International Journal of Algebra, Vol. 6, 2012, no.

25, 1227 - 1232

N-Ideals of Rings
Y. C even Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences Department of Mathematics, Isparta, Turkey yilmazceven@sdu.edu.tr Abstract In this paper, we introduced the notion of N-ideals on rings and investigated some related properties Mathematics Subject Classication: 03E72, 06B99, 08A72 Keywords: N-subring, N-ideals, fuzzy ideals

Introduction

A (crisp) set A in a universe X can be dened in the form of its characteristic function A : X {0, 1} yielding the value 1 for elements belonging to the set A and the value 0 for elements excluded from the set A. So far most of the generalization of the crisp set have been conducted on the unit interval [0, 1] and they are consistent with the asymmetry observation. In other words, the generalization of the crisp set to fuzzy sets relied on spreading positive information that t the crisp point {1} into the interval [0, 1]. Because no negative meaning of information is suggested, Jun et al. [2] felt a need to deal with negative information and to supply mathematical tool. They introduced an used a new function which is a negative-valued function, and constructed N structures to attain such object. They discussed N subalgebras and N ideals in BCK/BCI-algebras. In [3], the authors introduced the notion of a (created) N ideal of subtraction algebras, and investigated several characterizations of N -ideals. They discussed how to make a created N -ideal of an N -structure (X, f ). The concept of fuzzy subset was introduced by L. A. Zadeh [7] and many researchers engaged and applied fuzzy theory to algebraic structures. W. Liu [5] has studied fuzzy ideals of a ring. S.D. Kim and H. S. Kim [4] obtained an exact analogue of fuzzy ideals for near-rings which was discussed in [1, 5].

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Williams [6] introduce a notion of fuzzy ideals in near-subtraction semigroups and studied their related properties. In this paper, we introduced the notion of N -subring and N -ideals on rings and investigated some related properties. The following concepts was introduced in [2]. Let X be a non-empty set. A mapping : X [1, 0] is called an N -function on X . As is known, an N -function is a negative-valued function. By an N -structure, we mean an ordered pair (X, ) of X and an N -function on X . For any N -function on X and t [1, 0), the set C (; t) = {x X : (x) t} is called a closed (, t)-cut of , and the set O (; t) = {x X : (x) < t} is called an open (, t)-cut of .

N -subrings and N -ideals of rings

In what follows, let R denote a ring and an N function on R unless otherwise specied. Denition 2.1. An N -structure (R, ) is called an subring of R if satises the following conditions: (1) (x y ) max{(x), (y )}, (2) (xy ) max{(x), (y )} for all x, y R. Example 2.2. ( Z4 , ) is not a N -subring of Z4 where Z4 is the ring of integers modulo 4 and (0) = 0.9, (1) = 0.1, (2) = 0.4, (3) = 0.6. Because (3 2) = (1) = 0.1 > max{(2), (3)} = 0.4. If we dene an N -function on Z4 by (0) (2) (3) = (1). Then ( Z4 , ) is an N -subring of Z4 . Proposition 2.3. Let (R, ) be an N structure. If (R, ) is an N subring of R, it satises the following assertions: (i) (0) (x), (ii) (x) = (x), (iii) (x + y ) max{(x), (y )}, (iv) (nx) (x), for all n Z, (v) (xn ) (x), for all n N, (vi) If (x + y ) = (0) (or (x y ) = (0)), then (x) = (y )

