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2, March 2013
ABSTRACT
Reduction of CO2 emissions is a major global environmental issue. Over the past few years, wireless and mobile communications are becoming increasingly popular with consumers. The Most popular kind of wireless access is known as Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) that provide wireless connectivity through lot cheaper and more supple backhaul infrastructure relative to wired solutions. Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) is a new emerging technology which has been adopted as the wireless internetworking solution for the near future. Due to higher energy consumption in the information and communication technology (ICT) industries, and which would have an impact on the environment, energy efficiency has become a key factor to evaluate the performance of a communication network. This paper primarily focuses on the classification layer the greatest existing approaches devoted to the conservation of energy. It is also discussing the most interesting works on energy saving in WMNs networks.
KEYWORDS
Wireless mesh network (WMN), 802.11s, energy saving, routing protocols, MAC protocols.
1. INTRODUCTION
Worldwide energy consumption is now one of the main concerns experienced by governments throughout the world, Due to its significant environmental footprint and the eventual exhaustion [1]. Into a not too far future, the main conventional energy sources shall be replaced with another source using a source of sustainable energy such as solar or wind energy. Green networking has recently attracted a much of attention, including a reflection on the way in which networks are constructed and operated in such a way that not only cost and performance are taken into account, but also their energy consumption and carbon footprint [2]. Applying green networking to wireless mesh networks (WMN) has rarely been described in the literature. Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) [3] is a new emerging technology which has been adopted as the wireless internetworking solution for the near future. Characteristics of WMN like rapid deployment and self configuration make WMN appropriate for transient on-demand network deployment scenarios such as the disaster recovery process, hard-to-wire buildings, conventional networks and friendly terrains. Wireless Mesh Network is now being extensively used as a cost-effective means for coverage extension and backhaul relaying between IEEE 802.11 access points.
DOI : 10.5121/ijcnc.2013.5209 105
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This solution aims to implement mobility in wireless mesh networks. Indeed, Mesh technology has captured the interest of academic research and industry, because of its ability to satisfy both the requirements of Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and wireless users. The Figure 1 show an example of a WLAN Mesh Network architecture [4] that consist of nodes called Mesh points mesh (Mesh Point MP) which only relay traffic but do not provide wireless coverage for mobile station (MSs). These MPs are using the services of wireless mesh network (WLAN Mesh) to communicate with other MPs in the network. They can act as an access point (Mesh Access Point MAP) or gateway (Mesh Point Portal: MPP) whose aim to integrate WMNs with various existing wireless networks such as cellular systems, wireless sensor networks, wireless-fidelity (Wi-Fi) [5] systems, worldwide inter-operability for microwave access (WiMAX) [6].
Due to increased energy consumption in the information and communication technology (ICT) industries, and its consequent environmental effects, energy efficiency has become a key factor to evaluate the performance of a communication network. In WMNs, the resources of Wireless Access Networks are, over long periods of time, under-employment, since only a few percent of the capacity of these devices is actually used and results in high energy waste [7]. This means that the power consumption does not decrease when traffic is light and it might be possible to save large amounts of power while turning off unnecessary network components. In this context and in order to build green WMNs, it is important to design energy efficient planning and management strategies. This Paper addresses the incorporation of energy conservation at three layers lower of the protocol stack for wireless mesh networks. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces the protocols that save energy in the network layer. Section 3 describes work dealing with energy efficient protocols in the MAC layer of wireless mesh networks, and power conserving protocols in the physical layer are addressed in section 4. Finally, Section 5 provides a summary and concludes the paper.
