Egypt As It Is in 1838 1000058141

2013-03-31 11:01:33 UTC
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AS
IT
IS
IN
1838.
BY
THOMAS
WAGHORN,
STEAM
AGENT
IN EGYPT,
LONDON: SMITH, ELDER

AND
CO. CORN
HILL.
Price 2s. 6d.
Yu^:'^1v'^""^;
'V-. \
V. ;.
.tl
EGYPT
AS
IT
IS
1838.
IN
The
following
pages
were
intended
were
for publication
in March
on
last, but
then
withheld by
that
entertained
the
representation
of Her
he here
made
to
the Author
Members
the
Majesty's Government,
advocates As would
nothing, be
views and
promoted.
been done
however, in is
has
since
by H. M. views,
Government
furtherance
now
of these
to
the
Pamphlet
given
great
the
Public,
to
the
Question being
longer
on
of too shelf.
moment
remain
the
September,
1838.
THEKr-.VY
'
PUBLIC
u::
!
AND
ie-6975
ASTOW, LENOX
FOUNDATIONS.
EGYPT
TILCEN
îaL_
AS
IT
IS
IN
1838.
BY
THOMAS
WAGHORN,
STEAM
AGENT
IN
EGYPT.
LONDON: SMITH, ELDER

AND
CO.
CORNHILL.
1838.
,'
LONDON:
VRINTBD
BY
STEWART
AND
1IT)RRAY"
OLD
BAILBY.
TO
GENERAL,
THE
RIGHT
HONOURABLE
LORD
WILLIAM
BENTINCK,
M.P.
LATE
GOVERNOR
GENERAL
OF
BRITISH
INDIA.
My
Lord,
''
Egypt
in 1838"
to your
is most
;
respectfully
and
onerous
dedicated
is to
Lordship you the
its
object
task
impose
upon
of
convincing
Parliament
as
that, times
and
circumstances,
well
as
foreign
will
the
intrigues,
call upon
of
England
Egypt,
the
as
to
a
independence
ally in promoting
interests,
powerful
of British
stability
in
particularly
the
East.
EGYPT
AS
IT
IS
IN
1838.
The
1837,"
"
success
of bringing
to
my the
pamphlet
unnatural of the
Egypt
position
in
in
of
that
country of
the and
notice
united high both
lic pubcompliments
countries,
England
paid
induce
me
India,
the
and
the
of
to
it, by
to
a
press
put
forth
another that
in 1838,
which
I do
with
conviction
so
there
is
no
political the
question
intimately of
as
mixed Britain
up
with
with
foreign
to
policy
the
Great
the
reference
East,
and
he
acknowledgment
as
of
Mahomed
country
Ali which
his heirs,
sovereigns
have
so
of
and
they
rapidly
advanced,
to
say
the
least of it, into
table respec-
kingdom. It is first necessary

state
to
we
look
into
the
present
from
of Turkey,
before
dissever
Egypt
to be
it, and nominal,
if
we
find their should into

at
a
connexion
once
wholly Has and
we
dissolve
it.
Turkey
has
declined
Russiati
towards
was
province,
such
means
a
England
contributed
Yes.
result?
answer,
England
as
a
the
stroying of dedates
we
Turkey decay
from
kingdom,
of
which
when
its destroyed
the day
Navarino,
sailors,
her assisted her;

that the
fleet and
Greeks
our
and
afterwards
against
in
their
rebellion
and
we
yet
are
politicians
ally
so,
stoutly
maintain
the
of
for
Turkey.
the
last
Have
ten
we
proved
ourselves
years?
to
No;
war
witness with
our
having
when
permitted
we
Russia
have
Turkey,
a
might
to
our
vented preforces
it by
at Malta,
simple
order
naval
to sail to the
Black
Sea, and
again
our
destroy
non-interference
the
Russian
to
fleet.
prevent
sums
Witness
the
annual
payment
of
to
the
monstrous at the
assigned
by
Turkey
the payment
so
Russia
of
treaty of Adrianople,
since
which
has
was
rendered
to
Turkey
give up
the
poor,
that Russia
induced
balance
9 it,
of
on
receiving
by France
certain and
sum
which
a
was
guaranteed add
to
England
year
ago:
this, the
once
fact of Arabia,
boasted
Syria,
Egypt,
and
all the
provinces
of Turkey, her
having
because
raised of
alone
the standard oppressive

and
of revolt against
her
government;
nearly
at
while
Egypt
the
defeated
annihilated
battle
united
in
forces
1833,
of Turkey
the
of
Koniah,
had been
a
by
an
Egyptian European
but
army,
manner
who
for
drilled
in the
only
short
period,
being
half the
number
of their antagonists.
Since
that,
Turkey,
fed
her
forsaken with
by
England,
for low
as
who
has
only
promises
so
the
to
last ten
years, has
to
been
by
reduced
the
sell herself
Russia
treaty of Unkiar
Skelessi,
to
in which
she
was
obliged
the
by Black
Russia
Sea,
sign
the
British
immensely
;
flag from
to the
now
thus
adding
sea
power
can save
of Russia Turkey
in that from
and
nothing
in
course
becoming, and
of time,
a
Russian
for
her
^
province, the
Constantinople
rendezvous
of
Russian
navy,
views
to
the
furtherance
ambitious
most
in
the
Levant,
Greece,
and
likely Egypt
can
herself.
Who
deny
that
b2
the
untdward
policy of
10
England
at
Navarino,
decay
talk
and
since,
as
has
a
been
tening has-
the
of
Turkey
kingdom?
ally for
and
the
yet
we
of having
years. maintain
been
her
last two
hundred
Some
politicians would
Russian in the it is to
never
that
France
and
to
England fall into

