ARTICLE IN PRESS

Building and Environment 42 (2007) 730742 www.elsevier.com/locate/buildenv

Thermal performance of bedrooms in a multi-storey residential building in southern Brazil

Enedir Ghisi, Ricardo Felipe Massignani
polis-SC 88040-900, Brazil Laboratory of Energy Efciency in Buildings, Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Floriano Received 1 June 2005; accepted 28 October 2005

Abstract This paper presents a methodology used to compare the thermal performance of bedrooms in a multi-storey residential building polis, southern Brazil. Air temperature was recorded over a 29-day period in eight unoccupied bedrooms located on located in Floriano two oors and four orientations. The assessment involved the measurement of absorptance of the colour of external surfaces, calculation of thermal properties of walls and windows, drawing of shading on the windows, correlation between external and internal temperatures, and correlation between temperature differences and thermal properties. The main conclusion that can be made from the research is that U-value and fac - ade area are the two variables that show the best correlation with maximum air temperatures and therefore should be minimised in order to improve thermal conditions over summer; and that thermal capacity and thermal time lag are the two variables that show the best correlation with minimum air temperatures and should be maximised to improve thermal conditions over winter. r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Thermal performance; Bedrooms; Multi-storey residential buildings

1. Introduction Thermal performance of dwellings has been a matter of concern in many countries. Some research have been performed by Givoni [1] to evaluate the inuence of mass and night ventilation in lowering indoor temperatures in Pala, USA; by Kru ger and Givoni [2] to predict thermal performance in three occupied low-cost houses in Curitiba, Brazil; by Cheng et al. [3] to evaluate the effect of envelope colour and thermal mass on thermal performance in Hong Kong, China. Studies on building envelope design in order to improve thermal performance and decrease energy consumption have also been reported by Oral et al. [4], nver et al. [5], Al-Sanea [6] to quote just a few. Such a U research eld is very important as the energy consumption of buildings is associated with their thermal performance. The worst the thermal performance, the highest the energy consumption for air-conditioning. This article contributes on the subject as it assesses the thermal performance of
Corresponding author. Tel.: +55 48 3331 5185; fax: +55 48 3331 5191.

E-mail address: enedir@labeee.ufsc.br (E. Ghisi). 0360-1323/$ - see front matter r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.10.026

bedrooms in a multi-storey residential building located in polis, state of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Floriano Fig. 1 shows that the electricity consumption in polis has been increasing and the residential sector Floriano is the major consumer. The electricity consumption in the residential sector alone in 2002 was almost four times as high as in 1980. In the year 2002, the residential sector was responsible for consuming as much as 47.4% of the total polis (Fig. 2). Such a electricity consumed in Floriano percentage is much higher than the national average, which is 27% [8]. polis is that the Another matter of concern in Floriano number of ats located in multi-storey residential buildings is higher than in many other cities located in Santa Catarina. Fig. 3 shows that the average percentage of ats in Brazil and also in the state of Santa Catarina is lower polis it reaches almost 31%. than 10%, while in Floriano This trend is observed in cities located on the coast and in polis, which is the capital of Santa Catarina and a Floriano summer resort. From what was explained above, it can be seen that the polis should be thermal performance of ats in Floriano

ARTICLE IN PRESS
E. Ghisi, R. Felipe Massignani / Building and Environment 42 (2007) 730742
400 300 200 100 0 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 Year Residential sector Government buildings Industrial sector Commercial sector Others Number of consumers 2002 180000 135000 90000 45000 0 Number of consumers

731

Electricity consumption (GWh)

0.03 and the participation on the electricity consumption represents 2% over summer [8]. 2. Objectives The main objective of this article is to present the methodology used to compare the thermal performance of eight unoccupied bedrooms in a multi-storey residential polis, southern Brazil. The building located in Floriano bedrooms are located on the fth and fteenth oor, and are southeast-, northeast-, southwest- and northwestoriented. 3. The climate

polis between 1980 and 2002. Fig. 1. Electricity consumption in Floriano Source: Based on Celesc [7].