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Routing protocols enable a network for making dynamic adjustments to its conditions such decisions are not required to be specific and static. Although the routing protocols functions are plausible, they still encounter difficulties in energy efficiency. The routing protocols can be split into three categories: Table-driven, the Demand-driven and the Hybrid routing protocols. Routing protocols which use table-driven features are also known as proactive routing protocol, each node maintains one or more tables that have routing information to all other nodes in the network. In this protocol, all nodes update each other on the same network and further update their tables to maintain a consistent and up-to-date view of the network. Demand-driven well known as reactive routing protocols create routes just when desired by the source node [8]. When a node requires a route to its destination, it initiates a route discovery process on the network. The process finishes once a route has located or all possible permutations of route were examined. Hybrid routing protocol combines both table-driven and demand-driven to transport the packets from the source to the destination.It takes the benefits of both table-driven and demand-driven routing protocols. One popular routing protocol in WMN is hybrid wireless Mesh Protocol (HWMP) [9]. It is a routing protocol for default IEEE 802.11s that consists of two components, namely: the table-driven in addition to a protocol on demand. This protocol is based on a protocol known as RM-OADV (Radio-metric ad hoc on demand Vector) routing protocol, which is the prolongation of AODV. It utilizes the same route discovery process that is used by AODV and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR). There is therefore a requirement for a routing protocol, which is as well energy efficient and scalable. Different technique of power saving for multi-hop ad hoc wireless networks that reduces energy consumption will be proposed in this section without diminishing of the capacity or connectivity of the network. As WMNs share many common features with ad hoc networks. Thus, the approaches of energy conservation for ad hoc networks can usually be applied to WMNs. We find essentially the following approaches:
International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.5, No.2, March 2013
International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.5, No.2, March 2013
reception, replenishment rate, and residual energy. The work also includes non-uniform energy replenishment rates and introduces a battery energy threshold scheme to decrease overhead.
The pulse protocol [17] has significant disadvantages in the routing information that is essentially the problem of flooding packets and the problem of Overlap delay or it can result in a significant consumption of energy.
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designed with respect to the centralized network infrastructure and its devices. The basic idea was that if access points are close enough in the cluster, a single one would fulfil the needs of users, even those in the vicinity of other APs in the same cluster. This clustering concept was designed with respect to large organizations with high-density WLANs because access points are placed very close to each other to provide overlapping coverage and high bandwidth.
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called Ant Colony Green Routing and Link Scheduling (AC-GRLS) to solve the formulated ILP problem. In this context, the cases of O-GRLS, a Beam Search heuristic, and Shortest Path (SP) routing strategy, are used to develop baselines to which the AC-GRLS improvements are compared. Through numerous simulations, they showed that their framework could realize significant benefits in terms of energy consumption as well as network throughput achieved, relative to the Shortest Path (SP) routing and the heuristic search Beam. Specifically, in small sized networks, for grid and random networks, the proposed energy management approaches can save, respectively, 29% and 20% of the energy cost, while achieving the same performance as SP. However, if the network consumes the same energy as SP, the achieved throughput can be enhanced by up to 30%. These gains are maintained in large-sized networks. Indeed, the simulation showed that the energy saving is about 20%, while the achievable throughput improvement is about 20% for both grid and random network topologies. In addition, they showed that AC-GRLS converges to the optimal solution in small sized WMNs and has low computation time in large-sized ones, which makes it a feasible and efficient solution for green WMNs and energy efficient management.
Summary
A summary about energy saving network layer protocols, which was described in this section, will be detailed in following table. Protocol CDS [10] Network Ad hoc Topology Flat Contribution - Use information of neighborhood to determine the set of nodes which form a CDS which are considers as the pivotal routing and remain active all the time. - Local decisions on the desirability to sleep or stay awake as a coordinator and take part in the transmission. - Uses knowledge of the geographic positions of nodes to select coordinators.
Grid
GAF [12]
Ad hoc
Grid
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Ad hoc
Flat
- The selection of the shortness path for forwarding data packets. - Node adjusts it transmission power levels and select routes to optimize performance.
Ad hoc
Flat
Ad hoc
Flat
- Routing algorithm uses a composite cost metric that includes power for transmission and reception, replenishment rate, and residual energy. Flood known as a pulse, which is periodically sent at a fixed pulse interval to monitor the right way for the pulse source. - Central control to make certain decisions to power on and off portions of it based on certain pre-defined criteria. - Clustering and decision-tree-based.
Pulse [17]
Tree
Greenclustering [18]
Clustered
CaDet [19]
Clustered
EAR [20]
Flat
- Take energy consumption of equipment into account when doing routing and traffic-engineering decisions. - Routing algorithm that uses as few nodes as possible, this allows switching off the unused nodes. - Optimal Green Scheduling. Routing and Link
ETR [21]
- Ant Colony Green Routing and Link Scheduling. Wireless Mesh Clustered Networks Minimizes the flooding traffic during route discovery.
