Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 3 INDUS VALLEY, HISTORY OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION .................................................................................... 3 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF INDUS BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM................................................................ 4 FACTS AND FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................... 4 SURFACE WATER RESOURCES ....................................................................................................................... 5 GROUND WATER RESOURCES....................................................................................................................... 7 RIVER INDUS AND ITS TRIBUTARIES .............................................................................................................. 8 HISTORY OF CONSTRUCTION OF BARRAGES ................................................................................................ 8 CHASHMA BARRAGE ................................................................................................................................. 9 GUDDU BARRAGE ..................................................................................................................................... 9 JINNAH BARRAGE .................................................................................................................................... 10 KOTRI BARRAGE ...................................................................................................................................... 11 SUKKUR BARRAGE ................................................................................................................................... 12 TAUNSA BARRAGE .................................................................................................................................. 12 GHAZI BROTHA BARRAGE ....................................................................................................................... 14 BALLOKI BARRAGE .................................................................................................................................. 14 SIDHNAI BARRAGE .................................................................................................................................. 14 RASOOL BARRAGE ................................................................................................................................... 15 SULEMANKI BARRAGE............................................................................................................................. 15 ISLAM BARRAGE ...................................................................................................................................... 16 MAILSI SIPHON ........................................................................................................................................ 16 MARALLA HEAD WORKS ......................................................................................................................... 17 KHANKI HEAD WORKS ............................................................................................................................. 17 QADIRABAD BARRAGE ............................................................................................................................ 18 TRIMMU BARRAGE ................................................................................................................................. 18 PUNJNAD BARRAGE ................................................................................................................................ 19 Salient Features of off-taking Canals from the Barrages of Pakistan ......................................................... 20 LINK CANALS IN PAKSITAN .......................................................................................................................... 23 1|Page

RIVERS IN PAKISTAN AND BARRAGES/HEADWORKS .................................................................................. 23 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................... 23 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 25

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INTRODUCTION
The Indus basin is a part of the catchments of the Indus river system that includes the northwest mountains, the Katchi plain, desert areas of Sindh, Bahawalpur, and the Rann of Kachh. The Indus and its major tributaries flow in longitudinal valleys in structural troughs paralleled to the mountain. These plains are stretched over a distance of 1528 Kilometers (950 miles) to the tidal delta near the Arabian Sea. The total catchment area of Indus River system spreads over 944,573 square kilometers (364,700 square miles). Of which 553,416 square kilometers (213,674 square miles) exist in Pakistan with a varying width of over 320 kilometers (nearly 200 miles) in the Punjab to about 80 kilometers (50 miles) in the narrow neck between the Thar Desert and the Khirthar mountains. The flat plain of Indus basin is made up of highly fertile alluvium deposited by the river Indus and its tributaries. Agriculture is concentrated essentially to this plain, where it has been developed by harnessing principal surface water resources available. Since, evaporation is high with meager and unreliable rainfall over Indus plains, hence, agriculture is wholly dependent on irrigation supplies. The river Indus and its tributaries are like a funnel, they rise in the northern mountain areas, receive water from various resources (snow, glacier melt, and rainfall), converge into a single stream at Panjnad (Mithankot), cover about 1005 Kilometers (625 miles) through the Sindh province, and finally discharge into Arabian sea.

INDUS VALLEY, HISTORY OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION

It is believed that the ancient people of the valley of Indus were outstanding in the field of agriculture and industry as compared to the civilization of contemporary period in Egypt and Mesopotamia. They were the first sedentary farmers of the world. The richness and wealth of the Indus valley was the greed of the foreigners. The valley of Indus has always been the cherished goal of the invaders and conquerors that followed one after another from the northwestern passes through the mountain ranges. The Aryans, the Iranians, the Graeco-Bactrians, the Parthenians, the Kushans, the white Huns, Muslims emperors, and Britishers plundered the rich valley of the Indus from time to time and ruled over the valley and northern India. Entire history of Indus valley reveals that one invader or another has treaded the present Pakistan. The Muslims of the sub-continent first tried to shake off a century old rule of British in 1857 and finally succeeded to drive them away in 1947, and the great valley Indus became part of Pakistan. Pakistan lies between latitudes 24 degree and 37 degree North and longitudes 61 degree to 76 degree East. Its surroundings include Iran on the west, Afghanistan on the northwest, Gilgit Agency, Azad Kashmir and disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir lie on the northeast, India on the east and the Arabian Sea exists on its south.

