PERFORMANCE OF TABUNG PENGOLAHAN AIR BERSIH (TPAB) IN PRODUCING CLEAN WATER KINERJA TABUNG PENGOLAH AIR BERSIH (TPAB)

DALAM MEMPRODUKSI AIR BERSIH

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Nova Gebria1 and James Nobelia2 Environmental Engineering Program, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung novagembiraa@yahoo.com1 and jnobelia@tl.itb.ac.id2

Abstract: Access to clean water is one of Indonesia's biggest problems. The fact PDAMs piped water is accessible to 30.8 percent of households in the country's cities and only 9 percent in its villages. One of the solutions is Tabung Pengolah Air Bersih (TPAB). It is portable equipment that can produce clean water using simple and applicable technology on producing clean water, so that Indonesian society can use that equipment independently. The aim of this research is to know the TPAB performance in producing clean water. TPAB is made from fiber glass with 60 L maximal capacity. To produce clean water using TAB take time 10-15 minutes. The fundamental principal of TPAB is the same with water treatment at PDAM that consist of coagulationflocculation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection process. TPAB is adding three kinds of chemical. There are Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC), sodium carbonate and chorine. Doses of each chemical depend on visual condition (color) of raw water. If raw water is more colored, higher dose of chemical will be used. In This research the performance of TPAB is observe based on six parameters: turbidity, color, pH, Fe, detergent and organic compound value, all parameters will be comparing with clean water standard No: 416/MENKES/Per/IX/1999. TPAB can produce clean water with lower value than clean water standard for each parameter. Key Words: Tabung Pengolah Air Bersih (TPAB), chemicals doses, parameters, Permenkes 416/ 1990 Abstrak:

Air bersih merupakan masalah besar di Indonesia. Fakta yang ada PDAM hanya mampu menyalurkan air bersih 30.8 persen untuk daerah perkotaan dan 9 persen untuk daerah pedesaan. Salah satu solusi adalah Tabung Pengolah Air Bersih (TPAB). TPAB merupakan alat yang

dapat dibawa/ dipindahkan yang mampu memproduksi air bersih berteknologi sederhana, tepat guna dan mudah dipakai oleh masyarakat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menilai kinerja TPAB dalam memproduksi air bersih. TPAB terbuat dari bahan fiber glass dengan kapasitas produksi maksimal sebanyak 60 L untuk satu kali pengoprasian dengan waktu pengolahan 10-15 menit. Prinsip pengolahan menggunakan TPAB pada dasarnya sama dengan pengolahan air bersih di PDAM, yaitu terdiri dari proses koagulasi-flokulasi, sedimentasi, filtrasi dan desinfeksi. Bahan kimia yang digunakan adalah Poly Alumunium Chloride (PAC), soda ash dan kaporit, dosis masing-masing bahan kimia ditentukan berdasarkan kondisi visual (warna) air baku. Semakin coklat warna/ semakin keruh air baku, semakin tinggi dosis yang digunakan.Pada penelitian ini penilaian kinerja TPAB diamati berdasarkan hasil pengukuran enam parameter: kekeruhan, warna, pH, besi, detergen, dan zat organik yang akan dibandingkan dengan Baku Mutu Air Bersih No: 416/MENKES/Per/IX/1990. TPAB dapat menghasilkan air bersih dengan kualitas yang memenuhi baku mutu untuk setiap parameter yang diteliti. Kata Kunci: Tabung Pengolah Air Bersih (TPAB), dosis bahan kimia, parameter, Permenkes 416/ 1990

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INTRODUCTION There are many Indonesian inhabitant find difficulty to full fill their need of clean water. According to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Report 2007, PDAMs piped water is accessible to 30.8 percent of households in the country's cities and 9 percent in its villages. Another fact is about tsunami disaster in Aceh, One of the wider impact of tsunami at 26 December 2004 is damaging water and electricity supplies. It shows that PDAM cannot fulfill the communitys need of clean water. PT. Bangun Tirta Mandiri as a water treatment company makes Tabung Pengolah Air Bersih (TPAB) as the answer to solve the clean water crises. The objective of this research is a proper test (using six parameters) for TPAB as new technology, in producing clean water based on Permenkes standard No: 416/MENKES/Per/IX/1990 (Table 1) Table 1 Clean Water Quality Standard
PARAMETER 1. Turbidity 2. Color 3. Iron 4. pH 5. Detergent 6. Organic Compound (KMnO4) UNIT NTU scale TCU scale mg/l mg/l mg/l MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION/LEVEL ALLOWED Clean Water Standard** 25 50 1.0 6.5 - 9.0 0.05 10

