Dengue

A Research Paper Presented to Ms. Maria Cristina R. Roa Department of English Jose P. Laurel

In Partial Fulfillment for the requirements in English III

by: Ceejay C. Mangaya III-Amity (1) January 10, 2013

Acknowledgement

The researcher would like to express his gratitude to those who gave him the possibility to complete the research paper.

Ms. Maria Cristina Roa, English teacher, for her valuable and expert advice, knowledge and excellent ideas, thus supporting, advising, supervising and guiding the researcher with outmost patience that inspire to complete the study.

The parents of the researcher, for the support and concern that serve as the researchers inspiration during the making of the study.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgement.. iii Chapter I Introduction. 1 Chapter II Dengue..... 5 General Info on Dengue... 5 Dengue Symptoms....6 Monitoring Dengue Patience for onset of DHF...7 Precautions for people whove already had dengue.7 Criteria for Hospitalization...8 Shock Related Symptoms.8 Virologic Testing..9 Serologic Testing..9 IGG Testing..9 Chapter III Summary..10 Conclusion...11 Recommendation.12 Bibliography.13 Biography.15

Chapter I The Problem and Its Background

Introduction Dengue is an infectious disease carried by mosquitoes. It caused by any of four related dengue viruses. This diseased use to be called break bone disease fever.

Dengue fever is an acute febrile viral disease characterized by sudden onset, fever of 3-5 days, intense headache, myalgia, anthralgic, retro-orbital pain, anorexia, GI Disturbances and rash. Dengue viruses are flaviviruses and include four types 1, 2, 3, and 4 (Dengue -1, -2, -3,and -4 ). These viruses are also responsible for Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF).

Infection rates Dengue Fever- causing virus are on the rise in recent decades. The World Health Organization estimates the number of infections across the globe to 50 million per year. As this debilitating and sometime lethal infection affects more and more people every year. As per current estimates, availability of at least 100 countries are endemic for DHF.

Importance of the Study This research paper aims to give knowledge to people who dont have an idea about dengue. This will also inform the students about dengue.

Method of the Study In completing research paper, the researcher made use of the library method which includes the use of references materials such as internet websites.

Definition of Terms The researcher found out useful words. Deterioration- is a term now commonly used in health care, to describe worsening of a patients condition. Hematocrit- measures how much space in the blood is occupied by red blood cells. Rheumatism- non-specific terms for medical problems affecting the joints and connective tissue. Spontaneous- developing or occurring without apparent external influence, force, cause or treatment. Susceptible- capable of submitting to an action, process or operation.

Statement of the Problem Specifically, the study sought to answer the following questions: 1. What is Dengue? 2. What are the symptoms of Dengue? 3. How can you get Dengue? 4. What causes Dengue? 5. What is the effect of Dengue? 6. What is the treatment for Dengue?

Chapter II Presentation and Discussion

Dengue Specific epidemic disease attended with high fever and severe pains in the head and limbs resembling those of rheumatism.1

General Info on Dengue Dengue is the most important mosquito-borne viral disease affecting humans; its global distribution is comparable to that of malaria, and an estimated 2.5 billion people live in areas at risk for epidemic transmission. Each year, tens of millions of cases of hundreds of thousands of cases of DHF. The case fatality rate of DHF in most countries is about 5%; most fatal cases are among children and young adults.2

Dengue, Think Exist.com, Feb. 12, 2009, Nov. 5, 2012, Think Exist.com/ dictionary/ meaning/ dengue. 2 General Info on Dengue, oasisdesign.net, Jan. 11, 2012, Nov. 5, 2012, oasisdesign.net/ health/ dengue.htm #top.

Dengue Symptoms Once an infected mosquito has bite a susceptible person, the virus has an incubation period about 4-7 days in the body, prior to the development of symptoms. Dengue may produce very mind or severe illness. The disease is characterized by sudden onset of fever (at over 38C during the first 3 to 5 days), headache, general malaise, bone pain, and muscular pain. Also some people may present with vomiting or diarrhea, a generalized rash and in some persons, hemorrhagic manifestations that are usually very mild. The symptoms may last from 5 to 7 days. A small proportion of patients may develop low platelets, low blood pressure and severe bleeding requiring hospital care (Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever) or DHF.3

Dengue Symptoms, www.who.int., Feb. 21, 2009, Nov. 5, 2012, http://www.who.int/topics/dengue/en/.

Monitoring Dengue Patients for onset of DHF Usually people who develop DHF do so after the fever goes down. It is most critical to monitor closely during the 24-48 hours after the fever goes down. In mild cases of DHF changes in vital signs are minimal and transient patients recovering spontaneously or shortly after a brief period of time. In more severe DHF cases the disease might progress rapidly into a stage of shock. If you can, get a platelet count, blood pressure, and hematocrit at the onset of regular dengue symptoms, as a baseline.4

Precautions for people whove already had Dengue If you are returning to a dengue area after already having had dengue, youre at greater risk. * avoid getting bite * Research beforehand a physician, clinic or hospital which you trust to give you adequate treatment should you develop DHF. * If you are in endemic areas as part of a development program and youre far from major medical care (as we are), see if you can include part of all of the elements of a dengue miniclinic in your program so you can monitor your own dengue cases locally.5

4 4

Monitoring Dengue Patients for onset of DHF, denguevirus.net.com, Mar. 11, 2008, Nov. 5, 2012, denguevirus.net.com/dengue-virus.htm/. 5 Precautions for people whove already had dengue, www.edc.gov., April 9, 2001, Nov. 5, 2012, www.edc.gov/dengue/.