Government buildings 9.0%

Others 7.5%

Industrial 3.1% Residential 47.4%

Commercial 33.0%
polis in 2002. Fig. 2. Electricity consumption per sector in Floriano Source: Based on Celesc [7].

polis is a small island located very close to the Floriano coast of the state of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. It is located at the latitude 271360 south and longitude 481330 west, and it is under hot-humid climatic conditions. Fig. 4 shows a map of Brazil indicating the location of polis. Floriano Knowing the climatic conditions of the site where a building is going to be built should be regarded as an important condition to improve its thermal performance. polis can be seen Variation of air temperature for Floriano in Fig. 5. It can be observed that maximum temperatures can be higher than 35 1C from December to March, and minimum temperatures can be lower than 5 1C between June and September. As for the relative humidity, the average gures range from 81% to 85% along the year (Fig. 6). 4. The building The building selected for the analysis is a multi-storey residential one, composed of 18 oors (including basement, ground oor, garage, and a penthouse), with a total built area of almost 11,000 m2. Fig. 7 shows the southwest and southeast views of the building, which is located in the city centre. From the third to the fteenth oor there are eight ats per oor. Fig. 8 shows the oor plan with the indication of the bedrooms selected to be monitored (Fig. 8a) and the solar chart with the indication of the north orientation (Fig. 8b). 5. The bedrooms This section presents the oor plan and the solar chart for the window and external wall of the bedrooms that were selected to be monitored. 5.1. Solar charts Fig. 9 shows the solar charts for the four orientations, where the period of the year and day in which sunshine is likely to reach the wall and window can be seen.

Houses 100 80 Percentage 60 40 20 Florianpolis

Flats

Rio do Sul

Sombrio

Santa Catarina

Joinville

Piarras

Brazil

Lages

Location
Fig. 3. Percentage of houses and ats in Brazil, in the state of Santa Catarina and in some cities located in Santa Catarina. Source: Based on IBGE [9].

focused in order to avoid extra energy consumption for airconditioning. The saturation of air-conditioning sets in the residential sector of Brazil is as low as 0.08, however the electricity consumption for air-conditioning represents as much as 14% of all electricity consumed over summer [8]. In southern Brazil, the saturation of air-conditioning sets is

Vidal Ramos

ARTICLE IN PRESS
732 E. Ghisi, R. Felipe Massignani / Building and Environment 42 (2007) 730742

polis. Fig. 4. Map of Brazil and Floriano

maximum 40 Air temperature (Celsius)

average

minimum 100 Relative humidity (%) 80 60 40 20 0 Jan

maximum

average

minimum

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Feb May Jul Apr Aug Sep Jun Jan Oct Nov Mar Dec

Mar

May

Aug

Month
polis [10]. Fig. 5. Air temperature for Floriano

Month
polis [10]. Fig. 6. Relative humidity for Floriano

5.2. Southeast and northwest bedrooms The southeast and northwest bedrooms present the same dimensions and shape. They have only one external wall with two thicknesses: 15 and 25 cm. Figs. 10 and 11 show the oor plan of the southeast and northwest bedrooms, respectively. 5.3. Northeast bedrooms

5.4. Southwest bedrooms These bedrooms also have two external walls; the wall with window is southwest oriented and the other is northwest oriented. Fig. 13 shows the oor plan of these bedrooms. The wall thickness below the window sill and above the window ranges from 18 to 45 cm. On the band from 1.05 to 2.25 m the wall thickness is 15 cm. 6. Methodology

These bedrooms have two external walls; the wall with window is northeast oriented and the other is northwest oriented. The northeast wall has a balcony and is 15 cm thick; the northwest is 15 and 25 cm thick. Fig. 12 shows the oor plan of the northeast bedrooms.

