1
2
( ) 1
2
sin( ) 1 (
2
2
2
1
1
2
n n n n
a r
n
n II
n
n
n
x
(

+
|
.
|

\
|
+ =

u u o ) 3
2
sin( ) 1
2
( ) 1
2
sin( ) 1 (
2
2
2
1
1
2
n n n n
a r
n
n II
n
n
n
y
(

|
.
|

\
|
=

u u t ) 1
2
cos( ) 1 (
2
) 3
2
cos( ) 1
2
(
2
1
1
2
n n n n
a r
n
n II
n
n
n
xy
x
y
o
x
t
xy
r
u
(10)
(9)
(8)
(7)
(6)
where = G
and k =
34v, plane stress
(3v)/(1+v), plane
strain
0
z
o =
plane stress
( )
z x y
v o o o = +
plane strain
0 = =
yz xz
t t
Lecture #2
38
Example of Expansion
Along Crack Line, x = r, Mode I
x (r)
y
o
x
+ + + + + =
2 3
5 4 3 2
1
5 8 3 4 r a r a r a a
r
a
x
o
+ + + =
2 3
5 3
1
5 3 r a r a
r
a
y
o
First (leading), or singular term, a
1
: contains the stress intensity factor

Second term, a
2
: contains the T-stress

Third term, a
3
: the leading higher order term (note: non-polynomial!)

(12)
(11)
o
y
39
Lecture #2
Definition of Stress Intensity Factor
and T-stress from these Fields
r K
yy I
lim
0 r
t o 2

=
r K
xy II
lim
0 r
t t 2

=
The so-called T-stress is the constant stress acting parallel to the crack
direction.
Neglecting all but the first, singular term of this stress field results in the
formal definition of the stress intensity factor:
r K
yz III
lim
0 r
t t 2

=
(14)
(15)
(13)
40 Lecture #2
y
In Cylindrical Coordinates, to 2
nd
Term
( ) u
u
u
u u
t
o 2 cos 1
2 2
tan 2 sin
2
3
2
sin 1
2
cos
2
1
2
+ +
(

+
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
T
K K K
r
II II I rr
( ) u u
u u
t
o
uu
2 cos 1
2
sin
2
3
2
cos
2
cos
2
1
2
+
(

=
T
K K
r
II I
o
ru
=
1
2 2tr
cos
u
2
K
I
sinu + K
II
3cosu 1 ( )
| |

T
2
sin2u
(16)
(17)
(18)
41 Lecture #2
T-stress
Crack Front Principal Stresses
1
1
cos 1 sin
2 2
2
K
r
u u
o
t
| |
= +
|
\ .
1
2
cos 1 sin
2 2
2
K
r
u u
o
t
| |
=
|
\ .
(19)
(20)
strain plane or stress, Plane

or
2
cos
2
2
0
3 3
u
t r
K

I
= =
(21)
42 Lecture #2
Mode III Fields, Plane Strain
0 = = v u
( )
1
2
sin
2
2
III
xz
K
r
u
t
t
=

( )
1
2
cos
2
2
III
yz
K
r
u
t
t
=

0
x y z xz
o o o t = = = =
1
2
2
sin
2
III
K r
w
G
u
t
(
=
(

v
v
v
+
=
1
let stress, plane for
(22) (23)
(24)
43 Lecture #2
44
So Why is the Stress Intensity Factor
so Important?
Under conditions of small-scale yielding, all crack front
fields are dominated (controlled) by the stress intensity
factor.

Therefore, all crack behavior:
Stabilitywill the crack tip move?
Trajectory in what direction?
Rate how fast?
is controlled by the stress intensity factor and, maybe,
the T-stress.
Lecture #2
The Concept of K-Dominance:
When is LEFM Applicable?
... 5 3
2 / 3
5 3
+ + = r a r a
ns
y
o
yield
o
x
K
I
s
y
2t
o =
D
r
p
If r
p
<< D, K
I
still controls fracture process.
x
y
K-Dominant
Region
Inelastic
Region,
Simplified
ns
y
s
y y
o o o + =
yld
o
45
Lecture #2
Energy Release Rate
'
2
I
I
E
K
G =
Recall that, in LEFM, energy release rate (crack driving force) is a
dual of stress intensity. For example, in Mode I:
where
strain plane for
) 1 (
E
E
stress plane for E E
2
'
'
v
=
=
We will first concentrate on computing stress intensity factors, then, later,
energy release rates (and their derivatives!).
(25)
46 Lecture #2
How Well Can We Reproduce These Fields
with the FEM: FRANC2D Example
Sym.
Typical
The Griffith Problem
47 Lecture #2