(PERMENKES No: 416/MENKES/Per/IX/1990)

Tabung Pengolah Air Bersih (TPAB) is portable equipment that can produce clean water using simple and applicable technology. The main objection of TPAB is to supply enough clean water for the community with safe quality for human health to fulfill the basic requirements. The source of raw water that can be processed using TPAB is surface water such as river, reservoir/ lake, deep and shallow ground water. TPAB made from fiber glass with 50 centimeter of diameter and 110 cm of height. TPAB picture is shown at Figure 1. The fundamental principle of TPAB is the same as water treatment in PDAM that consist of coagulation-flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection process. Coagulation is a chemical process which is used to decrease colloid particles in the water. This colloid particle cannot be settled by itself and difficult to physically treat. Through the coagulation process, the stability of colloid particle declined, so the soft flock will be formed and fuse through the flocculation process (Eckenfelder, 1985) Flocculation is the action of polymers to form bridges between the flocks and bind the particles into large agglomerates or clumps. In this process it is essential that the flocculating agent be added by slow and gentle mixing to allow for contact between the small flocks and to agglomerate them into larger particles. This process makes the charge colloid particles become neutral. The neutralization of this coagulant only happens if the concentration of the coagulant is enough to produce Van Der Walls force among the particles (Eckenfelder, 1985).

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Figure 1 Tabung Pengolah Air Bersih (TPAB) TPAB use PAC as coagulant. Poly aluminum chlorides are synthetic polymers dissolved in water. The possible slightly higher unit price of PAC is compensated by a lower dosage requirement, shorter flocculation time, smaller amount of sludge, reduced number of back washing steps, higher quality of the treated water. Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda or soda ash), Na2CO3, is a sodium salt of carbonic acid. Sodium carbonate is used in TPAB process; it is used as a pH regulator to maintain stable alkaline conditions necessary for the action of the majority of developing agents. It is a common additive in municipal pools used to neutralize the acidic effects of chlorine and raise pH. Chlorine (Ca(OCl)2) is added as disinfectant to kill any pathogens which pass through the filters. Sedimentation follows generally a step of chemical coagulation and flocculation, which allows grouping particles together into flocks of a bigger size. This increases the settling speed of suspended solids and allows settling colloids. Sedimentation is a physical water treatment process used to settle out suspended solids in water under the influence of gravity. The water is filtered as the final step to remove remaining suspended particles and unsettled flock. TPAB use the most common type of filter is a rapid sand filter. Water moves vertically through sand which often has a layer of activated carbon or anthracite coal above the sand. The top layer removes organic compounds, which contribute to taste and odor. Silica sand (SiO2) is used as filter media in TPAB. To clean the filter, water is passed quickly upward through the filter, opposite the normal direction (called back flushing or backwashing) to remove embedded particles. Backwash process is needed when the TPAB have not been used more than one month or if the water treated is turbid or colored.

METHODOLOGY
Raw Water Determining the parameters that will be measured in this research, it uses raw water from Kalimalang River, Jakarta. Water samples, used for the research, are taken from Kalimalang River, Jakarta and Sungai Citarum, Bandung with grab sample method.

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Each of raw water has to be identified based on the visual condition as illustrated at Figure 2. The raw water will be measured for turbidity, color, pH, iron, detergent and organic
compound as the characteristic of raw water.

Figure 2 Category of Raw Water Visual Condition Determining Chemicals Dose The chemical dose for every category (No 1 until No 4) is different, it use syringe of hand spray standard (given by PT. Tirta Mandiri). It shows at Table 2. The more intense the color of the water is, the higher the doses of the chemical that will be used. The concentration for PAC and sodium carbonate is 200.000 ppm (1ml= 200 mg), and for Chlorine (Ca(OCl)2)
concentration is 20.000 ppm (1ml= 20 mg).

Table 2 Chemical Dose According to Raw Water Category

Visual Raw Water Condition No Rather Colored 1 Colored 2 3 4 More Colored Vary Colored 20-24 spray 25-30 spray 13-17 s spray 18-22 spray 5-6 spray 7-8 spray 15-19 spray 8-12 spray 3-4 spray 10-14 spray PAC Sodium Carbonate 3-7 spray Chlorine 1-2 spray

(Tobing, 2004) Tabung Pengolah Air Bersih (TPAB) Process The water treatment process begins with coagulation-flocculation process by adding PAC and sodium carbonate as coagulant. The mixing process is done manually by using PVC pipe with a diameter of inch and a height of 80 centimeter for one minute. That process is done clock wise. To settle down the flocks in sedimentation process, needs time ten minutes. For the filtration process, the water flows through filtration media with opening the hubcap. After all water treatment is done, clean water will be produced. Figure 3 is illustrated the cross profile appearance of TPAB.

