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H. Kuribayashi, ' I . Sasano (Kyushu Electric Power Co., Inc., Japan) T. Ohta (Sojo University, Japan) RI. Furuse, T. Fujimoto (Meidensha Corporation, Japan)
1. INTRODUCTION
A fault in a GIS tank can lead to an unbalanced arc
failure depending on the array of electric conductors in the GIs. If such a failure occurs nearby and behind a distance relay for line protection, incorrect operation of the distance relay might result.
A short-circuit distance relay measures the impedance vector to a fault point using the bus voltage and the transmission line curr4:nt of the substation as inputs. When an unbalanced arc failure occurs in a GIs, the voltage inputted to the distance relay becomes unbalanced and the voltage waveform is distorted due to the non-linearity of the arc resistance. Therefore, the impedance vector measured by the distance relay goes into the second quadrant from the -R axis, which might cause incorrect operation of the distance relay when a fault occurs behind the relay.
impedance between the power source and the fault point, so the current is almost balanced between the three phases. The arc resistance is pure resistance. /,,Frame
@a
This paper reports the analysis of the above phenomenon by EMTP simulation and the results of the model tests for distance relay operation by an artificial transmission line.
2.
r
L
I-S
2.0kV
V-S
Fig. 2-3 Waveform Observation Examples of GIS Arc Voltage (Circuit Voltage: 24 kV, SF6)
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a) Constant Voltage Characteristic: On the assumption that the arc voltage is always constant irrespective of current strength and that the waveform be a square wave, a fault point is simulated using non-linear resistance. (Fig. 2-4) b) Rising Voltage Characteristic: On the assumption that the arc voltage increases over time and the waveform is a rising trapezoidal wave, a fault point is simulated using non-linear resistance and integral elements. (Fig. 2-5) c) Falling Voltage Characteristic: On the assumption that the arc voltage decreases over time and that the waveform is a falling trapezoidal wave, a fault point is simulated using non-linear resistance and derivative elements. (Fig. 2-6)
resistance: As the vector diagram shown in Fig. 2-3, the relationship between the relay characteristics and the measured impedance vector of the relay is explained below. The characteristic expression of the mho relay elements used for the short circuit distance relay is formulated as Expression (1).
tam
-lam
In the expression, the terms stand for the following: 1 i u . V ~:~ Current and voltage derived to measure the impedance vector to a fault point (hereinafter, referred to as "measured current" and "measured voltage" respectively) V p : Voltage used as a reference to decide the direction of the impedance vector (hereinafter,referred to as "polarityvoltage") Z,, : Settling value of the relay 4 : Characteristic angle of the relay (60 or 75 degrees) 8 : Angle between the first and second vectors on the left-hand side By substituting VRY/I,&=&Y in the first member on the left-hand side of the Expression (l), the Expression (2) is obtained.
O I O! W -
Fig. 2-6 Fault Voltage and Current (Falling Wave Voltage) 2.3
Relay
The characteristic of this formula represents as a circle with the vector z,,E~@ determined by the relay settling value as its radius on the impedance plane. The relay operates if the vector ZRY locates inside the circle. Note that, for the short-circuit distance relay, the measured voltage should equal, to the polarity voltage. For example, Yob and fob are put as the measured voltage and the measured current for the a-b phase relay. Therefore, under the voltage and current conditions shown in Fig. 2-3, the impedance, that each phase relay locates, formulated as the Expressions (3). These vectors are shown in Fig. 2-8, combined with the characteristic diagrams of the two mho relays, which have 60-degree and 75-degree characteristic circles.
According to the above examination, we describe in detail how the distance from the short-circuit distance relay to an unbalanced fault point is measured, which is protecting the line in the direction of the power source.
Modeled Arc
Resistance etc )
To Distance Relay
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On the simulation by arc short-circuit fiiults using an artificial 500V power transmission line test facility as shown in Fig3-1, we investigate the operation of a digital distance relay in the occurrence of a fault in a nearby place behind the distance relay.
