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EIGRP
EIGRP Message Format
EIGRP packet header - contains AS number Type/Length/Field - data portion of EIGRP message
EIGRP
EIGRP packet header contains
EIGRP
TLV: IP internal contains Metric field Subnet mask field Destination field TLV: IP external contains Fields used when external routes are imported into EIGRP routing process
EIGRP
Protocol Dependent Modules (PDM)
EIGRP uses PDM to route several different protocols i.e. IP, IPX & AppleTalk PDMs are responsible for the specific routing task for each network layer protocol
EIGRP
Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP)
Purpose of RTP
Used by EIGRP to transmit and receive EIGRP packets
Characteristics of RTP
Involves both reliable & unreliable delivery of EIGRP packet Reliable delivery requires acknowledgment from destination Unreliable delivery does not require an acknowledgement from destination Packets can be sent Unicast Multicast using address 224.0.0.10
EIGRP
Update packets
Used to propagate routing information Used to acknowledge receipt of update, query & reply packets
Acknowledgement packets
EIGRP
Hello Protocol
Holdtime
This is the maximum time router should wait before declaring a neighbor down Default holdtime 3 times hello interval
A partial update includes only the route information that has changed the whole routing table is NOT sent When a route changes, only those devices that are impacted will be notified of the change
Bounded update
EIGRP
Purpose
EIGRPs primary method for preventing routing loops
EIGRP
Administrative Distance (AD)
Defined as the trustworthiness of the source route Summary routes = 5 Internal routes = 90 Imported routes = 170
EIGRP
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Tabela suseda
Sadri listu svih susednih rutera - slino adjacency tabeli kod OSPF-a Susedni ruteri periodino razmenjuju hello pakete U hello paketu svaki sused oglaava hold period vreme za koje je susedstvo aktivno bez dobijanja novog hello paketa
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Protokoli i ureaji za rutiranje
Tabela topologije
Tabela koja sadri sva dobijena odredita Na osnovu tabele topologije DUAL algoritam odreuje najbolje rute i stavlja ih u tabelu rutiranja
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Tabela topologije
Polja u tabeli topologije - Feasible distance (FD) - Reported distance (RD) - Route Source - Interface information - Route status * Passive (P) * Active (A)
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Protokoli i ureaji za rutiranje
EIGRP koncept
Svaki EIGRP ruter sadri tabelu topologije za svaki konfigurisani mreni protokol. Sve nauene rute ka odreditu nalaze se u tabeli topologije.
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Pojam successor-a
Successor je nabolja ruta prema odreditu - Successor rute se stavljaju u tabelu rutiranja - moe biti do 4 Successor rute Feasible Successor (FS) je druga najbolja ruta - ako interfejs Successor rute padne i ako postoji FS on se odmah instalira u tabelu rutiranja - da bi ruta postala FS njen RD mora biti manji od FD Successor-a - ako interfejs Successor rute padne i ne postoji FS, ruter stavlja rutu u Active stanje i pita sve susedne rutere za to odredite
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EIGRP tehnologije
Uspostavljanje susedstva - RIP/IGRP alju i primaju ogalaavanja bez uspostavljanja susedstva - susedni ruteri meusobno razmenjuju hello poruke (default na svakih 5 sekundi) - putem susedstva, ruteri - primaju nove rute - identifikuju kada su drugi ruteri nedostupni - otkrivaju kada je ruter koji je bio nedostupan ponovo aktivan
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EIGRP tehnologije
Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP) - protokoli transportnog nivoa koji garantuje pouzdan prenos informacija izmeu suseda - EIGRP ne koristi TCP zato to mora biti nezavisan od konkretnog Layer 3 protokola - neki paketi se prenose nepouzdano (npr. hello) dok se same informacije o rutama prenose na pouzdan nain
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EIGRP tehnologije
Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) - pun naziv je DUAL finite-state machine (FSM) - algoritam kalkulacije ruta - ulaz u algoritam su tabela suseda i topologije - izlaz su Successor i Feasible Successor rute - obezbeuje da je svaka ruta loop- free
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Protokoli i ureaji za rutiranje
EIGRP tehnologije
Protocol-dependent Modules (PDM) - EIGRP je napravljen da podri rutiranje bilo kog Layer3 protokola preko posebnih modula - trenutno postoje moduli za IP, IPX i AppleTalk - funkcije IP modula 1. slanje/prijem EIGRP paketa koji nose IP podatke 2. notifikacija DUAL maine o novim IP informacijama 3. ubacivanje ruta koje je izraunao DUAL u IP tabelu rutiranja 4. redistribucija ruta nauenih od drugih IP protokola za rutiranje
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Uspostavljanje susedstva
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EIGRP
system number)
Enables interfaces to transmit & receive EIGRP updates Includes network or subnet in EIGRP updates Router(config-router)#network networkaddress
Example
Verifying EIGRP
EIGRP routers must establish adjacencies with their neighbors before any updates can be sent or received
show ip eigrp neighbors
EIGRP
The show ip protocols command is also used to verify that EIGRP is enabled
EIGRP will automatically include a null0 summary route as child route when 2 conditions are met
1. At least one subnet is learned via EIGRP 2. Automatic summarization is enabled
K5
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One or subnets exists that was learned via EIGRP Automatic summarization is enabled
Manual Summarization
Manual summarization can include supernets
Reason: EIGRP is a classless routing protocol & include subnet mask in update
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Tabela suseda
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Kreiranje ruta
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Izbor rute
Ako link padne, DUAL trai alternativne puteve, ili feasible successor, u tabeli topologije Ako nema feasible successor, ruta se stavlja u Active stanje, ili se oznai kao beskorisna Query paketi se alju susednim ruterima i trai se podatak o topologiji. DUAL koristi tu informaciju da ponovo izrauna successor i feasible successor ka odreditu.