CBRP [23]
In terms of routing, we think the approach of clustering is the most interesting to conserve energy consumption. The selection of the cluster head in each cluster on the basis of energy level in wireless mesh network can reduce the rate of energy consumption by scheduling activities in the cluster of mesh users but not for mesh routers.
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The Pulse protocol is designed for multi-hop wireless infrastructure access and an extensive set of simulations had demonstrated that this protocol is effective at both routing and conserving energy.
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downlink and uplink transmissions. The ability to do this allows (non-AP) stations to remain in Doze mode during the times when other stations are scheduled to be using the channel and reduces AP/station interaction overheads. U-PSMP is similar to U-APSD in that it supports both triggered and delivery enabled modes.
3.4. NAV (Network Allocation Vector) and NAM (Network Allocation Map)
The access point (AP) uses network allocation vector blocking to prevent channel access to the AP when it is in Doze mode [27]. In conventional IEEE 802.11, a NAV is used at each station to implement a virtual carrier sense mechanism and to block stations from transmitting in cases where the channel has been reserved for some other purpose. The mechanism is widespread IEEE 802.11 NAV and energy savings AP comprises a Network Allocation Map (NAM) in its beacon broadcasts [28]. NAM specifies times within the super frame when the AP is unavailable, and during these times, the AP is supposed to be inactive and power conservation.
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The communication architecture of LEACH is, similarly to the cellular network to form cells based on the signal amplitude, and using the cell headers to node routers as well. These cells are known as Cluster-heads (CH). Selection of the CH is randomly done according to a specific algorithm choice based on a likelihood function that takes into account different factors particularly the disposable energy of nodes. As Figure 4 shows, the nodes are responsible for collecting data, send them to their CH aggregate and transmit them, in turn, results aggregation node well as a communication unicast (one hop). CHs are responsible for carrying out the functions most expensive energy, namely communication with the node sinks which is assumed far, and all data processing (aggregation, fusion and data) to reduce the amount the transmitted data. This device saves energy since the transmissions are provided solely by CH rather than all nodes in the network. Therefore, LEACH achieves a significant reduction in energy dissipation.
3.8. S-MAC
S-MAC [32] protocol is energy efficient MAC protocol toward wireless sensor networks for reducing energy consumption, while sustaining good scalability and collision avoidance. S-MAC takes an effective mechanism for solving the problems of losing energy, which is periodic listening and sleeping. When a node is idle, it is more likely to be asleep rather than continuously listening on the channel. S-MAC reduces the listen time by leaving the node goes into sleep mode periodically. The main aim of S-MAC is minimizing energy consumption, including three major elements: the situation wake, periodic sleep and listen. This protocol aim to avoid collision and overhearing that implies that in this protocol, nodes go to sleep after hearing RTS or CTS packet and the duration field in each transmitted packet shows how long the remaining transmission will be and the communication between the sender that the message passing is shown in Figure 5.
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energy saved by shutting down some APs, NIC virtualization plays a role in reducing energy consumption. A scenario represented in Figure 6 and Figure 7, in which specific area is covered by a number of APs. This number is reduced by shutting down some of them if the number of the served stations is decreased in off-peak hours. In Figure 6, the whole area is served by six powered-on APs. Every circle represents an AP's coverage area. The symbols inside these cells represent stations. Stations with the same shape and colour are served by an AP. While in Fig. 3, only two APs are powered-on to reduce the consumed energy. The number of APs is only reduced since the number of currently jointed stations is smaller than those in Figure 6. It's clearly shown in Figure 7 that the remaining powered-on APs do not cover the whole area. Thus, stations located outside (surrounded by dotted squares. These are equipped with virtualized NICs so that a station uses one of its virtual interfaces to create a network with other stations while keeping its connection to the serving AP using another virtual interface) the coverage range of the APs can get access to the Internet via stations (work as relays) connected to any served AP.
Figure 6: Stations served with 6 powered-on APs in a specific covered area. Figure 7: Stations served with 2 powered-on APs in a specific covered area, some stations are equipped with virtual NICs to act also as APs and serve the stations existing in uncovered locations.