Zone of 75degrees
Zone of
&
Fault Point
200/50
Analysis Tool
Fig. 3-1
Test Circuit
10.0 62 L 7 5 "
Zbc
I
1'
Fig. 2-8 Characteristics of Short-circuit Distance Relay and Directions of Measured Vectors
2.3.2
Case in which the arc resistance is non-linear resistance : a) Simple Square Wave (Fig. 2-4): The phase included in the fundamental wavc: component is the same as that for pure resistance. Therefore, the direction of the vector that each phase, relay locates is the same as Fig.
2-8.
a)Test Conditions: Fuses are installed to the electrodes at the fault point to induce an arc. Copper or carbon is used for the electrodes and the gaps between them are changed in the range fiom 3 to 20 mm. b) Analysis Tool: This tool saves data for 18 cycles before ;and for 9 cycles after the fault at intervals of 3.75 degrees. The data before and after a digital filter, and the drawing of the measured impedance locus are used for analysis.
b) Rising Square Wave (Fig. 2-5): The phase included in the findamental wac'e becomes delayed. Therefore, the direction of the vector that each phase relay locates shifts clockwise on thl: R-X plane. c) Falling Square Wave (Fig. 2-6): The phase included in the fundamental wavli becomes advanced. Therefore, the direction of the vector that each phase relay locates shifts counterc1ockwir;eon the R-X plane. The angles of the measured vectors obtained through the simulation of the above cases are listed in Table 2-1. (See also the Appendix.') Table 2-1 Waveforms and Angles of Measured Vectors LZab LZbc LZca Arcvoltage Waveform . Sinusoidal(Verr;i;;s)
Result of simulation
%sin , Fallin r
154.9
190.0
3.
80
Consequently, the distance relay has incorrectly operated in the term from about 540 to about 1080 degrees after the fault initiation.
Analog Input Waveforms when a Fault Occuis (Case: a-b Phase Fault)
degrees.
4.
Conclusions
-150
-200
p.
. ;. . . . . . . .. . . . .
,.
. -1 -30
,
360
,
1080
-360
-_---Voltage Waveform
-Current Waveform
We reported the incorrect operation of a short-circuit distance relay due to imbalance and non-linearity resistance of GIS inside arc. We also modeled arc voltage waveforms similar to the observed in the GIS by generating arcs in the. air using an artificial 500 V transmission line. We checked how actual distance relays operated to the voltage waveform of the arc modeled in the air as a GTS inside arc. The results show the same tendency as the study of relay operation using the EMTP simulation, and the validity of the EMTP simulation was verified.
References [l] H. Kuribayashi et al.: "Operation of Distance Relay at Three-phase Short-circuit Failure in Three-phase Gas Circuit Breaker" PSR-97-15 (1997) Appendix
An arc voltage waveform is modeled as the waveform generated by duplicating the trapezoid shown in Appendix Fig. 1 and the Fourier series expansion method is applied to it, so the following expression can be formulated:
-30
Current Waveform
Phase (deprees)
Fig. 3-2 (a) Input and Output in Relay Operation Impedance Vector Locus (a-b Phase)
~
( 1 44sx 7 :/ I
',
',
,I
"
'
Using this expression, the component of n =1, that is, the phase of the fundamental wave is obtained as follows:
- , , ,
\
, I
\Before Fault
condition:a+b LO
.I2
-1
.,I
.,I
-,,
-11
-I
4 6
4 2
" 1
"4
" b
U"
In the case of a rectangular waveform with a = 0, the phase becomes 0 degree as the calculation result. In the case of a rising triangular waveform with b = 0, the phase becomes 32.5 degrees. For the waveform shown in Fig. 3-3 (a), which is modeled through the EMTP simulation, b/a is about 1/4 (b/a=1/4) and the phase is about -23 degrees for the calculation result using the appendix expression 2. Therefore, the impedance angle "arg{A h } measured by the relay is calculated as follows:
arg{
} = 180% {Influenceof unbalanced arc failure: -30')
h i s test case, since the minimum angle of the In t impedance locus measured by relay is about 142 degrees, it will go into the operating zone even if the maximum sensitive angle of mho-relay (44SM) is 60
This result is almost equal to 126.1 degrees for "Rising Waveform" estimated in Table 2-1.
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