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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF INDUS BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM

The Almighty Allah has gifted Pakistan with abundant water resources with water flowing down the Himalayas and Karrakurram heights from the world's largest glaciers, a free and unique bounty of nature for this land of alluvial plains. As a result of this natural resource, today we have the world's marvelous and the largest contiguous irrigation system that currently irrigates over 16 million hectares of land, out of 34 million hectares of cultivable lands available. This land lies within the plains formed by river Indus and its tributaries. Britishers started the barrage irrigation system during 1930s. However, before that the residents of Punjab, Sindh, and Frontier had constructed a number of inundation canals to irrigate their lands. In the Punjab, 38 such canals had been taken out of Sutlej, Indus, and Chenab rivers to irrigate areas around Bari Doab, Multan, Muzaffargarh, and Dera Ghazi Khan. In Sindh, water level of the Indus during summer had always been higher than the surrounding lands, thus, 16 inundation canals in this area had conveniently carried out the irrigation water during past century. However, British Army Engineers undertook construction and improvement of several irrigation canals in the subcontinent. Subsequently, remodeling/construction works on Bari Doab Canal; Sidhnai Canal, Lower Sohag, Ramnagar Canal, Lower Jhelum Canal, Kabul Canal, and Lower Sawat were completed by the end of l9th century. However, at the time of independence country had 29 canals to provide regulated supply to an area of about 11 million hectares, beside an area of about 3.2 million hectares irrigated through inundation canals leading from Indus and its tributaries. These main inundation canals included Upper Sutlej, Lower Sutlej, Shahpur, and Chenab in Punjab; whereas, Rohri, Fuleli, Pinyari, and Kalri in Sindh. However, after the construction of barrages these canals are no more inundation canals but get regulated water supply and some of them have become perennial while few are nonperennial.

FACTS AND FIGURES

We have entered into 21st century with world's largest and unified irrigation system that consists of three major reservoirs (Chashma, Mangla, and Tarbela); 18 barrages (Ferozepur, Sulemanki, Islam, Balloki, Marala, Trimmu, Panjnad, Kalabagh, Sukkur, Kotri, Taunsa, Guddu, Chashma, Mailsi, Sidhnai, Rasul, Qadirabad, and Marala); 12 link canals; 45 irrigation canals; over 107,000 water courses and millions of farm channels & field ditches. The total length of main canal system is estimated about 585000 Kilometer (36932 miles) and that of watercourses & field channels exceeds 1.62 million Kilometers (over 1.02 million miles).

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SURFACE WATER RESOURCES

Irrigated agriculture was, still is, and will remain in future the backbone of Pakistan's economy. Nature has blessed Pakistan with abundant surface and subsurface water resources. These resources had been utilized for agricultural, domestic, and industrial purposes in the past and will continue to be explored in future. The river Indus and its tributaries provide the surface water. At the time of independence, we had about 67 MAF water available for diversion, this amount increased to about 85 MAF by the year 1960. At this juncture, the right of three eastern rivers (Beas, Sutlej, and Ravi) was given to India under Irrigation Water Treaty 1960, during this period, Indus Basin Project (IBP) was implemented with international assistance of the Wold Bank. IBP enabled Pakistan to acquire significant capability of river flow regulation through integrated system. By the dint of river regulation-cum-storage facilities of IBP and other irrigation developments on the river Indus, canal diversions progressively increased and peaked to about 108 MAF. The recent statistical data shows that the River Indus and its tributaries provide about 147 MAF during flood season. Out of which nearly 106 MAF is diverted into canals and is available for agriculture, while, about 32 MAF outflows into sea, whereas, over 8.6 MAF is considered as evaporation and seepage losses in the river system. It is worth mention here that during last 3-5 years hardly 2-5 MAF water has flown into sea, whereas, at least 12 MAF must be left to sea in order to control intrusion of brackish water.