them how,
permit
Constantinople
; but
possession present
be
I have hopeless They
asked
state
almost
of things, evasively,
to
prevented.
it will
be
answer
and
say
that
the
time
enough they
prevent
never
nor were
it when told
me
crisis arrives, but

they purpose what
have it,
are
how
even
doing
we
they by
it.
once
successful, I ask, is to
soil is
now
to
gain
Who, rich
renovate
Turkey,
waste,
whose
almost
and
year ?
1832,
her
people
decreasing
alarmingly
every
In
Turkey
if
a
probably Mahomed
might Ali,
to
our or
have
an
been
reanimated,
Ibrahim that
con-
Pasha,
was
had
been
permitted
by
do
it ; but
in
eflFectually prevented
with
policy
junction
France,
been
after the aflFairof Koniah;

the
on
and
what
to
has
a
result
beyond
forcing
out
Turkey
of whose
reliance
we
the
most
very
power,
to
hands
are
anxious
keep
her?
This,
however,
in
my
opinion,
cannot
11
now
be
accomplished,
of which
except
the
we
go
of
to
war,
the
are
expense
not
people
England
disposed
can
now
to encounter.
Who
was
deny
he
more
that said
to
Napoleon's
that
remark
correct,
when far
England
from
would
Russian
have
in
time
fear
ambition
nay,
to
than
from
serfs
say
bis?
of
to
Did
the
save
England
say
does
making
now
Poles?
the
and
England
nay, from
independent It is impossible
an
part of Circassia
Russia
ever
also ?
to
for Turkey
again
become
independent of many
kingdom,
of my
for, from
minute
enquiry
visited less, spiritit is
now
countrymen
are
who
have
more
it, I find that they

under
no
getting
daily
the
war
Sultan, with has

to
and
therefore
to
recover
a
use
to
Russia
lost
Turkey,
nation
"
because
not
Turkey
able
herself as
being
protect
herself, much
less her
provinces. This regard hundred

we
is the
to
true
position
and
save
of
we
Turkey
to
with
one
Russia;
to
were
fight
battles
not
the Turks for,

as
from
decay,
stated,
could
have
succeed;
before
That
let
they
lost their who

is.
can
moral deny ?
"
energy.
such
us
is Turkey,
what.
and
now
see
Egypt
12
I find
it to
be
the
richest
country
to
on
the
face of the earth

nature
or
in proportion
its extent, produce

other
a
the
two
of its soil enabling
it to
no
three
crops
I
a-year,
can even
which
point four.
country
near
does;
Cairo,
and
out
spot
which
coming
produces from
It is with
that
the
money
this prolifickness,
means
homed Ma-
Ali finds the

poor
vassal every
to of raising this hithercountry,
and
of
wretched
to
from
being
the
in
Turkey, between
being
1832
her
conqueror
1833.
to
no
battle
not
and
Egypt
do
did
or
ask
any
foreign up
as
assistance
a
this,
to
work
herself
one,
nation,
She
her
so
made
own
herself
means,
wholly
by
a
and
master
solely
by
; and
directed has
mind
my
1829,
own
surprisingly
worked
she
Egypt,
her way
under
since
which, her
vation, obserI feel
that
possesses England,
and
to
some
our
energies
properly
a
fostered
by
would
a
make
rich and
happy
with
nation,
regard give
valuable East
ally
to
ourselves,
and
India
interests,
I will those
astonishing
are.
examples
of what
energies In
1827,
the the
were
few
ships
she
had
were
stroyed de-
by Ali's ships
English
then
at Navarino
; Mahomed
assisting
the
Sultan's,
13
and
these has
were
destroyed.
nine
Since
that
time
Egypt
852
to
built
sail
of the
line, to mount frigates
thirty- twomount
pounders;
double-banked
352
thirty* two-pounders;
steamers,
besides
"c.
corvettes,
brigs, sloops,
16,000,
"c.
Her
sailors number this

moment,
and
her land parts,

increase
are
forces, at
nearly of 6,000 nothing except
in
men,
different
being Now
an
130,000
paid
since
last year. these
Egypt by
produced
or
towards
the
forces,
not
a
land
of
sea,
money;
"
piece in fact,
wood,
the
iron,
cotton
rest
nor
copper
which
bought
nothing,
the
but
of
was
sails
her
were
made;
in
all the
foreign however,
with
monies
countries,
particularly
establishment
England.
of
Now,
by
the
manufactories
own
and smelts
arsetials, copper,
"c.
"c.,
to
Egypt
makes
coins
her
money,
the
ironwork forests
sea
for
her
are
ships,
now
while
build
as
the
her
of
Syria
devoted
bulwarks,
instead
other
ing, of her depend-
before,
upon the
powers
for these
by
intercept.
supplies,
the
which
a
blockade
of Alexandria
nation would
fleet of So
more
powerful
positive and
much
improvement,
ticularly par-
in education
medicine,
has
taken
place,
to
tiie astonishment
of all impartial
Eng-
14
lishmen wonder England, become