6.1. Period of data collection The eight bedrooms were monitored over 29 daysfrom 3 November 2003 to 1 December 2003and were

Nov

Dec

Feb

Apr

Jun

Jul

Sep

Oct

ARTICLE IN PRESS
E. Ghisi, R. Felipe Massignani / Building and Environment 42 (2007) 730742 733

(a)

(b)

Fig. 7. Southwest and southeast views of the building: (a) southwest view; (b) southeast view.

Southwest bedroom

Northwest bedroom

Northeast bedroom

(a) N

Southeast bedroom

(b)
Fig. 8. Floor plan with indication of the monitored bedrooms and solar chart: (a) oor plan; (b) solar chart indicating the north orientation.

ARTICLE IN PRESS
734 E. Ghisi, R. Felipe Massignani / Building and Environment 42 (2007) 730742

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Fig. 9. Solar charts for the four orientations: (a) southeast wall; (b) northeast wall; (c) southwest wall; (d) northwest wall.

25

15

A = 9.06 m2

15

A=11.05 m2 15 25

Fig. 10. Floor plan of the southeast bedrooms. Fig. 12. Floor plan of the northeast bedrooms.

25

15

25

15

A = 9.06 m2

45

A = 10.91 m2

Fig. 11. Floor plan of the northwest bedrooms.

Fig. 13. Floor plan of the southwest bedrooms.

unoccupied. Over the rst eight days of monitoring there were no glasses on the windows of the bedrooms located on the fth oor as the building was being nished. 6.2. Equipment and calibration Air temperature and relative humidity were collected simultaneously in the bedrooms and outside. Such data were registered by HOBO portable data loggers as shown

in Fig. 14. The data logger placed outside the building was protected from solar radiation and rain. The data loggers were programmed by using the computer programme Boxcar Pro 4-Onset. The same programme was used to download the data to a computer. The data were registered every ten minutes over the 29-day period. In order to avoid errors due to different response from each data logger, they were calibrated. All the nine data

18

ARTICLE IN PRESS
E. Ghisi, R. Felipe Massignani / Building and Environment 42 (2007) 730742 735

Fig. 14. HOBO portable data logger.

Fig. 15. Detail of a measurement using the white paper method.

loggers were programmed to register air temperature and relative humidity every ten minutes over a 24-hour period and were placed in a polystyrene box for 24 hours. The data were downloaded into a computer and average gures were calculated. Results from one data logger were taken as reference gures and eventual discrepancies for the other data loggers were then considered when processing the data obtained during the monitoring of the bedrooms. 6.3. Location of equipment One data logger was installed in the centre of each bedroom at 1.70 m from oor level. The data loggers were attached to a nylon thread that was stuck on the ceiling. 6.4. Absorptance of external surfaces As the colour of the external surfaces affect the amount of solar radiation that will be absorbed, it was deemed appropriate to estimate the absorptance of such surfaces, which are beige and light brown. Due to the lack of adequate equipment, the absorptances were estimated by using the white paper method, which has already been used by Ghisi [11], giving reliable results. To apply the method, a luxmeter and a sheet of white paper are needed. The photocell of the luxmeter is turned towards the surface whose absorptance is wanted and kept about 10 cm distant from it. The illuminance level that is reected from the surface is measured (Fig. 15); then the surface is covered with the sheet of white paper and the illuminance level that is reected is measured again. Assuming a known reectance for the white paper, the reectance of the surface can be calculated by using Eq. (1). r E c 90 , Ep (1)

where r is the reectance of the surface (%), Ec is the illuminance reected by the surface (lux), Ep is the illuminance reected by the white paper (lux), and 90 is the reectance assumed for the white paper (%). This method was applied on site and eight sets of measurements were performed for each colour (beige and light brown). The reectance of each colour was obtained by calculating an average for the eight values. The absorptances were then calculated by using Eq. (2). a 100 r, (2)

where a is the absorptance of the surface (%), and r is the reectance of the surface (%). 6.5. Thermal properties of walls As the walls present different thicknesses, some thermal properties were calculated in order to allow for a better comparison between the different bedrooms. U-value, thermal capacity and thermal time lag were calculated following the procedure presented by the Brazilian standard NBR 15220-2 [12] and ISO 6946 [13]. The walls are composed of hollowed clay bricks and mortar; some walls are two bricks thick. Glasses are laminated and their thermal properties were given by the manufacturer. 6.6. Shading of windows In order to identify when there is solar radiation reaching the windows, shadows provided by external obstructions such as balconies and buildings were drawn over solar charts for each bedroom. A solar chart for the latitude 281 south was used.