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for all x, y R. Proof. (i) (0) = (x x) max{(x), (x)} = (x). (ii) (x) = (0 x) max{(0), (x)} = (x). If we put x instead of x, we get (x) (x). Hence (x) = (x). (iii) (x + y ) = (x (y )) max{(x), (y )} = max{(x), (y )}. (iv) If n > 0, then (nx) = (x + x + ... + x) max{(x), ..., (x)} = (x). If n < 0, then (nx) = ((n)(x)) max{(x), ..., (x)} = (x) = (x). For n = 0, it is clear. Hence (nx) (x), for all n Z. (v) (xn ) = (x...x) max{(x), ..., (x)} = (x). (vi) (x) = (x + y y ) max{(x + y ), (y )} = max{(0), (y )} = (y ). If we replace x by y, we have (y ) (x). Hence (y ) = (x). Note that, if (iii) is satised then (1) is true. Hence the condition (1) is equivalent to (iii). Theorem 2.4. Let (R, ) be an N -structure of R and . Then (R, ) is an N -subring of R if and only if every non-empty closed (, t)-cut of is a subring of R where t [1, 0). Proof. Let (R, ) is an N -subring of R and t [1, 0) be such that C (; t) = .Let x, y C (; t). We have (x) t and (y ) t. Hence x y C (; t) and xy C (; t) since (x y ) max{(x), (y )} = t and (xy ) max{(x), (y )} = t. That is C (; t) is a subring of R. Conversely, let every non-empty closed (, t)-cut of be a subring of R where t [1, 0).Suppose that (R, ) is not an N -subring of R. Then, at least one of the conditions (1) and (2) is not true for some x0 , y0 R. Suppose that (2) is not true. Then (x0 .y0 ) > max{(x0 ), (y0 )}.Hence there exists a t0 [1, 0) such that max{(x0 ), (y0 )} t0 < (x0 .y0 ). But in this case, we have x0 , y0 C (, t0 ) and x0 .y0 / C (, t0 ). This is a contradiction since C (, t0 ) is a subring of R. Hence(2) is true. Similarly we get that (1) is true. So (R, ) must be an N -subring of R. Proposition 2.5. Let (R, ) be an N subring of R. If (x+y ) min{(x), (y )} for all x, y R then is a constant function. Proof. Since (x) = (x + 0) min{(x), (0)} = (0) for all x R and by Prop.2.3. (i), we get (x) = (0) for all x R. Denition 2.6. An N -structure (R, ) in R is called an N -ideal of R if it satises (1) and (3) (xy ) (y ), (4) (xy ) (x), for all x, y R. Furthermore, (R, ) is called an left N -ideal of R if it satises (1) and (3), and (R, ) is called an right N -ideal of R if it satises (1) and (4). Proposition 2.7. Let (R, ) be an N -structure of R. Then (i) If R is an commutative ring, every one-sided N -ideal of R is an N -ideal of R.

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(ii) If R is a ring with identity and (R, ) be an N -ideal of R, then (x) (1) for all x R. (iii) If R is a ring with identity and (R, ) is an N -ideal of R and a is an invertible element of R then (a) = (a1 ) = (1). Proof. (i) If (R, ) is an left N -ideal of R, then we have (xy ) (y ) for all x, y R. So we get (xy ) = (yx) (x). Hence (R, ) is an right N -ideal of R.And similarly if (R, ) is an right N -ideal of R, then (R, ) is an left N -ideal of R. (ii) We get (x) = (x.1) = (1.x) (1) for all x R. (iii) Since (1) = (aa1 ) (a) and (1) = (aa1 ) (a1 ) and using (ii), we get (a) = (a1 ) = (1). Example 2.7. Let R = {0, a, b, c} in which + and . are dened by + 0 a b c 0 0 a b c a a 0 c b b b c 0 a c c b a 0 . 0 a b c 0 0 0 0 0 a 0 0 0 0 b 0 a b c c 0 a b c