day
we
who
are
see
so
Egypt
much
as
it is, that
they
it in
in the
dark
about
and
once
say
more
that, if independent,
a
it would
is every
great
nation,
and
to
becoming
of
more
importance
in
English
than
his
return
interests,
one
particularly
has
to
India.
More
on
M.P.
home
visited
it, determined its cause;
advocate
so.
but,
alas!
none
have
Is it not
yet done
the
true
policy
at
once
of England
to
take her
Egypt
as
by
the hand,
acknowledging
to
power,
and
helping
herself have
to
her
do
the
rest
towards
exalting liberty? We other

we
good
government
and permitted
always
to
heretofore
this;
and
nations
same
do
to
why
and
do
how
deny
we
the
right
Egypt?
do
to
attempt
to
in these you
days
shall
to
of enlightenment
not
say
Egypt,
rise,
"
but
^now
you
shall
we
continue
tributary
Turkey?
than
that
know
Egypt
is greater
Turkey.
improve
itself
Were
Egypt,
if independent,
constitutes
would
true
to
in all which the
greatness.
British
Parliament
100,000
acknowledge and
take
sea
her
independenc
of her land
forces
up
the
are
would
lay. aside
the
sword
would
and
be
spade.
The
monies
saved
that
16
how
these
spent
("2,100,000 a-year)
Mahomed
keep
which
from
to
maintain
his heirs support
to carry
forces, which
to
AH
and
to
will be obliged
up,
in order
means
the principles
through
her
upon
Egypt
Turkey.
are
freedom
Many
and
return
travellers
to
there
who
visit Egypt,
down
their
countries, Ali ; but
crying
the
most
this
arming
omit
waits
to
of Mahomed
state,
of them
at
the
same
time,
of
that
the Pasha and

for the work of
only
to
for the
guarantee
the
to arts
England
war
France,
arts
relinquish
and
of
of
peace,
prosecute
barbarity
the
to
Egypt's
improvement
Of his desire
from
tion. civiliza-
for this result, the schools^
hospitals, formed, blame

are
and
sanitary
establishments
he
has
the
the best where
proof.
it is due,
Let, therefore,
"
rest
on
the in
ments govern-
of
England
day and
from
and
that from
France,
keeping which
Egypt
she
won,
one
independence
dates
at
the battle of Koniah. with the truth, to

or
It is idle, and say that
variance Ali
Mahomed
the
he
wishes,
of
calculates
upon England
name,
becoming
;
ally
knows
any
the
power
glory of
to
but
our
for
well
and
alliance
the
happiness
us.i
we
impart
the
those
in
with
He
knows
industry
16
of the
and
English
the
in
districts
to
of
Egypt
her
to
drill
to
direct
Fellah Heaven
farm
lands;
manure
fertilize which.
sends
bountiful
and
by the
would
overflowing
soon
of the Nile, through

more,
that Egypt
after,
the
were
Fellahs peace
selves, themguaranteed
yield fourfold
to her
by thus
England
and
by
France.
raise her of
venues re-
Egypt,
situated,
those
of
would
any
beyond
same
course,
of
country
The
the of
remain
extent
cultivation. this, and by from

that
Pasha,
will
knows
Egypt
from
west
open
to
attack
as
England the
the
east
(India), as
he
knows,
well
(England);
possesses
and her
as
doubtless,
that
England
world,
are
the naval long

not
as
superiority trade
she and will
of the
that
so
commerce
on
aim,
she
and
has
war,
go
establishing,
done,
of
the
her
name,
and
promoting
of
the
;
the well-being
180,000,000
world
already
too,
acknowledgi
her by
a
sway
he
knows, for
that, poses pur-of and

the
proper
of
application
of water would
the
mine
irrigation, Egypt
be of
to
wealth, the
and
that, by
the blessings
peace
introduction
on
of of
machines
the canals
irrigate
and
lands
the
banks would
the Nile,
its increase
be
equal
to
three
and
(om
17 this attained,
country
too,
crops
a-
year,
In
and
at a small
expense.
sown,
that
the
wheat
has
it has
been
and
;
on
forty-first day
is left to
of
been
thrashed of the
this
fact
the
consideration
agriculturists
England,
to
or
who
to
would,
doubtless,
employment River order policy Yes
"c.,
prefer
at
going home,
Egypt
waiting
for
embarking
Land,
for Swan
Canning's
the
and
was
Van
Dieman's
and
do
if Mr.
rescinded ought should

to
soon
England
with
pursued
to
she
we
respect
our
Egypt,
have
as
indigo
in India,
planters,
"c.
"c.
in that country
well
as
That
mightiest
can
as
power
so
of the earth, the steamin difierent
engine,
the
be
to
applied,
water
parts
of
to
Nile,
at
raise
into
the
canals,
supply
now
pleasure
the
the
lands
of
Egypt,
for her
who
possesses
coals
of Syria
naces. fur-
Many
advance
and
arguments
say that
against question
"
Egypt's
is mixed
we
independence, up
with
our
interest in Turkey To
that
cannot
interfere.
is but Turkey
one
these
unsoqnd
viz.
politicians
have
we
no
there
answer,
We
have
interest in
Persia;
us
to
lose, neither
in
insatiable
Russia those
having
supplanted
in
both
countries.
18
I should
have
the
adduced
arguments
more
facts of Mr.
on
the
so
subject,
entirely
his
own
but
".
to
a
coincide
words
;
with he
mine,
that I beg
"
"
give
says
From
partial my
himself
residence
in Egypt, that the
can
faithfully
never
state
conviction,
to
Pasha in the
allowed
be influenced
least
to
by
the
sentations repre-
of parties
Which
it
was
inimical
he
British interests,
on
stated
did,
foregoing,
for
the present,
the execution
death
of the Suez
of my
rail-road, friend,
his
since
the
the
lamented
talented
the
late Galloway
Bey.
On
contrary,
Highness
that would the world,
the
is fully convinced
accrue
of the in the
as
*
advantages
eyes
was
to
Egypt,
of all
by
making
it again,
it
before
of
passage
by
the
Cape,
and
the
the
Entrepot,'
the wealth
''
of Europe
Indies.
has
To
this end with

