MASONRY

Masonry

Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar as a bonding agent. The common materials of masonry construction are brick, stone such as marble, granite, travertine, limestone, concrete block, glass block, and tile. Brick Masonry Brick is a masonry unit of clay, formed into rectangular prism while plastic and hardened by firing in a kiln or drying in the sun. A. Brick Processes 1. Soft-mud process Forming brick by molding relatively wet clay having a moisture content of 20% to 30%. Sandstruck brick is formed in the soft mud process with a mold lined with sand producing a matte textured surface .

Waterstruck brick is formed in soft-mud process with a mold lubricated with water to prevent sticking, producing a smooth, dense surface. 2.Stiff-mud process Forming brick and structural tile by extruding stiff but plastic clay, having a moisture content of 12% to 15%, through a die and cutting the extrusion to length with wires before firing. 3.Dry-press process Forming brick by molding relatively dry clay having a moisture content of 5% to 7% under high pressure, resulting in sharp edged, smooth surfaced bricks.

Definition
Masonry an assembly of bricks, blocks or stone held together with mortar.
(Scully 2001,pp13)

Generally masonry walls consist of rectangular units built up in horizontal layers called courses. HOW units are bond together ? by MORTAR

Mortar
Mortars contain three ingredients: cement, sand, and water Bonds units together & provides overall soundness Provides a construction method that makes possible the wide variety of forms, textures & patterns characteristic of masonry

MORTAR AND GROUT

Mortar is a material used in masonry to bind construction blocks together and fill the gaps between them. Grout is a construction material used to embed rebar in masonry walls, connect sections of pre-cast concrete, fill voids, and seal joints (like those between tiles). Grout is generally composed of a mixture of water, cement, sand and sometimes fine gravel (if it is being used to fill the cores of cement blocks). Portland cement mortar (often known simply as cement mortar) is created by mixing Portland cement with sand and water. Lime mortar is created by mixing sand, slaked lime and water. Pozzolana is a fine, sandy volcanic ash, originally discovered and dug in Italy at Pozzuoli in the region around Mount Vesuvius.

Functions of Mortar
Accommodate variations in unit sizes & shape.

Generally joint thickness 10mm Provides adhesive bond strength - sufficient to resist lateral loads & provides overall robustness Even bedding of units & sufficient strength to resist compressive loads Provides a weather-tight & durable wall by sealing the joints between the units. Provides aesthetic effects by various joints treatments, pigmentation, bonding patterns.

Important Properties of Mortar

Consistency Durability Ability to bond with masonry units All of these can be significantly affected by workmanship & site practices

Design Considerations of masonry walls

Specific Functions Services concealed Access through Openings Speed of installation Structural requirements Privacy/acoustic requirements Fire protection Cost Finishes required Aesthetics colour, texture, pattern and form

Essential Functional Properties

Strong enough to carry applied loads Watertight enough to prevent ground water and storm penetration Durable so that they will not quickly erode due to weather or other atmospheric conditions Resistant to heat, sound, and fire transmission when these properties are required.

Success of masonry walls

Dependant on:
Strength of units Bonding Stiffening Reinforcement Support over openings
Johnson, J. 1990 Domestic Construction Manual Master Builder Builders Association of WA

Types of bond
Stretcher bond Stretcher bond is the most common bond used today in the world and the least interesting in appearance. It can be made more interesting by laying a course of different coloured bricks or to lay such bricks to form a pattern on a wall. This bond is suitable for constructing a cavity wall. Flemish bond Flemish bond consists of alternating headers and stretchers along each course with the headers centered on the stretchers above and below. This bond is weaker than the English bond, but often considered more decorative. English bond English bond consists of alternating courses of headers

Types of bond
and stretchers, with the alternative headers centered over and under the vertical joints of the stretchers. This is considered the best type of bonds and the strongest to be used in construction. It is very common in the Middle East. American bond American common bond is made by laying the courses of headers where they are separated by approximately five courses of stretchers. Chinese bond As in Flemish bond, but all the bricks are laid on edge. Unusual, but used to make a light weight structure or economize on bricks. Creates a semi-cavity wall.

Terminology
Brick on edge The brick is laid as a header, but on its side. Commonly used on the top course as a coping for garden walls. Soldier Brick laid on its end with the narrow side visible. Decorative use only. A Standing soldier is just the soldier laid on end that is flush with the wall A walking soldier is just the soldier laid on end that has brick with its bottom edge sticking out to about an inch, they usually alternate at a 1:1 ratio but other kinds have been seen

Types of masonry
Clay brick or block Concrete brick or block Stone block or natural
Bricks are masonry units designed to be held by hand Blocks are larger than bricks, not meant to be held by hand Natural Natural means stone that are not cut into blocks, hence it resembles a rubble rubble when laid.

B. Bricks Classification
3 main categories of bricks: Common bricks Any brick for general building work not specifically chosen for its appearance. Facing bricks Any specially made or selected for its appearance. Engineering Bricks with a dense and strong semi-vitreous body conforming to defined strength and moisture absorption limits.

