Diesel Injector

Isi Kandungan Bil 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Kandungan Penghargaan What Is Diesel Injector? How Do Diesel Fuel Injectors Work? Types of Diesel Fuel Injection Diesel Injection Pump Specifications Diesel Injection Pump Repair Injection Pump Problems How to Tell if a Diesel Pump is Good Muka Surat

What Is Diesel Injector? When signalled by the engine control unit the fuel injector opens and sprays the pressurised fuel into the engine. The duration that the injector is open (called the pulse width) is proportional to the amount of fuel delivered. Depending on the system design, the timing of when injector opens is either relative each individual cylinder (for a sequential fuel injection system), or injectors for multiple cylinders may be signalled to open at the same time (in a batch fire system). Fuel injection is a system for admitting fuel into an internal combustion engine. It has become the primary fuel delivery system used in automotive engines, having replaced carburetors during the 1980s and 1990s. A variety of injection systems have existed since the earliest usage of the internal combustion engine. The primary difference between carburetors and fuel injection is that fuel injection atomizes the fuel by forcibly pumping it through a small nozzle under high pressure, while a carburetor relies on suction created by intake air accelerated through a Venturi tube to draw the fuel into the airstream. Modern fuel injection systems are designed specifically for the type of fuel being used. Some systems are designed for multiple grades of fuel (using sensors to adapt the tuning for the fuel currently used). Most fuel injection systems are for gasoline or diesel applications.

How Do Diesel Fuel Injectors Work? Mechanics of Diesel Fuel Injectors Basic diesel fuel injectors contain a fuel supply line, an intake valve, an exhaust valve and the fuel injection apparatus. Each cylinder is attached to its own fuel supply line, all of which run from the fuel tank to the engine. Fuel is transferred through these fuel supply lines to the fuel injector device attached to each cylinder. Along the way, the fuel passes through a filter that removes residue and impurities. When the diesel fuel reaches the injector device, it becomes highly pressurized. The fuel injector is attached to a small pump, which forces air into the injector and pressurizes the diesel fuel. The injector then sprays the diesel fuel through a small nozzle into the cylinder's combustion chamber. The nozzle contains a series of small holes, which ensure even distribution of the diesel fuel into the cylinder's combustion chamber. An air intake valve sucks air into the chamber, which mixes with the vaporized diesel fuel and intensifies the combustion. An exhaust valve removes the resulting emissions from the combustion chamber, and a return fuel line removes any excess fuel from the combustion chamber and returns it to the fuel tank. Advancements in Diesel Fuel Injectors Diesel fuel injectors have become increasingly sophisticated and efficient in recent years. Modern diesel fuel injectors are regulated by computers, which monitor the amount of air entering the engine and regulate the amount of diesel fuel that is sprayed into the combustion chamber. Fuel injectors have also been modified slightly to accommodate the use of biodiesel fuel, which is diesel fuel made from plant and animal oils rather than from petroleum.

Biodiesels are not as powerful as petroleum-based diesel fuel, so more biodiesel fuel is required to run an engine. Hence, diesel fuel injector pumps have become more powerful and more closely integrated with the system's computer in order to ensure that the appropriate amount of fuel is delivered to the combustion cylinder.

Types of Diesel Fuel Injection Fuel injector pumps deliver an exact, measured amount of diesel to the injector under high pressure and at a specified time. Diesel engines require the delivery of the fuel by the injector directly into the cylinder or a prechamber serving the cylinder. This differs from gasoline engines. Diesel engines may be classified by types of pumps as well as delivery method and delivery location of the fuel by the injector. Fuel Injector Requirements A fine spray is necessary so that the diesel fuel vapor mixes quickly with air. This process is enhanced by the proper placement of the injector in the cylinder head. This placement requires precision in location and angle. Since the spray is consists of hot compressed air, the injection must take place late in the compression cycle of the piston just before it reaches top dead center. To achieve this function, the injector must deliver pressures as high as 29,000 psi. Direct Injection Systems Direct injection fuel systems (DI) introduce the fuel directly into the cylinder with improved performance and lower compression ratios. This makes the use of DI possible in passenger vehicles and light-duty trucks. Types of DI systems are the common rail system, radial distributor injector system and the unit-pump system and unit-injector system. The common rail system uses an independent pump and is not reliant upon engine speed. The distributor injection systems are the most common on lighter vehicles and can be controlled mechanically or electronically. Newer versions of the common rail system have reduced emissions and are being utilized in passenger vehicles.

Indirect Injection Indirect Injection Systems (IDI) operate at a higher compression ratio. This results in a more rapid mixing of air and fuel. However, these systems suffer from greater heat loss than DI systems. This is why IDI systems must have a high compression to reach the necessary temperatures. This can result in lower fuel economy. The IDI systems are usually more difficult to start and require glow plugs in the pre-chamber to provide necessary heat. Turbocharging Noise reduction, improved fuel economy and increased power are goals of diesel engine manufacturers. A method to address these issues has been the use of turbochargers. One configuration has been dual stage turbo charging. This employs two turbochargers that operate during different ranges of engine performance. The added expense of a second turbocharger has limited this technique to primarily high end diesel engines. Alloy pistons and variable geometry turbochargers are being used in an attempt to address this issue.