the
his Highness great
long
desired
treaty
powers, shall this of the
which,
at
by
same
assuring
mutual
guarantee
advantages,
the
the
time
will
expenses part
great
work
entail. rail-road
''
great
materials
for this
is already
lodged
at Alexandria.
How
far England
state
is right in permitting
to continue,
the
present
of things
her
is left to the
reflections
of
commercial,
manufacturing,
19
aud
landed
interests.
we
It behoves
are
us
also
to
consider line
whether policy, up
not,
by
our
present
to
of
contributing
enormous
indirectly
armed
the
keeping
of the
force which
at
an
Egypt
which, might
is compelled
were
to
maintain
outlay
her
to
independence
the
guaranteed, ment. of improve-
be
applied
purposes
"
Can
we
not
make
arrangements
with
with and
homed Maby
Ali, in connexion
France,
guaranteeing
and
to
our a
to
him
and
his heirs Egypt,

induce
secure
Syria,
their dependencies,
him
a
to subscribe
vast
treaty, which
would
outlet for
manufactures
and
in return
for his agricultural

to
produce,
monopolies,
persuade
and make
him up
forego
vexatious
some
for the
loss by
trifling augmentation
taxes
*'
of custom-dues
and
small
throughout
Ought
national
we
Egypt
not
?
a
also, in
manner
becoming
state
our
character
to
and
the
advanced
of
civilization,
the
exert to
ourselves
amicably
enlightened
on
to
induce
measures
Pasha
adopt
more
of
government,
based
solid principles
hitherto
of policy,
for the benefit of that

?
benighted
people truth,
Let
us
not
trovertible forget the incon-
that
by
strengthening
Egypt
20
we
strengthen
1st,
our
po"Ver
our
in the
East, and
in
con*
tribute,
to ;
further
we
benefit
to
as
every
point Egypt
and
of
as
view
our
2d,
secure
ourselves
ally, quite
as
efficient
Portugal, foreign
a
far
more
able to defend
than
our
herself from
we
aggression
Spain
own
; 3d,
establish
new
power
and
ought
in
defence
against
all others;
as
lastly, by
to
taking
Egypt
long
by the hand, ago,

we
we
have India
and
done
divert
its
the
trade
of
and
Europe
it through
from
present
channel,
an
convey
every
that of Egypt,
to
us.
advantage the
way
incalculable
of coals
Witness
use
present
conveyance
Red
sent
for the by
one
of steamers
they
we
in the
can
Sea,
cheaper
half than
**
be
to
via the
a
Cape.
Next,
have
consider
to
line of rail-road
;
"
direct
from
Alexandria
Suez
next,
the
facilities of steam
navigation of Egypt,
to
between
which
England would open
and
sources
''
India,
by way
of wealth
all parties.
at all practicable
By establishing
the
weirs
points
on
Nile, which
heads
the Pasha
would
do, if independent, sufficient Alexandria,

to
of water
canal
as
will be raised
to
fill the old

as
between
Suez
and
and
well
all the
ones,
others, by
carry
and
water
through
new
which
means,
21
particularly
to that of the
by
joining the
canal
of Alexandria
Bahire,
to
invaluable
and
advantages cheap and
will
transit
be
afforded
agriculture,
between
provided
through
"
for goods
the East
Europe
Egypt.
is the state of Egypt
now
What
a
? people
It supports
;
population
of 3,000,000 paid troops;
provides
for 140,000
20,000
16,000
sailors;
youths
in her
establishments
for public branches

the
education,
the
destined
service;
"c.
;
for
different
in
of
public
60,000
10,000
arsenal,
manufactories, and
public
such
engaged
in buildings and
works
canals,
in
the
roads,
towns
vinces, proports,
;
as
dykes,
magazines,
6,000
rest,
palaces,
mosques,
rivers, walls, "c.
different
800,000
government
employes;
as
of
the
may
be
calculated
tradesmen
"c. ; the
and
people
are
employed
the
mass
in cities, toyns, devoted

like
to
surplus
"
agriculture. will find sufficient her

to
rising country historical
Egypt
to
examples efforts
encourage
are
persevere
from
in
the
which
to
lift her
moral
the possibility of retrogression in which

she
was
to the
debasement
when
Mahomed
Ali firstwon
shew her
the pashalic
; and
her efforts since
capable
of holding
up
her head
among
22
the nations
of the East,
hitherto
and
kept
down
by
;
plague,
now
pestilence,
schoolmaster
are
misrule,
is
oppression
quarantine cordons
are
the
abroad,
lazzarettos
established,
sanitary
drawn, doing
vaccination
and
besides
education
both
their work,
"
many
other
from
salutary
improvements,
Ali,
"
all emanating
her superior
Mahomed
secondary
by making of Europe. it not

