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Introduction:
In Communication Engineering, two basic types of signals are encountered. They are (1) Continuous time signals. (2) Discrete time signals. Continuous time signals are defined for continuous values of the independent variable, namely time and are denoted by a function . Discrete time signals are defined only at discrete set of values of the independent variable and are denoted by a sequence . Z-transform plays an important role in analysis of linear discrete time signals. Definition of z-transform: If is a sequence defined for .,then and denoted by is called or
the two-sided or bilateral Z-transform of ,where z is a complex variable in general. If is a casual sequence, i.e if , called one-sided or unilateral Z-transform of
We shall mostly deal with one sided Z-transform which will be hereafter referred to as Z-transform. Properties of Z-transforms: (1) Linearity: The Z-transform is linear . Proof:
The result follows, if we replace (4)Time Reversal for Bilateral Z-Transform: If Proof:
in (ii).
Similarly, (ii) can be proved. (6) Initial Value Theorem: (i) (ii) Proof:
Similarly, (ii) can be proved. (7) Final value Theorem: (i) (ii) Proof:
Similarly, (ii) can be proved, starting with property 2(ii). (8) Convolution Theorem: Definitions: The convolution of the two sequences (i) (ii) The convolution of two functions
is defined as
, if the sequence are non causal and , if the sequences are causal. is defined as
Statement of the theorem: (i) (ii) Proof: (For the bilateral z=transform) (i)
(2) defined by
(i)
(3) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (4) (i) . , where the ROC is , where the ROC is . . . .
(7) (i) .
. . . . .
. (iv) In particular, . (9) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Problems: (1) Find the bilateral Z-transforms of (i) (ii) (iii) Solution: (i) . . . . . .
By property 3,
(iii)
by property5.
(ii)
(ii)
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(4) Find the Z-transforms of (i) (ii) (iii) Solution: (i) Let , and
(ii) Let
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(iii)
Let
, when
, when
(ii)
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(6) Use convolution theorem to find the sum of the first n natural numbers. Solution:
By convolution theorem,
(7) Use convolution theorem to find the inverse Z-transform of (i) (ii) Solution: (i) and
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(ii)
Inverse Z-transforms: The inverse of Z-transform of , when has been already defined as .
can be found out by any one of the following methods. Method 1 (Expansion method) 14
If form
, i.e in the
fail and if
is obtained in the quotient. Method 3 (partial fraction Method) When is a rational function in which the denominator can be factorised, is resolved in to partial fraction and then is derived as the sum of the inverse Z-transforms of the partial fractions. Method 4 (By Cauchys Residue Theorem) By using the relation between the Z-transform and Fourier transform of a sequence, it can be proved that
Where C is a circle whose centre is the origin and radius is sufficiently large to include all the isolated singularities of . By Cauchys residue theorem, x sum of the residues of at the isolated singularities. Sum of the residues of at the isolated singularities.
Use of Z-transforms to solve Finite Difference equations: Z-transforms can be used to solve finite difference equation of the form with given values of y(0) and y(1). Taking Z-transforms on both sides of the given difference equation and using the values of y(0) and y(1), we will get . Then will give To express (i) (ii) and . . . in terms of
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Problems: (1) Find the inverse Z-transform of Solution: , by the long division method.
Thus
Thus
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, Where C is the circle whose centre is the origin and which includes the singularities . ,by Cauchys residue theorem. are simple poles.
(5) Find
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Solution: By residue theorem, the residue of at the only triple pole (z=3).
(6) Solve the difference equation given that . Solution: Taking Z-transforms on both sides of the given equation, we have . . .
Inverting, we get
(7) Solve the equation given that Solution: Taking Z-transforms of the given equation, .
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Inverting, we get .
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UNIT 5 PART A
(1)Form the difference equation from Ans:
in terms of
when
(4)Define bilateral Z-transform. Ans : If is a sequence defined for .,then and denoted by or is called the ,where z is
two-sided or bilateral Z-transform of a complex variable in general. (5)Find the z-transform of Ans:
(6)Find Ans:
using z-transform.
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(7)Define unilateral Z-transform. Ans: If is a casual sequence, i.e if , one-sided or unilateral Z-transform of
(8)Find Ans:
using z-transform.
(9) State and prove initial value theorem in z-transform. Ans: (i) (ii) (i)
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Ans:
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(13) Define Inverse Z-transforms: Ans: The inverse of Z-transform of When . (14) Use final value theorem to find
is defined as
, when
Part B
(1) (a)Prove that Find .
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(b)Find
(2) (a) Prove that (b) Solve: z- transform. (3)(a) Find the z-transform of (b)Using Convolution theorem find (4)(a) Solve the difference equation using
(b) Find
(5)(a) Find
(6)(a) Prove that (b) State and prove the second shifting theorem in z-transform. (7)(a) Using Convolution theorems evaluate inverse z-transform of (b) Solve the difference equation .
(8)(a) Find the inverse Z-transform of (b) Find Z-transforms of (i) , and
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(ii) (9) (a) Solve: z- transform. (b) Find (10)(a) Find the bilateral Z-transforms of (i) (ii) (iii) (b) Solve the equation using
given that
(11)(a) Use convolution theorem to find the sum of the first n natural numbers. (b) Find the inverse Z-transform of (12) (i) Use initial value theorem to find , by the long division method. , when
, when
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