ARTICLE IN PRESS
736 E. Ghisi, R. Felipe Massignani / Building and Environment 42 (2007) 730742

6.7. Analysis of data In order to compare the thermal performance of the eight bedrooms some evaluations were performed, such as: (a) Correlation between internal and external temperatures; (b) The inuence of the orientation by comparing internal and external temperatures; (c) The inuence of the oor by comparing internal and external temperatures; (d) The inuence of the previous hours of external temperatures on the internal temperatures; (e) Comparison of daily minimum temperatures; (f) Comparison of daily maximum temperatures; (g) Correlation between temperature and thermal properties, such as (1) U-value, (2) thermal capacity, (3) thermal time lag, (4) absorptance, (5) fac - ade area, (6) number of sunshine hours, (7) product of absorptance, fac - ade area and number of sunshine hours, (8) product of U-value and fac - ade area, (9) product of U-value and window area, and (10) product of thermal capacity and fac - ade area. 7. Results 7.1. Absorptance of the external surfaces By applying the white paper method, the absorptance of the external surfaces were calculated. These are shown in Table 1. As for the glass used on the windows, its absorptance is 62%, as given by the manufacturer. The beige colour nishing occurs on walls 15 cm thick, and the light brown on 18, 25 and 45 cm thick. 7.2. Thermal properties Table 2 shows the U-value, thermal capacity and thermal time lag calculated for the four types of walls and also for the glass panes. As the bedrooms have walls with different thicknesses and colour, weighted averages were calculated for the Uvalue, thermal capacity, thermal time lag and absorptance considering all the external surfaces of each bedroom, including the window. Table 3 shows the results as well as the area of external surfaces for each bedroom.

7.3. Shading of windows Figs. 1619 show the shading on the window of the bedrooms, the apparent sun movement and the period (band near December) in which the bedrooms were monitored. It can be observed that in the southeast orientation (Fig. 16), the shading produced by external barriers does not avoid sun beams from reaching the window in the morning. This is good as the morning sun is not too harsh. The problem about these bedrooms is that there will be scarcely any sunshine reaching the window over the winter, when sunshine is desired. Southeast windows are reached by sun beams for about 6.5 h a day in November. Fig. 17 shows the shading on the windows of the northeast bedrooms located on the fth and fteenth oor. The shading is due to the balcony and a wall on the left to the balcony. This helps to avoid sunshine on the window after about 10 or 11 a.m. depending on the time of year. The total number hours of sun beams reaching the northeast window is approximately 5.0 h a day in November. The southwest bedrooms present the worst conditions as their window is reached by sun beams in the afternoon (approximately for 5.0 h a day in November). Fig. 18 shows that the shading due to external barriers is not effective as the window is reached by sunshine from about 2 p.m. to sunset. In the northwest bedrooms, the balcony provides shading on the window over the summer (Fig. 19). It can be observed that in November, when the monitoring took place, the shading is effective and the window is reached by sun beams for only 3 h a day. 7.4. Correlation between internal and external temperatures In order to allow for the estimation of internal temperatures in the bedrooms, the correlation between internal and external temperatures was assessed for the eight bedrooms. Fig. 20 shows, as an example, such a correlation for the southeast bedroom on the fteenth oor. Table 4 shows the R2 obtained for the eight bedrooms, where it can be noticed that the correlation is better for bedrooms on the fth oor. This is due to the fact that there were no glasses on the windows of the bedrooms located on the fth oor during the rst eight days of the monitoring period. 7.4.1. The inuence of the orientation Figs. 21 and 22 show the trend line for the four bedrooms on the fteenth and fth oor, respectively. It can be noticed that the southwest bedroom presents the highest internal temperatures both on the fth and fteenth oors. The thermal performance of the southwest bedrooms is similar to the other ones for external temperatures lower than approximately 20 1C.