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Figure 3 Cross Profile Appearance of TPAB Clean water process in TPAB (Tobing, 2004): 1. Enter sixty liter of raw water in TPAB 2. Spray the chemicals (PAC, Sodium Carbonate and Chlorine) is based on the visual condition of raw water that will be processed in TPAB 3. Do the mixing Process for one minute and done clock wise 4. Let the water for around ten minutes for sedimentation process 5. Open tap number 1 and number 3, after that intercept and retain falling water from TPAB using pail. Laboratory Characteristics Examination The water treated will be analyzed for turbidity using turbidity meter; color by comparing
with color standard of Pt- Co solution; pH is measured with pH-meter; iron uses the Phenantrolinespectrofotometri method; detergent is measured by anionic surfactant reacts with methyl blue and forms blue colored ionic pair that is dissolved in organic solvent, the intensity of the blue color that is formed is measured with spectrophotometer with 610 nm wave length; .and organic compound

measuring with permanganate number. TPAB Performance TPAB's performance will be evaluated based on turbidity, color, pH, iron, detergent and organic compound value. All the value will be compared with Standard of Clean Water No. 416/MENKES/Per/IX/1990. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Kalimalang River is used as reference to determaind the parameters which are the focus of this reaserce, because TPAB is observe using raw water from this river. So, it is assume for TPAB reaserce have to be based on the rivers characteristic. The characteristic of raw water of Kalimalang River, Jakarta is shown in Table 3

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Table 3 Raw Water Characteristic of Kalimalang River No 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Parameter Phycsic odor TDS Turbidity colour Conductivity Chemical Iron ( Fe) Flouride (F) Hardness (CaCO3) cholide (Cl ) Manganese (Mn) Nitrate (NO3- N) Nitrite (NO2- N) pH Sulphate (SO4) Detergent Organic Compound (KMnO4) Chord Remaining
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unit mg/L NTU TCU uS/cm mg/ L mg/ L mg/ L mg/ L mg/ L mg/ L mg/ L mg/ L mg/ L mg/ L mg/ L mg/ L

Clean water standard 1500 25

50

Research result
No odor 155 339 40 224 15.62 0.089 75.89 11.7 0.26 1.18 0.023 7.02 46.41 1.56 16.1

1.0 1.5 500 600 0.5 10 1.0 6.5-9.0 400 0.5 10 -

0 (Environmental Engineering ITB laboratory)

Founded on Table 3, this reaserch is only concerd with turbidity, iron, detergent and organic compound parameters. pH and color is mesured for reference to produce clean water with TPAB. Observance of TPAB is using raw water has a source from Kalimalang River, Jakarta and Citarum River. The characteristic of it, is shown in Table 4 Table 4 Raw Water Measurement Result
No 1 2 3 4 5 6 Parameter Turbidity Color pH Iron Detergent Organic Compound (KMnO4) Unit NTU TCU mg/l mg/l mg/l Raw Water Kalimalang River Citarum River 339 74 40 30 7.02 8.51 15.62 2.569 1.56 0.952 16.1 14.18

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The measurement result shows that Kalimalang and Citarum River are polluted, it cannot use as clean water to fulfill communitys water demand. So, it needs treatment before it is used. In TPAB procedure raw water has to be classified base on the visual condition (Figure 2) to determine the chemical doses. Sample water from Kalimalang River was very colored, so it belongs to visual condition No. 4, whereas Citarum River was colored, belongs to No. 2. To convert the amount of spray in to milliliter, the chemical solution is then sprayed in the measuring tube. The chemicals doses for each sample to be showed in Table 5 below Table 5 The Chemical Dose
Chemical PAC Sodium Carbonate Chlorine Dose (mg/l) Kalimalang River Citarum River 17.33 8.23 11.73 6.4 0.54 0.24

Kalimalang raw water has more intense color. Because of that, it will be used higher doses of the chemical than Citarum raw water for purifying process. After processing with the TPAB was completed, the result of the water is then tested in the laboratory to determine the value of each parameter. The result will be compared with Standard of Clean Water No. 416/MENKES/Per/IX/1990. Water that is proper to be used as clean water, have to appropriate with that standard. In order that to guaranty the community use healthy water to fulfill their clean water demand. While the laboratory measurement results, using TPAB, are illustrated in Figure 4 for Kalimalang River and Figure 5 for Citarum River