to
to many
powers
"
Would
be
glorious
the
are
and
honourable
to
England
extend
?
hand
of friendship
towards
Egypt
the
There
the tribes of Arabia, and Abyssinia, and
people
of Syria,
Nubia,
the
in
large tract
savage
of land
beyond
these, all living freedom.
and
unproductive unattached
These
cannot
long
remain
and
ungovemed All
without
these
will
can
industry
be
and
without
to
comforts.
brought the
useful
course
life, if England
towards
only
her
pursue
own
Egypt
which
"
interests this time
indicate.
affords, directly and
maintenance
Egypt
at
and
to
indirectly,
at
employment least
some
thousands
at
of the inhabitants
land; of Engand for
45,000
Manchester,
her
cotton,
Liverpool,
"c.
; and
Glasgow,
30,000
at
in weaving
different other
places, in forging guns.
23
casting
The
amounts,
return.
shot,
making
sends takes
us
steam cotton,
machinery,
"c.,
most
"c.
Pasha
and
to
large
in
what
he
requires
"Pray,
there
how
much
of
the
our
manufactures
millons
are
consumed and
on
by
the
ten
of wild
or
men
in Arabia wanderers What

value
coast
hordes side
of
the Yemen,
the
either
with
of
the
?
Euphrates
The
is
our
trade
Abyssinia
official
eastern
of
our
imports
from
the
entire
of Africa, including
to the
can
enormous
Madagascar,
sum
in 1824,
amounted
of "65
sterling
be
1}
Who,
then,
deny
the
that
it would of
our
of vital sessions pos-
importance and without
to
our
security
Indian
trade, that the British

recognise
the
should,
delay,
independence
thus
"
of
Mahomed
Ali and
his heirs, and
facilitate
if we
to
the internal
not
even
improvements
the
of Egypt,
of Egypt
to
do
assist
Arabs
extend
of
the
blessings
"c.r
of civilization
the
millions
Arabia,
This
writer
proves
are as
that
the
interests of England and

daily getting
with
and
more
Egypt
so,
interwoven,
steam
navigation
India
progresses.
So
manifestly
is
the
increasing
power
of
24
Egypt
at
we
wrapt
up
with
and
land tiie real interests of Engsooner
borne,
in the ISast,that the
strengthen
as
ourselves
by
acknowledgjpg kingdom,
; for it
Egypt
separate
and
independent advantage
the inpfe
will it be
for ouj
must
is
certain
^hat
Egypt
rely
on
sorn?
power,
and
on
it is better that she
should
rely 09
ûs
|âq
f'rf^nce pr Russia.
I( is s^)so to the honpur of Frano^, an^ ii^t^r^st
\o cordially co-operatp
Egypt
put
iixpw
with
England
state,
in raising
intp
an
independent
any
have
a^d
thereby
her
or
beypnd
designs which H^ssi^ may

towards
tl^^t coyntry.
hereafter
the
Probably
is
as
bei^t co\^rsie England

"
could
sue pur-
fpllpws:
Begin
by
apknowledgipg
inêpeqdeflfi? ti^ê j of âhom^d. Ali 9?[d hi^ feci^r?

next
induce
the
putting
frigates,
d^w^
pf l^s iâvy if)
double-banked
stq^mers^
and
ptb^r
dr^w a Une o( frontier Btn^W vesiselspf war ; t^lpien h\s Highness, sqpcour N.S.p.^M an4 guaiff^flt^^ and independence
within
the limit and
no
more
this being
doxê,
stipu^^
fqr the
reduction of
ijt^ all, ; tlêp^
bis troops
cqltijyatp
with
Upe of tliie
tp 5iOj|O0iO. m^n
t"e
m9^t
ifitimiate qoppeiîpn
England
every
Egypt,
from
e^h
and
ppssibjL^ from I^pdia^

that could
l^nd^ng from
assist^^pe
25
hasten
the work
of the
prosperity
and
cilrllisa-
tion of that fine country. I would take

have
the English
or
French
the
ment governhand,
the
Egyptian
other
fleet by
small
and
war
let its frigates and
vessels
of
cruize
have
with
theirs
for improvement.
I would
the Egyptian
in Egypt,
England
that had
and
France
receive
youths
been
partly educated
nations.
the
into the schools
of both
the
I would
have
Honourable
India
Court
to
of
Directors
of the East
of their who
Company,
lend
have
fifty or
more
Indian
the
officets, who
drilled, and
know
come
sulman habits of the Musto
regiments^ and
do the best
as
fjrom India
Egypt,
same
course
:
for their brethren
there.
The
Egypt
"
could
or
pursue
one
proba-^
bly is
follows
one
Invite,
select
man EnglishEgypt,
or
and select twa
Frenchman
such
as
to come
are
on*
to
from
now
there ^ let them
find out,
nens,
by
residence
customs,
the
Hfôt,the
man-'
language^
and
htabits of the Egyp^
tian people.
When
sufficientlyacquakited
the assistance of
a
with
Of
a
all this, then, with
Mmncil
Aribf^f let them
diiscufssand
fiodUy lay dowh

whiek
m
it fppon laws constitutiocD, bdiftifvg
ikSoifd
êM
U
protection
and
security to tbe Fellah

c2
26
the Prince
can
; without
nor
constitution, kept from
no
country
or
thrive,
be long
of the
oppression know
wrong.
We,
civilized world and

means, an
that
liberty justice,
of conscience,
to
men's
equality would
a
of
taxation
according
best
form
the which
fundamental
should
parts
tell the
of such
tion, constituas
ruler of Egypt,
well
as
its Fellah,
neither
that
to
while
it protected
other. the
both,
it suffered
wrong
the
took
As
England
and
gloriously
releasing
lead
black
in abolishing slave
take the
the
poor
throughout
same
course
her dominions,
in releasing
let her again
the
poor
averting when
Egyptians
Egypt's Turkey
from decay
falls.
their thraldom,
into
a
thereby
province
Russian
The happy
moreover, over,
Egyptians
will be grateful
and
to
us,
will be
; and,
in themselves,
in their country
the
Almighty
will continue
to
watch
and
be the guardian and