Criteria for Hospitalization * Increasing hematocrit * Platelet countless than 100,000 mm3 * Any spontaneous bleeding * Any warning sign for shock * If not adequately treated, dehydration is what kill people (shock from loss of fluid), not the hemorrhage * Give a lot of oral fluids and IV fluids without overload * Can dehydrate adequately just from drinking in most cases.6

Shock Related Symptoms Dengue shock symptoms which indicate that the patient should go to a hospital immediately: * Clinical deterioration * Severe abdominal pain as dominant symptom (worse than headache; pain in bones) * Change in mental statusdoes not respond, loses sense, cant wake up. * Drastic change in temperature (cold, clammy or mottling skin) * Severe pain or vomiting * Not passed urine in 4-6 hours.7

6 6

Criteria for Hospitalization, May 9, 2011, Nov. 5, 2012, medicine.net.com/dengue_fever/article.htm. 7 Shock Related Symptoms, en.wikipedia.org. Jan. 13, 2008, Nov. 5, 2012, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever.

Virologic Testing Virologic Testing (to see which of the four symptoms serotypes of dengue youve got) has to be done during the acute stage (1-5 days) of the illness to isolate the virus. Afterwards it wont be easy to determine which serotypes it was. The public health service in some countries do virologic analysis by area and outbreaks. Thus, if youve been infected, you might be able to find out the likely serotype by asking around, even if it is too late to test yourself.8

Serologic Testing Serologic Testing is too see if you have develop antibodies against dengue virus. This will let you know your risk factor for subsequent infections.9

8 8

Virologic Testing, www.aiims.edu, Dec. 5, 2011, Nov. 5, 2012, www.aiims.edu/aiims/dengue.2007/ dengue%. 9 Serologic Testing, www.nlm.nih.gov., June 23, 2007, Nov. 5, 2012, ww.nlm.nih.gov/medecineplus/20 English-colour.pdf.htm/.

IGG Testing Will let you know if you had dengue in the past (long term immunity) if you think (or know) youve been exposed to dengue years before, IGG Testing will show if you still have the antibodies, and thus are at greater risk of contract DHF from a subsequent infection, this is the most critical information.10

10

IGG Testing, www.oxitec.com, Sept. 20, 2011, Nov. 5, 2012, www.oxitec.com/health/dengue information-centre/.

Chapter III Summary, Conclusions, Recommendation

This chapter restates the purpose of the research, problem and draws conclusions and in the light of the findings and conclusions, offers some recommendation.

Summary The purpose of the study was to inform us that Dengue Fever, a very old disease, has emerged in the past 20 years with an expanded geographic distribution of both the viruses and the mosquito vectors, increase epidemic activity, the development of hyper endemicity (the circulation of multiple serotypes), and the emergence of dengue hemorrhagic fever in new geographic regions. Specifically, the study sought to answer the following questions: 1. What is Dengue? 2. What are the symptoms of Dengue? 3. How can you get Dengue? 4. What causes Dengue? 5. What is the effect of Dengue? 6. What is the treatment for Dengue?

Findings The study revealed he following findings. 1. Dengue is an infectious disease carried by mosquitoes. 2. Once an infected mosquito has bite a susceptible person, the virus has an incubation period about 4-7 days in the body, prior o the development of symptoms. 3. You can get Dengue if infected mosquitoes bite you. 4. If mosquito bite you. 5. If you have a Dengue, you have a chance to die. 6. There is no specific antiviral treatment currently available for Dengue Fever. Acetaminophen may be used to treat fever and relieve other symptoms.

Conclusions From the analysis of the data derived from the study, the following are drawn: Dengue fever is a currently problematic diagnosis via new molecular based techniques has become a new hope for early diagnosis, but is still limited due to their costs and standardization. The possibility of treatment of dengue via antiviral drugs is still under investigations.

Recommendation In the light of the findings made and conclusions, the following are recommended: 1. Avoid getting mosquito bites. 2. Put some OFF lotion to your body. 3. Clean the canal and replace the water in the vase twice a week.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Criteria for Hospitalization. medicine.net.com. May 9, 2011. Nov. 5, 2012, medicine.net.com/dengue-fever/article.htm.

Dengue. Think Exist.com. Feb. 12, 2009. Nov. 5, 2012. Think Exist.com/dictionary/meaning/dengue.

Dengue Symptoms. www.who.int. Feb. 12, 2009. Nov. 5, 2012. http://www.who.int/topics/dengue/en/.

General Info on Dengue. oasisdesign.net. Jan. 11, 2012. Nov. 5, 2012. oasisdesign.net/health/dengue.htm #top.

IGG Testing. www.oxitec.com. Sept. 20, 2011. Nov. 5, 2012. www.oxitec.com/health/dengueinformation-centre/.

Monitoring Dengue Patients for onset of DHF. dengue-virus.net.com. Mar. 11, 2008. Nov. 5, 2012. dengue-virus.net.com/dengue-virus.htm/.

Precautions for people whove already had dengue. www.edc.gov. April 9, 2001. Nov. 5, 2012. www.edc.gov/dengue/.

Serologic Testing. Wwwnlm.nih.gov. June 23, 2007. Nov. 5, 2012. www.nlm.nih.gov/medicineplus/20English -colour.pdf.htm/.

Shock Related Symptoms. En.wikipedia.org. Jan. 13, 2008. Nov. 5, 2012. En.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever.

Virologic Testing. www.aiims.edu. Dec. 5, 2011. Nov. 5, 2012. www.aiims.edu/aiims/dengue.2007/dengue%.

Researchers Biography

The researchers name is Ceejay Mangaya who is the son of Rowena Mangaya and Gilfred Mangaya. Hes born on the 21st of December 1997. To add more info about him, he is a humble person.

His hobbies are playing basketball and computer games. He really loves basketball. Thats why he wants to be a PBA Superstar.