Figure 4 Kalimalang Water Measurement Result WS4- 7

Figure 5 Citarum Water Measurement Result The measurement result shows that all the parameters, which are researched, give a good result, not only for raw water from Kalimalang but also Citarum River. Which mean the value of water treated is lower than clean water standard to fulfill community's need of clean water and safe to consume as clean water. That shows that TPAB is the proper system to be used for production of clean water. Knowing how effective TPAB reduce the value of each parameter (percentage) for both of water samples, it can see in Figure 6

Figure 6 Percent Removal for Each Parameter WS4- 8

TPAB is able to decrease the turbidity with significant value (Kalimalang River: 98.98% and Citarum 91.22%), because basically TPAB use Coagulation-Flocculation that effective to reduce the physic parameter. Turbidity in that water is caused by suspended and colloidal matter such as clay, silt, finely divided organic and inorganic matter and plankton and other microscopic organism. Because both of that river are located in the center of the city, so there is a high amount of industrial and domestic waste that is thrown into the rivers. Percent removal of color for Kalimalang River is 75 % and Citarum River is 41.67%. The color of water is related to the esthetic. If the clean water is colored it can be the indicated that the water contain of toxic substances. Besides that disinfectant process with Cl2 adding into the colored water, it can produce trihalometan compound (chloroform) which is carcinogenic. The limitation of pH value because it can involve the taste, corrosive of water, clean water and chlorination efficiency process. Coagulant adding, PAC, makes pH in water decrease, so that in TPAB process also added sodium carbonate for increasing pH near neutral condition. Percent removal of pH for Kalimalang River is 8.83 % and Citarum River is 15.98%. TPAB can produce clean water with a neutral pH. In water dissolved iron is mainly present as Fe (OH)2+. Iron removal from water is carried out in clean water, because mineral water contains high amounts of iron ions. These influence water colour, odours and turbidity. By sand filtration in TPAB, iron concentration can be removed. The existence of iron in clean water have to be limited because it can disturb the used of that water, such as for washing cloth will make the cloth stained came from iron settlement. Iron compounds may have a more serious effect upon health than the relatively harmless element itself. TPAB can decrease 99.28 % for Kalimalang River and 87.58% for Citarum River. TPAB also make a significant decrease of detergent and organic compound. Percent removal of detergent is 96.86 %t and for Citarum is 61.66%. Detergent has colloid characteristic, PAC and sodium carbonate adding can produce flock, so it can settle down in sedimentation process. In clean water detergent concentration has to be limited because is carcinogenic and also caused odor and bed tease. TPAB can decrease the concentration of organic water, for organic compound is 76.45% for Kalimalang River and for 59.10% Citarum River. The sources of organic compound are from industrial and human activity, decomposition process. The organic compound with higher molecular weight has higher removal affinity in coagulation process. Flocks, which are producing from coagulation and flocculation process, can absorb organic compound in water. CONCLUSION Tabung Pengolah Air Bersih (TPAB) can decrease the turbidity, color, pH, iron, detergent and organic compound values in raw water comply with Standard of Clean Water No: 416/MENKES/Per/IX/1990. The percent removal of each parameter from Kalimalang River is 98.98% for turbidity, 75% for color, 8.83% for pH, 99.28 for iron, 96.86 for detergent, 76.45% for organic compound. The percent removal of each parameter from Citarum River is 91.22% for

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turbidity, 41.67% for color, 15.98% for pH, 87.58% for iron, 61.66% for detergent, 59.10% for organic compound. TPAB can be one of alternative equipment to produce clean water with simple and applicable technology. Reference
Eckenfelder. 1985. Industrial Water Pollution Control. McGraw Hill: New York Kawamura, Susumu. 1976. Consideration on Improving Flocculation Journal. American Water Works: UK Society Masschelein, Will J. 1992. Unit Processes in Drinking Water Treatment. Marchel Dekker, INC: New York Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Report. 2007. Access to clean Water: A problem for Indonesia. National Development Planning Board Standard Quality of Clean Water PERMENKES No. 416/MENKES/PERK/IX/1990 Tobing. 2004. Guidelines of Tabung Pengolahan Air Bersih. PT. Bangun Tirta Mandiri: Jakarta

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