"
of England,
for giving
to a
knowledge, country,
once
its consequent
the mistress
happiness,
of the
earth,
and
the granary
of the world."
to
now
proceed
review
the
existing
system
in Egypt.
The
first point
is the too-early in Egypt

;
establishme
of manufactures
for it is
1J7
only
degree
after
country
has
attained
her
considerable pursuits,
of fruitfulness, from
that spinning
agricultural
and
weaving
and
not
as
factories, "c.,
before
; because
us
should
our
be
established,
as
own
experience,
well
history, tells
that the surplus

resources
of
wealth
derived
from
on
tural agriculmechanical
is the
"c.
can
only
basis
which
arts,
flourish.
is the
Again,
the
as
the
Nile
principal
in
source
of
as,
agricultural
prosperity
Egypt,
and
from
its irregularities, and

has
agriculture
suffers the
considerably,
often
produced
records,
most
dreadful
necessary, operation,
and
"
famines
to
that
history
it is first
into
bring
any
surplus
of capital
by
works
spending
it in hydraulic, in
cases
steam,
other
requisite Nile,
sea
of low
Nile
are
^foreven
in low into the
the
rich waters and hour
of it
running
at
at
Rosetta
an
Damietta,
at
the
rate
of three
miles
to
each
of
at
these
places
to
; therefore,
prevent
this, and
all times
to
command any
irrigation,
it is expedient
expend
other
surplus
capital
thought
for
this
object
in
can
before
projectsare
of: keeping
when
mind
be
so
that it is always
desirable,
the
as
they
troops
spared,
to
employ
regular well
as
of
the country
in doing
this,
in digging
28 the like ; but

to
canals,
and
the grand
point of all,
is to hold
out
the
cultivators
as
(Fellahs) gain,
reward
of their
and,
in time, competence,
the
industry. Most
travellers
know,
that in the days

slave
was
of the
who
Mamelukes,
was
the bought
in Egypt,
the
boast
man
prized had
been
and
whose
was,
that
he
bought.
This
unnatural
course
of
to
things
Mahomed
; but
Ali of Egypt
he work,
has again
changed,
called
at
once
his honour
go
on
is
now
on
to
in
that
by
assisting
the
Fellah
from
the
depths
as
of
his
past
degrada*
m"%
tion, particularly alone

comes.
it is from
this class of
that
all
the
present
wealth
of
Egypt
In order with
each the
to raise their
fiiture condition
to a level
cultivators
of the soil in other

rent
couatries,
Fellah
should
land
at
fixed price, to be paid

sum
to the government,
same
which
a
should
continue
to be the
for
at
certain
ac*
term
of years;
to
in "stct, by particular do this
leases
rents
cording
the To
situation
and
a
quality
sur^
of the soil.
properly,,
correct
vey
shQuh)
be made,
the rents
fixed, and
due
if any
of
particular
Fellah
he
a
failed in the be
payment and
his rent,
to
should
simple
dispossessed
;
made
making
become
woekman
thus
29
fbttttk for a
master
cm
nlore
efficient thatiihimself.
be
Ko
Fellslh,
any
aitcourit, should
debts
called
and
to rijjoil
pay the
of his fieighbour,
u6
man's
or
ttr6fe6v6r,
of
and above
implements, the land
all,
agricultural
other
farWring
Cattle,
eVet
fixed
capital 6n
g6y6frnment.
ihodd
be seized
by the
case
These
rent,
shotild be
on
Ifeft,in
new
of
Aoft-paytnent of
the soil, the

to
leaseholder
as
being' called upon
pay for them

rent.
distress
for the
means
fWnier
occupant's
By
this
ti6]aud will ever be Mrithout cattle, implenfients, "c. The Egyptian government should
cause
the r6nt
of eVery
Fellah
to
be paid
pay
to
the
Sheikh
channel
of his village, who

point6d
out
should
it in the
by
the Pasha,
without
any
dedrfctions^.
Having
necessaty
giteh
to
^hott tftiii
statement
of
what
is
be of
rfone for the P6llah, after the