Table 1 Absorptance of the external surfaces Colour of the surface Light brown Beige Absorptance (%) 60 40

ARTICLE IN PRESS
E. Ghisi, R. Felipe Massignani / Building and Environment 42 (2007) 730742 Table 2 Thermal properties for the external surfaces Wall/window Thickness (cm) 15 U-value (W/m2K) 2.07 Thermal capacity (kJ/m2K) 181 Thermal time lag (h) 6.0 737

1 1
1

1 19
4 1

19

9 15

18

1.94

242

7.2

1 1 19

1
4 1

19

9 18

25

1.37

250

8.7

19
1

1 1 19

1
1

3 4 9 25 9

19

45

1.09

229

9.3

39
1

1 1 19

1 1

4 1

3 4 9 45 21 9

19

Glass panes

0.6

5.3

14

7.4.2. The inuence of the oor In order to compare the thermal performance of the bedrooms as a function of the oor on which they are located, the trend lines were plotted for each orientation on both oors. Figs. 2326 show the results. Independent of the orientation, bedrooms located on the fth oor present a slightly worst thermal performance.

7.4.3. The inuence of the previous hours Due to thermal time lag, the internal temperature of a space will be a function of the external temperatures over some previous hours. In order to verify such an inuence, the internal temperatures were plotted against the average external temperatures. Such averages were performed for periods ranging from 1 to 70 previous hours.

ARTICLE IN PRESS
738 E. Ghisi, R. Felipe Massignani / Building and Environment 42 (2007) 730742 Table 3 Weighted average of thermal properties for walls and area of external surfaces Bedroom U-value (W/m2K) 2.62 2.19 2.27 2.62 Thermal capacity (kJ/m2K) 157 197 181 157 Thermal time lag (h) 5.2 6.7 6.0 5.2 Absorptance Area of external surfaces (m2) Window Southeast Northeast Southwest Northwest 47 57 48 47 1.8 3.6 2.1 1.8 Wall 7.2 16.2 17.0 7.2 Total 9.0 19.8 19.1 9.0

9 DEC

83 29 50 44 39 10 6
10 (a) DEC 6

JUN

6 7 (a) JUN 8 9 32

50 29 17 16 15 44 14 13

12

32 11 10 9

11 DEC 29 6 7 (b) JUN 8 9 40 32 50 44 10 6 (b)

10 DEC 6

89

71

48

JUN

50 29 17 16 15 14 44 13

12

34 32 11 10 9

Fig. 16. Shading on the window of the southeast bedrooms on the fth and fteenth oor: (a) fteenth oor; (b) fth oor.

Fig. 19. Shading on the window of the northwest bedrooms on the fth and fteenth oor: (a) fteenth oor; (b) fth oor.

JUN 39 8 9 10 11 6 29 6 6 DEC

31

29 y = 0.6931x + 7.2264 R2 = 0.7193

Fig. 17. Shading on the window of the northeast bedrooms on the fth and fteenth oor.

Internal temperature (Celsius)

27

25

23

DEC 17 47 16 15 14 JUN

21

19

21 5

17
5

15

20

25

30

External temperature (Celsius)

Fig. 18. Shading on the window of the southwest bedrooms on the fth and fteenth oor. Fig. 20. Correlation between internal and external temperatures for the southeast bedroom on the fteenth oor.

