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Sherrif 2.1c
www.kgs.ku.edu Sheriff&Geldart www.kgs.ku.edu
shake ground
seismic wave
record shaking
seismic reflection seismic refraction VSP (vertical seismic profiling) cross-well seismic surface-wave seismic
Hole: GEOS 4174 1.1-1 Introduction
Exploration Seismology
1.1-2
Introduction
Exploration Seismology horizontal slice at 10,000 depth through 3D seismic reflection image: buried river delta 4 stratigraphic oil traps
1.1-3
Introduction
Petroleum 97% of global geophysical expenditures in 1991 (still very dominant today) almost entirely seismic (but non-seismic non-trivial as compared to other industries) heavy emphasis on reflection seismology almost exclusively 3D borehole seismic for oil-field development refraction seismic to obtain near-surface structure for reflection imaging highest-paying jobs, medium-good job security Mining 1% of global geophysical expenditures in 1991 (still low today, but healthier) heavy emphasis on electromagnetic, but diverse techniques used relatively little seismic borehole seismic seismic reflection used in coal mining non-sedimentary 3D reflection seismic at research stage, primarily overseas Near-Surface: Geotechnical (engineering applications), Groundwater, Environmental 2% of global geophysical expenditures in 1991 (much larger today, but still relatively small) diverse set of techniques used, often multiple techniques together moderate use of seismic seismic refraction most common surface-wave seismic for geotechnical soil/sediment properties seismic reflection uncommon; 3D extremely rare too expensive borehole seismic rare lowest-paying jobs, medium-poor job security also: archeology, forensics, research,
Hole: GEOS 4174 1.1-4 Introduction
Sources of Energy
USA
Global
Department of Energy
fossil fuels 85% of global energy consumed consumption expected to rise 60% over 20 years
1.1-5
Introduction
USA:
5% of global population 25% of energy consumption (25% of CO2 emission) 2/3 is in the Middle East
global reserves:
remaining reserves: ~40 years will grow with: discovery BUT consumption already far exceeds discovery recovery technology price
Hole: GEOS 4174 1.1-6 Introduction
Department of Energy
Department of Energy
USA oil reserves and oil production peaked decades ago ~30% of our energy is imported ~60% of our oil is imported and growing ANWR (Arctic National Wildlife Refuge) oil would reduce imports by 2-3%
1.1-7
Introduction
Department of Energy
Albuquerque Journal
predictions of US government others are more daring or conservative, this is middle-ground in 10-40 years, oil production will begin to permanently decline demand / consumption will continue to grow consumption already far exceeds discovery global politics energy prices ? effect upon jobs?
Hole: GEOS 4174 1.1-8 Introduction
Near-Surface Exploration Seismology Hill Air Force Base, groundwater contamination (DNAPL) VSP waveform inversion for velocity surface reflection seismic well geology, seismic interpretation
1.1-9
Introduction
Exploration Seismology of the Crust San Andreas Fault, at SAFOD drilling project steep-dip prestack depth migration
1.1-10
Introduction
History of Exploration Seismology theory of elastic waves: 1800s first experimental seismology: Robert Mallet (Ireland) 1848 first portable seismograph: Ludger Mintrop (Germany) 1914 theory of reflection and refraction: Knott 1900, Weichert & Zoeppritz 1907 first oil discovery by reflection seismology: Geophysical Research Corp. 1928 (Oklahoma) early 1930s formation of several large seismic contractors lasted 60 years; 1990s mergers reduced number of contractors
analog magnetic recording, CMP method, digital recording, computers seismic data processing airguns, vibrators reduction in explosives: dangerous, expensive, environmentally damaging digital recording, computer power 3D, prestack imaging (less CMP) reducing discoveries, enhanced recovery from existing fields development seismic
Hole: GEOS 4174 1.1-11
Introduction
1990s: 2000s:
Hole: GEOS 4174
Introduction
wikipedia.org
1.1-13
Introduction