Egypt
come
iiifdependence
the
next
fel guaranteed
to'' is
to
her,
point
Mre
the factories of
except
Egypt.
one
All these 6ught
to be abolished,
for
making'
arms
for
âr
"
another
for
making
ittiplements
of peace
ments, (farming implesteatn-vessels,
"c.)-â
and
third for repairing

a
steam-machinery,
fourth for raising water,

:
and
unhusking
tli6 rice
all the others
for spin
.30
ning,
weaving,
at
once,
smelting, because
"c.,
should present
be
lished aboof the
in the
state
Egypt
people
more
or
they
are
source
of much
them
loss, and be
so
employed profitably
in
would
much
occupied
the
raw
in cultivating articles
in
;
the soil,
in obtaining
the
and
this should
for the
next
be
system
years,
pursued
by
which
Egypt
twenty enable
time
improvement
will
to
her to devote
her surplus
wealth
other
an
objects.
instant when
manner,
The
raw
article will marketable

in
sure
always
meet
sale
at
prices;
cheapest
had
at
and
then,
manufactured
the
and
best
price
will
again.
be
to be
market
back
The
present
the
energetic
ruler
of
Egypt
Arab
and
has
changed
the
wandering
and
predatory kind
of
desert guide
about
Egypt
into the
ful faithand
will
of Christians,
of all denominations
countries,
visiting those
the
desert
wilds
and
probably achieve
the Fellahs
husbandry
a
difficult task
to
use
of inducing
of
of Egypt than
a
other
implements
a
crooked
piece of
date-tree
for
roller,
or
another
called
earth,
straight piece
a
of wood
out (within and
wheels)
out
plough,
a
that
jumps
of
the
being
as
we
perfect
them
mockery
used
of
those
implements
see
in other
31
agricultural
of Egypt such it has
men
countries.
Such
is
faithful picture
in her
agricultural and, Pasha
pursuits,
perhaps, and Even
the his
and
no
been
than
for centuries,
the present
other
are
son
so
well
adapted
to alter this.
without
same
more
irrigation,
be
the increase
more,
from
soil
it is at
would
one-fifth
improved
at
least, than
present, The
by
implements
of farming.
gladly
teach
get
a
English
in the
agriculturist would Pasha's

to
settle in
Egypt
pay,
manage
and
and
to
the Arabs,
large
one
in districts, how
crop
quickly,
and
another,
another,
all in
year.
in five
My
own
impression
after such and
is, that Egypt
would,
years
management,
perhaps
now
in three,
working
what
by
at
a
hydraulic
steam-machines, perhaps
four then
loss, yield
three,
times, all the
the
lands
the
do
now
; because
lands,
return
with
to
increased
population
of them
that would the
the cultivation
was
(when
dence indepenand
as
guaranteed) would
results
be cultivated,
sure
the
the
same
would
ancient
be
to
follow
in
days
of the
Egyptians,
Mediterranean
viz. it would
be
the granary
of the
revert
again.
the
mere
I may
guarantee
succour
now
to
the
fact, that
by
to
England
Mahomed
of Ali,
independence
within
the
and limits
32
marked
and
him
out
to
Egypt
as
kingdoni,
under
hiin
hisiheirs, will effect all this, besides

au
binditig
our
ally for
ever.
This homed
pamphlet
All
or
a
is not
written
to
please
Mat-
any
party.
course
It is written
to awak6it
as
ia England
proper
oar
name
of policy
interests
respects
the
keeping
and
respected
to
throughout
the globe,
in particular
and
advance
same
the prosperity time
of this country,
at the
to
that of Egypt;
attd, especially
tell the
people
are
of England
aftd India
that, now
that they
that all and
not
sow
brought
(so to speak) close together,

upon
a
this is based
of stone
foundation
of sand,
Alt
; becafUse
were
if Mahomed
from
and
his
Ibrahim
no*
called
life to-mofrow;
or*
it is
ifuprobabfe
in
th^tt fetrd îfnd that
revolution
become
our
Would
the
arise
seat
Egypt,
war
it would then
all
of civil
again,
in
and
interests
there
would
be
jeopardy, and
to
a
steam-naviga^
tion would Who
be brought
the
stand-still. wandering the
made
tribes,
to
desert
and
on
robber
Sea
and of the
Arab
bordering
Red
Egypt, Franks,
respect the
they
Who
to
lives and
property
before,
which All?
never
did
but
as
homed Mamany
converted
so
them of my
into
faithful guides
many
countrymen
33
who in my
have
of late crossed
the
those
deserts ?
This
is^
opinion,
and
son's
master-piece
man
of that
; but
most
wonderful
and his
extraordinary
death, in
at
his
all probability,
these
tribes will, for the want

which
to
of that stern
have
and
our
rigour with
their
misdeeds habits,
as
been
visited, return
what
becomes
their origmal
as
if so^
steam
of Egypt,
well
of
tion communica-
through Again,
Egypt
?
certain possession
reason
is not
the almost
of
for loss
Turkey
our
by
Russia
a
another
sufficient in Egypt
seeking
counterpoise
?
to
for
our
in that quarter
It is lamentable
cannot
think
that
even a
our
politicians
of
a
spare
to
themselves into and
quarter
the
session
look their
discuss
which
foreign lost One

the
policy
of
country,
i" wholly
sight of ia would
legislating
that
only many
for Ireland.
of them think
suppose
counterpoise
in Ireland
or
of England's in Canada.
:
safety
was
centered
Bi"t
to
return
England,
the
as
France,
most
and
India
connexion
sfaoiald each
with
cultivate
friendly
Egypt,
the
only
counterpoise
to
from
the unnatural
connexion
of Turkey
sia, Rusto the
and
probably
this connexion
is
more
34
interest of France is concerned