ARTICLE IN PRESS
E. Ghisi, R. Felipe Massignani / Building and Environment 42 (2007) 730742 Table 4 R2 for the correlation between internal and external temperatures for the eight bedrooms Orientation R
2

739

Southeast (15th floor) 30 Internal temperature (Celsius) 27 24 21 18 15 15 18

Southeast (5th floor)

Fifteenth oor Southeast Northeast Southwest Northwest 0.7193 0.6895 0.7971 0.7043

Fifth oor 0.7913 0.7322 0.8881 0.7536

Southeast Southwest Internal temperature (Celsius) 30 27 24 21 18 15 15 18

Northeast Northwest

21 24 27 External temperature (Celsius)

30

Fig. 23. Temperature trend lines for the southeast bedrooms.

Northeast (15th floor) 30 Internal temperature (Celsius) 27 24 21 18 15 15 Southeast Southwest Northeast Northwest 18

Northeast (5th floor)

21 24 27 External temperature (Celsius)

30

Fig. 21. Temperature trend lines for bedrooms on the fteenth oor.

21 24 27 External temperature (Celsius)

30

Fig. 24. Temperature trend lines for the northeast bedrooms.

Internal temperature (Celsius)

30 27 Southwest (15th floor) 24 21 18 15 15 18 21 24 27 External temperature (Celsius) 30 Internal temperature (Celsius) 30 27 24 21 18 15 15 18 Southwest (5th floor)

Fig. 22. Temperature trend lines for bedrooms on the fth oor.

Fig. 27 shows the variations of the R2 obtained for the eight bedrooms for the average external temperatures. The southwest bedrooms present a trend different than the one observed for the other bedrooms. The maximum R2 obtained for this bedroom on the fteenth oor was 0.8922 for the average external temperature over 6 previous hours; on the fth oor, the maximum R2 was 0.9109 for the average external temperature over 3 previous hours. For most of the other bedrooms, the maximum R2 was

21 24 27 External temperature (Celsius)

30

Fig. 25. Temperature trend lines for the southwest bedrooms.

obtained for an average external temperature over about 30 previous hours. For the northeast and northwest bedrooms on the fth oor, the maximum R2 was obtained for an average external temperature over 50 previous hours.

ARTICLE IN PRESS
740 E. Ghisi, R. Felipe Massignani / Building and Environment 42 (2007) 730742

Northwest (15th floor) Internal temperature (Celsius) 30 27 24 21 18 15 15 18

Northwest (5th floor)

7.4.4. Daily minimum temperatures Daily minimum temperatures were calculated for the eight bedrooms and also for the external air temperature. Fig. 28 shows, as an example, the results for the southeast bedroom on the fteenth oor. Table 5 presents a summary for the eight bedrooms. It can be observed that all the bedrooms present similar thermal performances, with internal daily minimum temperatures being 0.91.5 1C above the external minimum temperatures.
Table 5 Average difference between external daily minimum temperature and internal daily minimum temperature Orientation Average external daily minimuminternal daily minimum temperatures (1C) Fifteenth oor Southeast Northeast Southwest Northwest 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.2 Fifth oor 0.9 1.2 1.1 1.1

21 24 27 External temperature (Celsius)

30

Fig. 26. Temperature trend lines for the northwest bedrooms.

Southeast (15th floor) Southwest (15th floor) Southeast (5th floor) Southwest (5th floor) 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80 R2 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0 10 20

Northeast (15th floor) Northwest (15th floor) Northeast (5th floor) Northwest (5th floor)

Note: Negative gures indicate that internal temperature is higher than external temperature.

Internal temperature 30 Air temperature (Celsius) 27 24 21 18 15 1 3 5 7

External temperature

30 40 Previous hours

50

60

70

Fig. 27. R2 versus previous hours of average external temperature.

9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 Day

Internal temperature 30 Air temperature (Celsius) 27 24 21 18 15 1 3 5 7

External temperature

Fig. 29. Internal and external daily maximum temperatures for the southeast bedroom on the fteenth oor.