Diesel Injection Pump Specifications Diesel engines require a precisely metered amount of fuel, under high pressure and at the right time, delivered to the injector. Unlike their gasoline-powered counterparts, diesel engines require fuel injected indirectly into the cylinder---the job of a diesel injection pump. Diesel injection pumps are not serviceable except by a few diesel experts. Mechanical diesel injection pumps have begun to give way to alternative injection systems, such as common rail diesel systems and electronic unit direct injection systems, which comply with international emissions standards. VE Type Injection Pump VE stands for "Verteiler," German for "distributor" or "divider." The Verteiler injection pump, used in Volkswagen diesels and other small diesel engines, has one fuel metering plunger connected to a distributor that delivers the metered fuel to the correct cylinder. Inline Injection Pumps Inline diesel injection pumps do without the distributor by having one fuel metering plunger for each cylinder. The advantage of the VE pump lies in the fact that it has fewer moving parts, but the moving parts of inline injection pumps are less complex and less expensive to repair. Common Rail Direct Fuel Injection -pressure fuel pumps have given way to high-pressure alternatives, such as common rail direct fuel injection systems, which can deliver pressures of up to 26,000 lbs. per square inch. Both diesel and gasoline engines make use of common rail technology. Most

manufacturers under their own brand of this technology; for instance Fiat has the JTD, GM the CDTi, Honda the i-CTDi and Ford the TDCi, to mention a few.

Diesel Injection Pump Repair A diesel injection pump refers to a device used to pump or send fuel into the diesel engine's cylinders. Diesel injection pumps can malfunction for numerous reasons; some basic troubleshooting techniques usually resolve the problem. Air in Fuel Lines A loss of pressure results when air gets in the fuel lines of a diesel injection pump, causing engine starting or stalling problems. Bleeding the fuel system of air and checking for any leaks in the lines -- and replacing any lines as needed -- typically corrects the pump problem. Injector Clogging Diesel injectors clog over time due to fuel sediment buildup in the nozzles. Perform an injector overhaul every 100,000 to 150,000 miles, or as needed, to restore proper diesel injection pump function. Clogged Filter A clogged fuel filter can keep a diesel injection pump from gaining access to the fuel necessary to keep the engine running. The fuel filter should be regularly cleaned of any dirt or sediment and replaced.

Injection Pump Problems Injection pumps refer to devices used to pump fuel into diesel engine cylinders. Injection pumps require precise timing, a high pressure environment and the synchronization of numerous components. Issues involving any of these factors can lead to injection pump problems. Rotor Seizing The injection pump rotor, or pump component that connects to the crankshaft in the distributor section, can seize or lock up due to lack of pump lubrication. This lubrication shortage often results from a clog in the pump. Under such circumstances, the pump and fuel filters should be checked for clogs and lubrication should be added. Ruptured Diaphragm The diesel lift pump contains a diaphragm which fills with oil. A ruptured diaphragm causes the pistons to vibrate and ultimately wear down. This results in fuel bypassing the injection pump altogether, causing low or nonexistent fuel pressure. Replacing the diaphragm and any worn pistons is necessary to restore proper injection pump function. Excess Air Air entering the fuel lines due to cracks, leaks or other entry points results in excess air being pumped by the injection pump. This leads to fuel pressure loss, which can cause an engine to stall or not start altogether.

How to Troubleshoot a Diesel Fuel Injection With the complexity of today's diesel engines, the sheer number of things that can go wrong in such a system is maddening. The diesel fuel injection system is the component of the diesel engine that pumps the fuel into the engine. If this component is in some manner malfunctioning, it can reduce the performance of your engine, cause unnecessary wear, or even prevent your engine from starting. It is possible to troubleshoot a number of these problems by yourself. Instructions 1. Check for and clear any clogs in the distributor section of the fuel pump. These clogs can cause the rotor to seize. These systems use the diesel fuel itself as a lubricant. 2. Check for air in the fuel lines if you are experiencing problems either with starting the engine or you experience stalling. If air gets into the lines it results in a loss of fuel pressure in the system, thus leading to problems such as the inability to start the engine or stalling. 3. Check for corrosion on the circuit board responsible for the regulation of fuel flow into the system. Check the bottom of your injection pump for the connections. If you find significant corrosion, you may need to replace the unit. This problem results from the nature of the technology itself, with the designs on which the injection system is based being older than, and not meant for, the computer that controls it. 4. Check your fuel filter(s) for clogging. Change them if necessary. This type of routine maintenance is generally performed every 100000 to 150000 miles.

5. Check for water in the fuel system. If you find water, you will need to replace or repair the sylinator unit, which functions to remove water. Common symptoms of water in the fuel system include stalling, poor performance, and not being able to start the engine. 6. Check for a rupture of the diesel lift pump diaphragm. Signs of a rupture include wearing of the piston. Symptoms of such a rupture include a lack of fuel pressure or low pressure. 7. Check the calibration of the injection unit. If you suspect the calibration is off, recalibration is usually accomplished at a manufacturer's service center. This type of issue is usually found in new systems.

How to Tell if a Diesel Pump is Good In both diesel engines and in gasoline engines, the fuel is injected into the cylinders by a fuel pump. The pump is obviously a very important part of the engine, since without it, the cylinders would not receive any diesel fuel. If you recently purchased a diesel vehicle, or if you just have a sneaking suspicion that the pump in your diesel is going bad, there are a few ways that you can determine if the problem really is the pump. If you eliminate the problems, your fuel pump is most likely fine. Instructions 1.Listen for any moments of silence when your engine is running. Normally, you can hear a study hum of the engine running. If this sound seems to stop intermittently, the problem may be the diesel fuel pump. If your engine runs steadily, this indicates that fuel pump is running well. 2.Try to start your engine. There are different sounds that an engine makes when it is having certain problems. If the engine "cranks" -- sounds like it's trying to start, but does not -- this indicates a problem with the fuel pump. If the engine starts normally, the fuel pump is most likely good. 3. Focus on how the car runs when you are on the highway. If the vehicle responds well to your gas and break pedal, your fuel pump is functioning well. If you notice that the car slows down even when you haven't let off the gas, your fuel pump may need to be replaced. 4. Examine the fuel pump while the engine is moving. Check to make sure it is running smoothly and that there are no obvious signs of rust or mutilation.