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Summary
The discussed MAC protocols are summarized and classified in the table below. Channel/ Synchronization 1 / Yes 1 / Yes
Contribution Active/sleep period Active/sleep schedules Active/sleep schedules with reducing overheads Active/sleep with blockage of transmission when channel is reserved Map of active/sleep period Wake up scheme radio
PSMP [26]
802.11n
Flat
2 / Yes
NAV [27]
802.11
Flat
1 / Yes
MAN [28]
802.11
Flat
1 / Yes
PAMAS [29]
Ad hoc
Flat
2 / No
SOFA [30]
802.11
Flat
1 / NO
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sleep/wakeup LEACH [31] 802.15.4 Clustered 1 / Yes Low clustering Active/sleep schedules Virtualization of network interface cards Power control and power saving mechanisms TDMA efficient MAC EnergySleeping energy
S-MAC [32]
802.15.4
Flat
1 / Yes
802.11
Flat
1 / Yes
PEM [34]
802.11
Flat
1 / No
MT-MAC [35]
WMSN
Clustered
1 / Yes
The Data Link Layer is very important to ensure energy conservation for Wireless Mesh Networks. Many researchers are focused on specific approaches as we have seen previously. The most of researches used power save mode mechanism based on 802.11 standard or the TDMA scheduling method to improve and better energy saving.
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4.4. PlainTC
Mudali et al. [39] investigated the feasibility of power control in a popular WMN backbone device and design and assess an autonomous, lightweight system known as TC PlainTC. Two main approaches may be used in this context, the maintenance of the Critical Transmission Range (CTR) or the Critical Neighbor Number (CNN). In this work, Mudali et al. introduced a scheme for TC backbone WMN including routers WRT54GL Linksys available on the market (which are popular devices backbone WMN). The proposed system is adapted to maintain network connectivity based on data gathered by a proactive routing protocol. Three kinds of information can be collected and used as the basis of a TC system: information location, direction information and neighbour information. Linksys WRT54GL device is free of native GPS or the ability of determining the relative direction of incoming and outgoing transmissions. The device has the capacity to collect low-quality and neighbor based information by inspecting the route table built by proactive routing protocol is used. Determining the degree of logical node is easier since the
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number of HELLO messages received from unique sources may be determined whether a reactive routing protocol is used. Whether a proactive routing protocol is used, then the route table can be examined to the number of one-hop (or n-hop) neighbors. The approach proposed by Mudali et al. [39], is designed for a specific device (Linksys WRT54GL) and it contains a GPS to define the direction. Unfortunately, generally the devices are not specific and they are not equipped with a GPS generally.
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sleeping on one hand needs a redesign of materials network equipment, that has been made to enable sleep compatible software. Other routing protocols have been amended to adapt energy consumption and permit its load via aggregation and sleep. Thirdly, for additional options for selecting the route aggregation and sleep, the topology of the Internet has been modified as well, and finally, the investigation of the sleep impact on the protocols such as TCP with an eye on the modification of the protocol so as to adapt to the presence of sleeping nodes. It emerged that sleep was in fact a feasible strategy, but it will make certain changes to the specifications of the current protocol. In addition, in order to maximize the amount of energy savings, they note that certain changes in the architecture of the Internet may be required (including adding links to allow packet aggregation along the roads less).
Summary
Topology control algorithms have largely been proven to be one way of achieving energy efficiency in MWNs. Many contributions have been adapted to study the problems of power control in energy constrained conventional IEEE 802.11 wireless network, little attention was drawn to the power control issues in WMNs. Control of topology and control of power transmission are the most widely used, simple but very effective for saving energy.
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5. CONCLUSIONS
Various existing energy conservation methods proposed by different studies but the energy is still a challenging issue for wireless mesh network because of its significant environmental footprint. In this paper, we have summarized certain research results which have been reported in the literature on methodologies for energy conservation in wireless mesh networks. Even though lot of these power saving techniques seem promising, there are still a lot of challenges that must be addressed. Therefore, other research is required to process these kinds of situations. On the basis of these studies have been previously conducted by different researchers we reach at the obvious conclusion that if we want to conserve energy in WMN, the most effective way is to combine the most effective solutions in the three lower layers but it still a challenge because a cross-layer difficulties.
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