Then (R, +, .) is a ring. Let be an N -function on R dened by (0) (c) (a) = (b). Then it is easy to prove that (R, ) is an right N -ideal of R but not left N -ideal of R, since (bc) = (b) (c). If we choose N -function such that (0) (a) (b) = (c), then it is easy to see that (R, ) is an N -ideal of R. Note that every N -ideal of a ring R is also an N -subring of R, but converse is not true generally. Therefore an N -ideal of a ring R satises the properties in Proposition 2.3, Theorem 2.4. Theorem 2.8. Let (R, ) be an N -structure of R and . Then (R, ) is an N -ideal of R if and only if every non-empty closed (, t)-cut of is an ideal of R where t [1, 0). Proof. Let (R, ) be an N -ideal of R. For any x, y C (; t), x y C (; t) as in the proof of Theorem 2.4. Now for all r R and x C (; t), since (rx) (x) = t and (xr) (x) = t we get rx, xr C (; t). Hence C (; t) is an ideal of R. Conversely, let every non-empty closed (, t)-cut of be an ideal of R where t [1, 0). If (R, ) does not satisfy (1) for any x0 , y0 R, then (x0 y0 ) > max{(x0 ), (y0 )}. Hence there exists a t0 [1, 0) such that max{(x0 ), (y0 )} t0 < (x0 y0 ). But in this case, we have x0 , y0 C (, t0 ) and x0 y0 / C (, t0 ). This is a contradiction since C (, t0 ) is an ideal of R. Hence(1) is true. If (R, ) does not satisfy (3) for any x0 , y0 R, then (x0 .y0 ) > (y0 ). Hence there exists a t0 [1, 0) such that (y0 ) t0 < (x0 .y0 ). But in this case, we have y0 C (, t0 ) and x0 y0 / C (, t0 ). But this

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is impossible since C (, t0 ) is an ideal of R. Hence (3) is true. Similarly, (4) is true. Consequently, (R, ) is an N -ideal of R. Proposition 2.9. Let (R, ) be an N -ideal of R. Then the set A = {x R : (x) = (0)} is an ideal of R. Proof. For all x, y A, we have (x y ) max{(x), (y )} = (0). By Proposition 2.3 (i), (0) (x y ). Hence we get (x y ) = (0) and x y A. For all r R and x A R, we have (rx) (x) = (0) and rx A and similarly we have xr A. Theorem 2.10. Let A be a non-empty subset of R and be an N -function in R dened by t , if x A, (x) = s , if x / A. for all x R and s, t [1, 0) with t < s. Then (R, ) is an N -ideal of R if and only if A is an ideal of R. Proof. Let (R, ) be an N -ideal. For all x, y A, we have (x) = (y ) = t and (x y ) max{(x), (y )} = t. By the denition of , we get (x y ) = t and so x y A.Now for all r R and x A, since (rx) (x) = t and (xr) (x) = t. By the denition of , we have (rx) = t and (xr) = t, so we get xr, rx A. Hence A is an ideal of R. Conversely, let A be an ideal of R.Then, for x, y A, we have x y A and so (x y ) = (x) = (y ) = t. Hence (x y ) max{(x), (y )} is true. If x / A or y / A, then we have (x) = s or (y ) = s. Hence we get (x y ) s = max{(x), (y )}. Consequently, for all x, y R, we obtain (x y ) max{(x), (y )}. Now for x A and y R, we have xy A and (xy ) = (x) = t. The inequality (xy ) (x) is true. If x / A and y R, then (xy ) s = (x) is true. Hence for all x, y R,we get (xy ) (x). Similarly it is obtained that (xy ) (y ) for all x, y R. Therefore (R, ) is an N -ideal of R.

References
[1] V. N. Dixit, R. Kumar and N Ajal, On fuzzy rings, Fuzzy sets and sys. 49 (1992), 205-213. [2] Young Bae Jun, Kyoung Ja Lee and Seok Zun Song, N -ideals of BCK/BCIalgebras, Journal of The Chungcheong Mathematical Society, Vol.22 (2009), No.3, 417-437. [3] Young Bae Jun, Jacob Kavikumar and Keum Sook So, N -ideals of subtraction algebras, Commun. Korean Math. Soc. 25(2010) , No. 2, 173-184. [4] Seung Dong Kim and Hee Sik Kim, On fuzzy ideals of near-rings, Bull. Korean Math. Soc. 33(1996), No.4, 593-601.

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[5] W. Liu, Fuzzy invariant subgroups and fuzzy ideals, Fuzzy sets and sys. 8 (1982), 133-139. [6] D.R. Prince Williams, Fuzzy ideals in Near-subtraction semigroups, International Journal of Computational and Mathematical Sciences 2:1 (2008), 39-46. [7] L. A.Zadeh, Fuzzy sets, Information Control 8(1965), 338-353. Received: July, 2012