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Protokoli i ureaji za rutiranje
DUAL Concepts
The Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) is used to prevent looping
DUAL Concepts
Successor
The best least cost route to a destination found in the routing table
Feasible distance
The lowest calculated metric along a path to a destination network
Feasible Successors
Feasible Successor
This is a loop free backup route to same destination as successor route
DUAL Concepts
EIGRP Topology Table dissected
DUAL Concepts
Topology Table: No Feasible Successor
A feasible successor may not be present because the feasibility condition may not be met -In other words, the reported distance of the neighbor is greater than or equal to the current feasible distance
DUAL Concepts
Finite Sate Machine (FSM)
An abstract machine that defines a set of possible states something can go through, what event causes those states and what events result form those states FSMs are used to describe how a device, computer program, or routing algorithm will react to a set of input events
DUAL Concepts
DUAL FSM
Selects a best loopfree path to a destination Selects alternate routes by using information in EIGRP tables
DUAL Concepts
Finite State Machines (FSM) To examine output from EIGRPs finite state machine us the debug eigrp fsm command
Provera EIGRP-a
show ip eigrp topology alllinks prikaz svih ruta, ne samo feasible successor-a show ip eigrp traffic [asnumber] prikaz poslatih i primljenih EIGRP paketa; mogue je zadati broj AS
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Provera EIGRP-a
show ip eigrp neighbors [type number] [details] prikaz EIGRP tabele suseda; type i number se koriste za definisanje interfejsa show ip eigrp interfsces [type number] [as-number] [details] prikaz informacija o svakom interfejsu; opcije slue za zadavanje odreenog interfejsa
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Protokoli i ureaji za rutiranje
Provera EIGRP-a
show ip eigrp topology [asnumber | [ip-address] mask]] prikaz svih feasible successor-a; mogunost zadavanja ip adrese odreene mree show ip eigrp topology [active | pending| zero-successors] prikaz svih rutera koji su aktivni, koji alju ili nsu bez successor-a u zavisnosti od traene opcije
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Protokoli i ureaji za rutiranje
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Troubleshooting
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6.
7.
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Analizirati pad mree, jasno definisati problem. Izolovati mogue uzroke pada mree. Razmotriti nastale probleme na osnovu injenica o stanju mree. Sastaviti plan akcije shodno problemu. Primeniti plan akcije, korak po korak, i videti da li se problem reava. Analizirati rezultate bez obzira na to da li je problem reen. Ako jeste, proces je gotov. Ako problem nije reen, kreirati novi plan akcije zasnovan na drugoj grupi moguih problema. Vratiti se na korak 4, menjati jednu po jednu promenljivu, i tako sve dok se problem ne rei. Kada se jednom pojavi problem, obavezno ga reiti do kraja.
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Protokoli i ureaji za rutiranje
Troubleshooting EIGRP
show ip eigrp neighbors prikaz useda za koje je ruter saznao preko EIGRP-a i poslednje resetovanje suseda show ip eigrp topology prikaz tabele topologije, aktivnih i pasivnih ruta, broj successor-a i feasible distance show ip route eigrp poslednji upisi u tabelu rutiranja (EIGRP) show ip protocols parametri i stanje aktivnih routing procesa, broj autonomnog sistema, redistribuciju, informacije o susedima i o rastojanju
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Protokoli i ureaji za rutiranje
Troubleshooting EIGRP
show ip eigrp neighbors prikazuje broj EIGRP paketa koji su poslati i primljeni, statistiku hello poruka, update-ova, queryja, reply-ja i potvrda eigrp log-neighbor-changes prikaz kada su susedi resetovani i zato debug eigrp fsm prikaz primljenih i poslatih paketa sa interfejsa
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Requires the use of the redistribute static command to disseminate default route in EIGRP updates
Fine-Tuning EIGRP
EIGRP bandwidth utilization By default, EIGRP uses only up to 50% of interface bandwidth for EIGRP information The command to change the percentage of bandwidth used by EIGRP is
Router(config-if)#ip bandwidth-percent eigrp asnumber percent
Changing the hello interval also requires changing the hold time to a value greater than or equal to the hello interval
Router(config-if)#ip hold-time eigrp as-number seconds
Summary
EIGRP terms and characteristics
EIGPR uses RTP to transmit & receive EIGRP packets EIGRP has 5 packet type:
Hello packets Update packets Acknowledgement packets Query packets Reply packets
Summary
EIGRP terms and characteristics
EIGRP uses a hello protocol Purpose of hello protocol is to discover & establish adjacencies EIGRP routing updates Aperiodic Partial and bounded Fast convergence
Summary
EIGRP commands
The following commands are used for EIGRP configuration RtrA(config)#router eigrp [autonomoussystem #] RtrA(config-router)#network network-number The following commands can be used to verify EIGRP Show ip protocols Show ip eigrp neighbors Show ip route
Summary
EIGRP metrics include
Summary
DUAL
Purpose of DUAL To prevent routing loops Successor Primary route to a destination Feasible successor Backup route to a destination Feasible distance Lowest calculated metric to a destination Reported distance The distance towards a destination as advertised by an upstream neighbor
Summary
Choosing the best route
After router has received all updates from directly connected neighbors, it can calculate its DUAL 1st metric is calculated for each route 2nd route with lowest metric is designated successor & is placed in routing table 3rd feasible successor is found Criteria for feasible successor: it must have lower reported distance to the destination than the installed routes feasible distance Feasible routes are maintained in topology table
Summary
Automatic summarization
On by default Summarizes routes on classful boundary Summarization can be disabled using the following command RtrA(config-if)#no auto-summary