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GROUND WATER RESOURCES

The Indus plains constitute about 34 million hectares (over 85 million acres) of cultivable land. Annual recharge to ground water system of this Indus plain is estimated around 55 MAF, out of which about 48 MAF is within the commands of Indus basin irrigation system (IBIS). Presently, 39 MAF is being extracted annually. Ground water is also found in some rain-fed (Barani) lands, and inter-mountain valleys at depths varying from 100 to 200 ft. During 1950s, large area in the Indus basin became waterlogged and soil salinity increased adversely affecting the agricultural productivity. It was the time when government got involved and took initiatives in the ground water development. The efforts began to control the twin menaces of waterlogging and salinity by the way of providing drainage facilities. Government embarked on a series of SCARPs in the late 1950s aimed at lowering the ground water table by providing "vertical drainage" through large capacity deep tube wells. Because of better economic returns, priority was given to locating SCARPs in the areas with ground water quality suitable for supplemental irrigation, making the drainage a by product in effect. During past four decades, about 15000 SCARP tube wells have been installed by the Government in 57 projects covering a gross area of about 7.7 million hectares affected land for putting it back into production. Almost 75% of all SCARP tube wells were installed in the Punjab. About 81% of total tube wells installed in Punjab province are located in fresh ground water areas, whereas, remaining 19% tube wells have been installed in saline ground water areas. The tube wells installed in the fresh ground water areas have been pumping water directly into watercourses; thus, they are being used for irrigation in addition to canal water. However, the tube wells installed in the areas with saline ground water, discharge saline water directly into drains, from where it is being disposed of.

Table. Scenario of water resources of the country Surface water resources Annual water flow MAF Water available at canal head (1947) 67 Water available at canal head (1960) 85 Rim station flow (1997) 147 Water diverted to canals (1997) 106 Water flow to the sea (1997) 32 Losses in the river system 8.6 Recharge to groundwater 55 Recharge to groundwater within canal 48 command Groundwater pumping 39

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RIVER INDUS AND ITS TRIBUTARIES

1. Indus Tarbela dam, Warsak dam (on the Kabul river near the Indus), Kalabagh barrage (also named as Jinnah barrage) at Kalabagh, Chashma reservoir, Tausa barrage, Gudu barrage, Sukkur barrage, Kotri barrage. 2. Jhelum Mangla dam, Rasul barrage, Punjnad headworks. 3. Chenab Marala headworks, Khanki headworks, Qadirabad barrage. 4. Ravi Balloki barrage, Sidnai barrage. 5. Sutlej Sulemanki barrage, Islam barrage.

HISTORY OF CONSTRUCTION OF BARRAGES

Pakistan takes pride in its achievements in the construction of several barrages. Historically, Pakistan has been designing and constructing weirs and barrages, which has led to the state-ofthe-art present-day knowledge. Even before the creation of the country, the areas now included in Pakistan were under-going developments to build some gigantic and remarkable engineering works. In 1871, the weir across River Ravi was built at the head of Bari Doab canal in Punjab. The building of Khanki headworks was undertaken in 1890-92. The headworks of Rasul on Jhelum River were built in 1901. Between the period 1900-1950, the following were constructed: Marala weir on River Chenab, Balloki headworks on River Ravi and Ferozpur, Sulemanki, Islam and Panjnad on River Sutlej, Trimmu on River Jhelum and Sukkur and Kalabagh on River Indus. Between 1950-52, three barrages were constructed on the Indus River at Kotri, Taunsa and Guddu. Later, as part of the Indus Water Treaty, the following barrages were constructed between 1962-75: Sidhanai on Ravi, Rasul on Jhelum, Qadirabad and Marala on Chenab and Chashma on Indus.