Clay brick & block

Available in a range of colours, textures, finishes and shapes. Generally: Commons-for applied finishes Face-exposed finish

Manufacturers & suppliers

Australia Midland Brick- www.midlandbrick.com.au Metro brick - www.metrobrick.com.au Narrogin Brick Recycled Brick Co. Malaysia Premier Building Material Sdn. Bhd. Claybricks & Tiles Sdn Bhd Hiap Lee (Cheong Leong & Sons) Brickmakers Sdn Bhd Batamas Sdn Bhd Integrated Brickworks Sdn Bhd email: ibsb@po.jaring.my Sin Hiap Fatt Brickworks Sdn Bhd Tajo Marketing Sdn Bhd - email: tajomktg@tm.net.my

Winslow House, River Forest, Illinois 1893

Robie House, Chicago, Illinois 1906

V.C. Morris gift shop, San Francisco, California 1948

Model Monumento Cumbre de las Americas, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia 1996 (Slide 8)

Monumento Cumbre de las Americas, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia 1996

Parish Church of the Blessed Odorico of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy 1987-92

Parish Church of the Blessed Odorico of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy 1987-92

Parish Church of the Blessed Odorico of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy 1987-92

Parish Church of the Blessed Odorico of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy 1987-92

Cargill St Residence Blacket Smith Architects

New Technologies Building, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, 1994.

Concrete Masonry

Is a large rectangular brick used in construction. Concrete masonry units (CMU)are precast of Portland cement, fine aggregate, and water, molded into various shapes to satisfy various construction conditions. Concrete blocks may be produced with hollow centres to reduce weight or improve insulation. The use of blockwork allows structures to be built in the traditional masonry style with layers (or courses) of overlapping blocks Lower density blocks may be produced by using cinders as an aggregate. Usually, sand and fine gravel for high-density blocks production.

Classification of concrete masonry

i) ii)

iii)

iv)

Concrete block (often incorrectly referred to as cement block) is a hollow concrete masonry unit having a compressive strength from 600 to 1500psi. Normal weight block is made from concrete weight more than 125 pcf. Medium weight block is made from concrete weight from 105 to 125pcf Lightweight block is made from concrete weight 105 pcf or less.

Concrete masonry
Autoclaved cured masonry Range of colours, finishes, textures and shapes

Manufacturers & suppliers

Australia: Boral Besser www.midlandbrick.com.au Malaysia: Premier Building Material Sdn. Bhd. CSR Building Materials (M) Sdn. Bhd. Sun-block Sdn. Bhd.

Alice Madison Millard House (La Miniatura), Pasadena, California, 1923

Liffor Road House, Floreat 1966

Liffor Road House, Floreat 1966

Vent detail Liffor Road House, Floreat 1966

Internal view of vent detail Liffor Road House, Floreat 1966

Sketch vent detail Liffor Road House, Floreat 1966

Civic & Administration Centre & Public Library Library Northam 1969/1974

Civic & Administration Centre & Public Library Library Northam 1969/1974

Civic & Administration Centre & Public Library Civic & Administration Centre Northam 1969/1974

City Beach Residence

City Beach Residence

Marsala House Dianella Heights 1975

Detail of Stair Ballustrade Marsala House Dianella Heights 1975

Model Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco 1989/90-95

Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco 1989/90-95

Model Chapel of Santa Maria degli Angeli, Monte Tamaro, Ticino, Switzerland 1990-96

References
Scully, M. 2001, CBPI Brick & Paver Dictionary, Clay Brick & Paver Institute, NSW. Ward-Harvey, K. 1997, Fundamental Building Materials, RAIA, ACT, Australia Slides Pfeiffer, B. B. (1994) Frank Lloyd Wright, Benedikt Taschen, Verlag Slides Sommer, R. 1993, Frank Lloyd Wright American Architect for the Twentieth Century, Bison Books Ltd, London. Slides Lind, C. 1992, The Wright Style: Recreating the Spirit of frank Lloyd Wright, Archetype Press, Inc. NY. Slide Pfeiffer, B. 1991, Frank Lloyd Wright, Benedikt Taschen, Germany Slides Molinari, L. 1998, Mario Botta Public Buildings 1990-1998, Skira editore, Milan Slides Neille, S. Iwanoff Slide Collection Matthews, L. Blacket, R. 2004, Building an Ark, Brown Bag Presentation Dept. Architecture + Interior Architecture, Curtin University of Technology Slides London, G. 2002, A Short History of Perth Architecture, Pesaro Publishing, Sydney, Australia. Slides Jackson, D. and Johnson, C. (2000) Australian Architecture Now, Thames & Hudson Ltd., London.

Collapse of the upper storey of a building under construction

Collapse of the brick masonry railroad station building

Partial collapse of the roof and brick chimney and roof tile factory . Close-up view shows the cyclic shear cracks in the upper portion of another precariously balanced brick chimney. Cement Block Masonry

Out-of-plane collapse of masonry wall.

Imminent collapse of staircase and collapse of the corner of two storey large block stone masonry houses without lintel bands.

Total collapse of traditional houses in random rubble stone masonry with mud mortar.

Uneven out-of-plane collapse of the of the stone masonry walls in single-storey building with reinforced concrete slab roof .

THE END Thank you

Research study :
A brief (5 minutes) power point presentation of your analysis of your selected architectural masonry project. Your analysis should: Identify one type of masonry Identify the Materials used Discuss on the market rate/benefits Discuss how the materials have been used