Table 6 Average difference between external daily maximum temperature and internal daily maximum temperature Orientation Average external daily maximuminternal daily maximum temperatures (1C) Fifteenth oor Southeast Northeast Southwest Northwest 1.3 0.9 0.0 1.2 Fifth oor 1.0 0.4 0.3 1.0

9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 Day

Fig. 28. Internal and external daily minimum temperatures for the southeast bedroom on the fteenth oor.

Note: Negative gures indicate that internal temperature is higher than external temperature.

ARTICLE IN PRESS
E. Ghisi, R. Felipe Massignani / Building and Environment 42 (2007) 730742 Table 7 R2 for the correlation between different variables and difference temperatures shown in Tables 5 and 6 Variables R2 for correlation with minimum temperature Fifteenth oor (1) U-value (2) Thermal capacity (3) Thermal time lag (4) Absorptance (5) Fac - ade area (6) Number of sunshine hours 7 4 5 6 8 1 5 9 1 Window area 10 2 5 0.3117 0.1543 0.1108 0.0098 0.4000 0.0000 0.2265 0.4443 0.0316 0.3175 Fifth oor 0.5295 0.5731 0.5783 0.4837 0.4940 0.2915 0.2400 0.4738 0.4461 0.5274 R2 for correlation with maximum temperature Fifteenth oor 0.4672 0.2799 0.2224 0.0016 0.5632 0.0297 0.4147 0.6094 0.0017 0.4736 Fifth oor 0.6583 0.4653 0.3993 0.0530 0.7465 0.0566 0.6149 0.7863 0.0225 0.6644 741

7.4.5. Daily maximum temperatures Daily maximum temperatures were also calculated for the eight bedrooms and external air temperature. Fig. 29 shows, as an example, the results also for the southeast bedroom on the fteenth oor. Table 6 presents a summary for the eight bedrooms. It can be observed that the southeast and the northwest bedrooms present the best thermal performances, with internal daily maximum temperatures being about 1.01.3 1C below the external one. On the other hand, the southwest bedrooms present the worst thermal performance amongst all bedrooms; on the fteenth oor, its daily maximum temperatures are the same as the external maximum temperatures; on the fth oor, its internal daily maximum temperatures are about 0.3 1C above the external maximum temperatures. 7.5. Correlation between temperature and thermal properties In order to identify the variables that give the best correlation with the difference temperatures shown in Tables 5 and 6, ten different correlations were performed and the R2 are presented in Table 7. It can be observed that the product between U-value and fac - ade area gives the best correlation with average difference between external daily maximum temperature and internal daily maximum temperature on both oors. The second best correlation is given by the fac - ade area, and the third one by the product between thermal capacity and fac - ade area followed very close by the U-value. The same trend is also observed for minimum temperatures on the fteenth oor though the correlations were weaker; as for the bedrooms located on the fth oor, the best correlations were obtained for the thermal time lag and thermal capacity. This probably happens because these bedrooms have the lowest internal temperatures when external temperatures are low, as shown in Figs. 2326.

8. Conclusions The thermal performance of southeast-, northeast-, southwest- and northwest-oriented bedrooms in a multi polis, state of storey residential building located in Floriano Santa Catarina, Brazil, has been assessed. It was shown that, by correlating internal and external temperatures, the southwest bedrooms have the worst thermal performance amongst the monitored bedrooms. As for shading of the windows, the external obstructions, such as walls and balconies were partially effective on two orientations and not effective at all on the other two. Glass panes used on the windows are not effective either as their absorptance is high (62%). However, external venetian blinds will be placed on all bedroom windows, which is a very effective way of allowing users to control sunshine in the bedrooms. The main conclusion drawn from the research is that the thermal performance of bedrooms in multi-storey residen potial buildings under the climatic conditions of Floriano lis over summer would be improved if U-value and fac - ade area were minimised. It was shown that the best correlation with maximum air temperatures was obtained with the product between U-value and fac - ade area. Surprisingly, the second best correlation was given by the fac - ade area alone, i.e. the smaller the fac - ade area the best the thermal performance of the bedrooms under summer conditions; this is in agreement with results published by Ghisi and Tinker [14] when focusing energy efciency in buildings. As for winter, the thermal performance of the bedrooms would be improved if thermal capacity and thermal time lag were maximised; these two variables showed the best correlations with minimum air temperatures. It must be highlighted that the research was carried out in unoccupied bedrooms. If they were occupied results would probably be different due to the internal thermal load produced by people and equipment, and due to the opening and closing of windows which affect ventilation and sunshine control.