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CHASHMA BARRAGE
Chashma Barrage was constructed in 1971 on the River Indus near the village of Chashma, about 35 miles downstream of Jinnah Barrage. It was constructed to divert the water released from Tarbela into River Jhelum through the Chashma-Jhelum Link Canal, which has a capacity of 21,700 cusecs. The barrage was also designed to feed the Paharpur canal that is located on the right side. The river valley at Chashma is 6.5 miles wide. The barrage is 3,536 feet long with 3,120 feet of clear waterway and with a maximum design discharge of 1.1 million cusecs. The total designed withdrawal for canals is 26,700 cusecs. The maximum flood level height of Chashma Barrage is 37 feet. The barrage has 52 bays, each 60 feet wide. The length of the left and right guide bank is 4,302 ft. Chashma Jhelum link canal & Chashma reservoir bank canal off take form Chashma barrage. Year of Completion Location Design Discharge Length No. of Bays No. of Under Sluices Crest Level Off taking Canals Between 1967-1971 River Indus, 25 km southwest of Punjab 11,76,000 cusecs 3,356 ft 52 11 2

The Chashma Right Bank Canal, a lift-cum-gravity canal, is being executed at a cost of US$ 633 million. The canal is 71 miles long, with 37 miles of feeder canals and a capacity of 2,500 cusecs. It would benefit an area of 261,000 acres.

GUDDU BARRAGE
Guddu Barrage was constructed in 1962 on River Indus with a maximum design discharge of 1.2 million cusecs. It is a gate-controlled weir type barrage with a navigation lock. The barrage has 64 bays, each 60 feet wide. The maximum flood level height of Guddu barrage is 26 feet. It controls irrigation supplies to 2.9 million acres of agricultural lands in the Jacobabad, Larkana and Sukkur districts of Sindh and the Nasirabad district of Balochistan. The cost of the project was 474.8 million rupees. It feeds Ghotki Feeder, Begari Feeder, Desert and Pat Feeder canals.
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Year of Completion Location Design Discharge Length No. of Bays Off taking Canals

1962 River Indus, Near Kashmore 12,00,000 cusecs 3.840 ft 64 5

The canals which originate from this barrage and their details is given here under; 1. 2. 3. 4. Pat feeder Desert Feeder Begari Sindh Feeder Ghotki canal

JINNAH BARRAGE
Jinnah Barrage was constructed in 1946 on River Indus with a maximum design discharge of 950,000 cusecs. The total designed withdrawal for canals is 7,500 cusecs. The maximum flood level height of Jinnah Barrage is 28 feet. The barrage has 42 bays, each 60 ft. wide. The length of the left bank is 4,099 ft and that of the right bank is 5,487 ft. the off-taking canal from Jinnah barrage is Thal Canal. Year of Completion Location Design Discharge Length No. of Bays Off taking Canals 1946 River Indus, Kalabagh I Mianwali District northwest of Punjab 950,000 cusecs 3,360 ft 42 1

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1. Thal canal: The amount of water that it carries is 2.534 MAF. It is divided into 2 different divisions. i. Thal canal main line lower:

It is a main canal located in Bhakkar. Its reduced distance is 502500. And length in miles is 100.50. Its authorized head discharge is 4100. Its authorized tail discharge is 228.00. Its Gross command area is 3534.Its Cultivable command area is 2966. ii. Thal canal main line upper:

It is a main canal located in Kalabagh. It is categorized in the zone of sarghodha. It is a perennial canal.Its reduced distance is 157662.00. And length in miles is 31.532. Its authorized head discharge is 9000.00. Its authorized tail discharge is 9000.00. Its Gross command area is 2460861.00. Its Culturable command area is 2115931.00.

KOTRI BARRAGE
Kotri Barrage was constructed in 1955 on River Indus with a maximum design discharge of 875,000 cusecs. The barrage has 44 bays, each 60 feet wide. The length of the left and right guide bank is 6,000 ft. The maximum flood level height of Kotri barrage is 43.1 feet. Kotri Barrage was constructed to irrigate Fulleli, Pinyari and Kolari canals through lined channels and enhance agriculture in the lower Sindh region. The need to release some amount of water below Kotri Barrage, which is the last diversion point on the Indus River System, has been recognized by most experts. The purpose is to provide the sailaba (flood) Irrigation in an area of approximately 120, 000 hectares and keep the 280kilometer Indus River Reach from the Kotri Barrage to the Arabian Sea, alive. Furthermore, any amount of water released below Kotri would help in checking seawater intrusion. Year of Completion Location Design Discharge Length No. of Bays Crest Level Off taking Canals 1955 South-west of Karachi near Hyderabad 750,000 cusecs 3000 ft 44 48 S.P.D 4

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The canals which originate from this barrage and their details is given here under; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Kotri Baghar feeder Phuleli Pinjari Akram Wah
S.M.B.L (Sidhnai Mailsi Bahawal Link) Canal

SUKKUR BARRAGE
Sukkur Barrage was constructed in 1932 on River Indus. It is among the few large barrages in the world, and has a maximum design discharge of 1.5 million cusecs. The total designed withdrawal for canals is 47,530 cusecs. The barrage has 54 bays, each 60 feet wide. The maximum flood level height of Sukkur barrage is 30 feet. Year of Completion Location Design Discharge Length No. of Bays No. of Under Sluices Crest Level Off taking Canals 1932 River Indus, Near Sukkur City 15,00,000 cusecs 4,490 ft 54 12 177 7

TAUNSA BARRAGE
Taunsa Barrage was constructed in 1958 on River Indus, 18- miles downstream of Chashma Barrage in district Muzaffargarh. The barrage has a maximum design discharge of 750,000 cusecs. The total designed withdrawal for canals is 36,501 cusecs. The maximum flood level height of Taunsa Barrage is 26 feet. The barrage has 53 bays, each 60 feet wide. The TaunsaPanjnad Link has been made to supply water to the Panjnad Headworks. It also feeds the DG Khan and Muzaffargarh canals. The length of the left and right guide bank is 8,327 ft. The gates, 60 x 22.5 feet in size, are manually operated.

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Year of Completion Location Design Discharge Length No. of Bays No. of Under Sluices Crest Level Off taking Canals

1958 River Indus, 20 km southeast of Taunsa City 750,000 cusecs 4,436 ft 53 12 4

The canals which originate from this barrage and their details is given here under; 1. D.G. Khan Canal It is a main canal located in D.G Khan . It is categorized in the zone of D.G KHAN. It is a non-perennial canal. Its reduced distance is 345230.00. And length in miles is 69.046. Its authorized head discharge is 8900.00. Its authorized tail discharge is 5514.00 Its Gross command area is 947874.00. Its Cultivable command area is 901981.00. 2. Muzaffargarah Canal It is a main canal located in D.G KHAN. It is categorized in the zone of D.G KHAN. It is a non-perennial canal. Its reduced distance is 370700.00. And length in miles is 74.14. Its authorized head discharge is 8901.00. Its authorized tail discharge is 2776.00 Its Gross command area is 906490.00. Its Cultivable command area is 838380.00. Its tail authorized tail gauge is 9.40. 3. Taunsa Panjnad Link Canal It is a main canal located in D.G KHAN. It is categorized in the zone of D.G KHAN. It is a non-perennial canal. Its reduced distance is 191000.00. And length in miles is 38.20. Its authorized head discharge is 12000.00. Its authorized tail discharge is 12000.00 Its Gross command area is 2150000.00. Its Cultivable command area is 20000000.00.

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GHAZI BROTHA BARRAGE

Year of Completion Location Design Discharge Length Off taking Canals

2004 River Indus 500,000 cusecs 170,560 ft 1

BALLOKI BARRAGE

Year of Completion Location Design Discharge Length No. of Bays No. of Under Sluices Crest Level Off taking Canals

1914 River Ravi 140,000 cusecs 1,644 ft 35 625 S.P.D 2

SIDHNAI BARRAGE

Year of Completion Location Design Discharge

1965 River Ravi 167,000 cusecs

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Length No. of Bays No. of Under Sluices Crest Level Off taking Canals

712 ft 15 4 454 S.P.D 2

RASOOL BARRAGE

Year of Completion Location Design Discharge Length No. of Bays No. of Under Sluices Crest Level Off taking Canals

1968 River Jhelum, 72 km from Mangla Dam 876,000 cusecs 3,209 ft 42 6 703S.P.D 2

SULEMANKI BARRAGE

Year of Completion Location Design Discharge Length No. of Bays

1927 River Sutlej 309,000 cusecs 2,220 ft 24

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No. of Under Sluices Crest Level Off taking Canals

16 560 S.P.D 3

ISLAM BARRAGE

Year of Completion Location Design Discharge Length No. of Bays No. of Under Sluices Crest Level Off taking Canals

1927 River Chenab 300,000 cusecs 1,650 ft 29 4 435.5 S.P.D 2

MAILSI SIPHON

Year of Completion Location Design Discharge Length No. of Bays No. of Under Sluices Crest Level