ARTICLE IN PRESS
742 E. Ghisi, R. Felipe Massignani / Building and Environment 42 (2007) 730742 [8] Ghisi E, Gosch S, Lamberts R. Electricity end-uses in the residential sector of Brazil. Internal report, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Department of Civil Engineering, Laboratory of Energy polis, 2004. Efciency in Buildings, Floriano [9] IBGE Instituto Brasileiro de Geograa e Estat stica [Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics]. Obtained from: /http:// www.ibge.gov.br/S. Accessed in May 2004. ticos para projeto [10] Goulart SVG, Lamberts R, Firmino S. Dados clima tica de edicac e avaliac -a -o o energe es para 14 cidades brasileiras. [Climatic data for design and energy evaluation of buildings for 14 cities in Brazil]. Eletrobras, Brazil: Procel; 1998 (in Portuguese). [11] Ghisi E. Desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para retrot em sistemas de iluminac -a o: estudo de caso na Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina [Development of a methodology for retrotting lighting systems: a case study in the Federal University of Santa s-Graduac Catarina]. Dissertac -a -a o de Mestrado, Curso de Po o em Engenharia Civil, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Floria polis, 1997 [in Portuguese]. no cnicas [Brazilian Associa[12] ABNT Associac -a o Brasileira de Normas Te rmico de tion for Technical Standards]. NBR 15220-2. Desempenho te todos de ca lculo da transmita rmica, edicac -o ncia te esParte 2: Me rmica, do atraso te rmico e do fator de calor solar de da capacidade te elementos e componentes de edicac -o es [Thermal performance of buildingsPart 2: Calculation methods for U-value, thermal capacity, thermal time lag and solar factor for building elements and components]. Rio de Janeiro, 2005 [in Portuguese]. [13] ISO 6946. Building components and building elementsthermal resistance and thermal transmittancecalculation methods. 1996. [14] Ghisi E, Tinker JA. An ideal window area concept for energy efcient integration of daylight and articial light in buildings. Building and Environment 2005;40(1):5161.

Acknowledgements Dr. E Ghisi would like to thank CAPESFundac -a o vel Coordenac -a o de Aperfeic - oamento de Pessoal de N Superior, an agency of the Brazilian Government for post-graduate education, for the scholarship that allowed him to supervise this research. References
[1] Givoni B. Effectiveness of mass and night ventilation in lowering the indoor daytime temperatures. Part I: 1993 experimental periods. Energy and Buildings 1998;28(1):2532. [2] Kru ger E, Givoni B. Predicting thermal performance in occupied dwellings. Energy and Buildings 2004;36(3):3017. [3] Cheng V, Ng E, Givoni B. Effect of envelope colour and thermal mass on indoor temperatures in hot humid climate. Solar Energy 2005;78(4):52834. [4] Oral GK, Yener AK, Bayazit NT. Building envelope design with the objective to ensure thermal, visual and acoustic comfort conditions. Building and Environment 2004;39(3):2817. ztu nver R, Akdag NY, Gedik GZ, O [5] U rk LD, Karabiber Z. Prediction of building envelope performance in the design stage: an application for ofce buildings. Building and Environment 2004; 39(2):14352. [6] Al-Sanea SA. Thermal performance of building roof elements. Building and Environment 2002;37(7):66575. tricas de Santa Catarina [Energy Utility of [7] CELESC Centrais Ele polis, 2004. Santa Catarina]. Santa Catarina: Floriano