1965 River Sutlej, Near Mailsi 429,000 cusecs 1,601 ft 24 415.5 S.P.D

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MARALLA HEAD WORKS

Year of Completion Location Design Discharge Length No. of Bays No. of Under Sluices Crest Level Off taking Canals

1968 River Chenab, Near Sialkot City 11,00,000 cusecs 4,472 ft 66 13 800 S.P.D 2

KHANKI HEAD WORKS

Head Khanki or the Khanki Headwork is the oldest head work of Pakistan. It is present at river Chenab in Gujrat District. It is used to control water flow and flood flow in river Chenab. Another use is to provide water to tributaries Such as Lower Chenab. It was built in 1889. Canal Lower Chenab originates from Head Khanki.It provides water to three million acres (12,000 km) of agricultural lands by one main distributry, Lower Chenab and 59 minor distrtributeries. Year of Completion Location Design Discharge Length No. of Bays No. of Under Sluices Crest Level Off taking Canals 1889 River Chenab, Gujrat District 750,000 cusecs 4,000 ft 48 56 726.5-727 S.P.D 1
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QADIRABAD BARRAGE

Year of Completion Location Design Discharge Length No. of Bays No. of Under Sluices Crest Level Off taking Canals

1967 River Chenab, Phalia Tehsil of Mandi Bahaudin 900,000 cusecs 3,373 ft 50 5 684.5 S.P.D 1

TRIMMU BARRAGE

Year of Completion Location Design Discharge Length No. of Bays No. of Under Sluices Crest Level Off taking Canals

1939 25 km from Jhang city on the Confluence of river Ravi and Chenab 645,000 cusecs 2,856 ft 47 Left Portion :5 Right portion: 6 Main Weir: 477..5 Under Sluice: 472.0 S.P.D 3

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PUNJNAD BARRAGE

Year of Completion Location Design Discharge Length No. of Bays No. of Under Sluices Crest Level Off taking Canals

1929 River Chenab 700,000 cusecs 2,856 ft 47 325 S.P.D 2

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Salient Features of off-taking Canals from the Barrages of Pakistan

Sr. # Barrage Names Year of Completion of Barrage Area Irrigated in Km2 Above Rim Station 1 2 3 Amandra Munda Warsak Swat Swat Kabul 1915 1885 /1917 1890 / 1962 1947 1971 1,557 Upper Swat Canal Lower Swat Canal Warsak Canal (L&R) Kabul River Canal Below Rim Station 26,900 Thal Canal Chashma Jhelum Link 28,317 CRBC/Peharpur Taunsa Punjnad Link 21,237 Muzaffargarh Canal D.G. Khan Canal Ghotki Feeder Desert Pat Feeder 25,485 Pat Feeder Canal Begari Feeder Nara Canal Khairpur East Canal Rohri Canal 42,475 Khairpur West Canal North West Canal Rice Canal Akram Wah Link Canal Fuleli Canal 25,485 Pinyari Canal Kalri Canal Rasul- Qadirabad Link 24,069 Lower Jhelum Canal LJC Feeder 1915 1885 1962 1890 1949 1970 1970 1959 1959 1962 1962 1962 1962 1932 1932 1932 1932 1932 1932 1955 1955 1955 1955 1967 1901 96 55 14 13 311 614 142 340 235 249 241 365 235 439 379 76 317 54 144 289 116 391 408 255 538 150 154 Year of Completion Discharge at Head (cusecs)

River

Canals

4 5

Jinnah Chashma

Indus Indus

Taunsa

Indus

1959

Guddu

Indus

1962

Sukkur

Indus

1932

Kotri

Indus

1954

10

Rasul

Jhelum

1967

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11 12 13

Marala Khanki Qadirabad

Chenab Chenab Chenab

1968 1892 1967

31,148 29,732 25,485

Rasul Power Canal Marala Ravi Link Upper Chenab Canal Lower Chenab Canal Qadirabad Balloki Link and LCC Feeder Trimmu Sidhnai Link Haveli Canal Rangpur Canal Balloki Sulemanki Link Lower Bari Doab Canal Sidhnai Mailsi Link Mailsi Bahawal Link Sidhnai Canal Eastern Sadiqia Canal Fodwah Canal Upper Pakpattan Canal U & L Bahawal Canal Qaim Canal Punjnad Canal Abbasia Canal Ghazi Barotha Power Channel

1956 1912 1892 1967 1965 1939 1939 1954 1913 1965 1965 1886 1927 1927 1927 1927 1927 1335 1338 2002

101 623 467 326 527 311 183 77 524 198 286 110 127 139 95 169 132 213 231 65 132

14

Trimmu

Chenab

1939

18,406

15

Balloki

Ravi

1965

63,712

16

Sidhnai

Ravi

1965

4,709

17

Sulemanki

Sutlej

1928

9,911

18 19 20

Islam Punjnad Ghazi Barrage

Sutlej Chenab Indus

1928 1932 2002

10,987

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LINK CANALS IN PAKSITAN

i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. Chashma-Jhelum Link - Indus-Jhelum Taunsa-Punjnad Link - Indus-Chenab Rasul-Qadirabad Link - Jhelum-Chenab Marala-Ravi Link - Chenab-Ravi Bambanwala-Ravi-Bedian Link - Chenab-Ravi-Sutlej Upper Chenab-Balloki Link - Chenab-Ravi Qadirabad-Balloki Link - Chenab-Ravi Trimmu-Sidhnai Link - Chenab-Ravi Balloki-Sulaimanke Link - Ravi-Sutlej Sidhnai-Mailsi Link - Ravi-Sutlej

RIVERS IN PAKISTAN AND BARRAGES/HEADWORKS

i. ii. iii. iv. v. Indus: Chashma, Taunsa, Guddu, Sukkur, Kotri Jhelum: Rasul Chenab: Marala, Khanki, Qadirabad, Trimmu Ravi: Balloki, Sidhnai Sutlej: Sulaimanke, Islam, Punjnad

SUMMARY
1. Indus Tarbela dam, Warsak dam (on the Kabul river near the Indus), Kalabagh barrage (also named as Jinnah barrage) at Kalabagh, Chashma reservoir, Tausa barrage, Gudu barrage, Sukkur barrage, Kotri barrage. 2. Jhelum Mangla dam, Rasul barrage, Punjnad headworks. 3. Chenab Marala headworks, Khanki headworks, Qadirabad barrage. 4. Ravi Balloki barrage, Sidnai barrage. 5. Sutlej Sulemanki barrage, Islam barrage 2. The natural geo-agricultural pattern has made in such a way that the Chenab meets the Jhelum near Trimmu, the Ravi meets the Jhelum downwards, and the Sutlej meets the Jhelum at Pujnand, and still down, the combination of these rivers meets the Indus at
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Mithankot. Then the Indus flows down into Sindh. There are three barrages in Sindh while all other waterworks are upcountry. Another fact is that in Punjab all rivers and waterworks are interconnected by channels and links as under: 1. C-J link (Chashma-Jhelum link) connects the Indus at Chashma with the Jhelum above Trimmu. 2. U-J-C link (upper Jhelum Chenab Link) connects the Jhelum from Mangla to the Chenab above Khanki headworks. 3. R-Q link (Rasul-Qadirabad link) connects the Jhelum at Rasul with the Chenab at the Qadirabad barrage. 4. M-R link (Marala-Ravi link) connects the Chenab at Marala with the Ravi at Shahdara). 5. Q-B link (Qadirabad-Balloki link) connects the Chenab at Qadirabad with the Ravi at Balloki. 6. T-S link (Trimmu-Sidnai link) connects the Jhelum at Trimmu with the Ravi at Sidnai. 7. S-M link (Sidnai-Malsi link) connects the Ravi at Sidnai with Malsi that passes through the Sutlej. 8. The BRBD link is about a 100-mile-long channel from a branch of Marala across the Ravi towards the Sutlej. 9. B-S I & II (Balloki-Sulemanki) are two links which connect the Ravi at Balloki with the Sutlej at Sulemanki.

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REFERENCES
. www.google.com www.answers.com http://irrigation.gov.pk www.yahoo.com www.authorstream.com http://www.wapda.gov.pk http://www.sindh.gov.pk http://www.britannica.com

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