would
than
England,
all accounts,
again
were
as
far
the
as
Russia
; for, by
to
so
Russians
Paris
morrow, to-
be happy
march
upon
sure
if by
doing
they
to re-establish
the rulers
of France
in the
elder
branch
of the
Bourbons.
should know that stand earth,
more
France
can,
herself
up
and
land Engthe
their
combined,
of the
and
defeat
as
united interests should
nations
are
and
that
getting
daily
identified, they
the grasping of
unite
in guarding
as
against
Russia;
fought
and
the French
on
and
English
armies
like lions
so
the soil of Egypt

now
for its conquest, the

poor
let them
of the brought
unite in helping
into which
Arabs misrule
out
misery
them.
Turkey's
has
Having
arguments
now
thus in
endeavoured support
to
to
state
facts and it is which
of refer
my
to
own
views,
my
province
received Bey,
see
documents
I have
Muckbar for B.
from
on
the Minister
the 27th of in
of Instruction,
December
the
last,
;
which
document
A,
state
Appendix
;
exhibits
is
a
the present
account
of
the
medicine
and
C
and
correct
of
Egyptian
navy
the
we
arsenal
were
of Alexandria.
now
If
by
force
of
arms
to
restore
35
Egypt say
good
we
to
Turkey,
to
(which,
doubtless,
some
will
ought
could
do,) my
from
reply
is, that
nothing
have
result
it, for the
Turks
the
name
lost every
it, and
can
thing
in Turkey,
except
that,
of
as
it be
supposed half-way
half-way
situated
Egypt
and
is, exactly and

that
between
England
to
"
India, by steam
reduced
days,
ney jour-
of less than left to

even
twenty
when And
Egypt
cannot
should
be
the
Turks,
own?
they
call Turkey
their Sultan
is it likely
that
Turkey and
the
present
his
will
his
be
able
to
call
exult
country,
with
when the
subjects
and
dealt
receive
pride
orders
tions decoraout to
of
them
us
the
Emperor
of Russia,
to the
for their attachment

whether
not
Sultan
other
Let
consider
there
is any
course,
(if we
which
do
we
make
Egypt
independent), by
about
could
to
we
settle the question

me
Egypt.
;
There
1st,
appear
Whether
2d,
so.
only
ought
we
two
points to examine
take
to
to
it ourselves;
and,
to
Whether
ought
permit
France
do
1st,
Whether
to
we
ought
would
to
take
Egypt.
us
If
in
regard
we
resolve
do
we
so,
it not
to
embroil
war,
which
to the
ought
always
avoid,
if
national
interests and
character
per-
36
mits
us
to do
BO
It cannot
be denied it beyond
attack
west,
that
we
possess world
facilities for taking

beside,
because
we
all the
can
it from
the
East,
and, the and
(India,) and
besides,
from
our
the
(England;)
one
bringing
of Suez,
fleet to
well
as
side
of
Isthmus
as
on
the other ; dispute
if the fleets of other

with
us
nations
ours
joined to
is
sure
on
either
side,
to beat
them,
a
war
and
Egypt
in the end
most
be
ours.
But
;
of this kind
would
would
be
very
as
expensive
cultivation is.
cultivation always
in Egypt
suffer, where
does
in
country
our
war
It is,
that
therefore, country
to
not
worth
while
to
to
take
in possession,
on
in order hand,
give umbrage
to
Russia
(rthor;
the
one
and would
Tripoli
or
France
on
the
except
France
accept
and
the
whole
of Africa,
westward
it;
including
to
Tunis,
beyond
down
Algiers,
something
and
Russia
that
would
accept
Turkey,
never
upon
the
condition
than
ber fleet should
number
more
thirty sail of the line, twenty

of smaller ever, class ; howtherefore,
frigates, and
fifty vessels
tbi" last is not

the settling Mahomed
every Ali the and
very
likely, and,
indepex"dence
his
of Egypt
answer
as
in
besrs,
would
end
of
oorsr,
without
any
fears
to
the
37
future, ia preference
of it,
tp
our
taki"f poseesaion
2pd,
Whether
we
ought
tp
permit
France
to
take possession
not,
we
of Egypt.
in
our
Certgînly we
senses,
ought
if may
we
remain
never
for,
although
fear
us
the
power
of Egypt
our
alone" poiîtion
half-way
would
between
greatly
and
India,
we
be
altered, if
to occupy
ever
permitted
even
the French
state
we
armies
;
Egypt*
on
in
of peace
becausei
our
to be
the sufe side,
mu$t
double
Indian foree" to say ivothing

India
would We
of the
remain
jeopardy
in *ucb
no
in which
a
alwaya
hav^.
matter^
atate
of things.
therefore,
cbcftce of policy
in the
but to acknowledge and

saiiae.
the independenqe
Franoe
of Egypt,
to
to persuade
and
Russia
do
the
It niay
to
be
all very
well
for
state
some
poUticiana
k
the
can
say,
that the
present
of things
best utfter all.

the
The
questiott is, h^w
img
present
state
of things last?
How
long
prescDt
wi"l Turkey
position?
sîi^st
own
hold
togetbe*
ua
even
in her
Let
life
recollect
the
coaspiraey
by
the
of tbe p^âent
of them
Sultan,
bis
sulêcts,some
ten
his relations and

ago, wkea
favourites, about
months
be
was
38
obliged
with
to
make
his
way
back
to
his capital
extreme
haste, which
the
haste
probably
saved
key, of Tur-
his life, if not
total dismemberment
to
a
by
Austria
the bear.
those claiming
watching
to
pounce
mouse's
upon
share
it,
"
have
with
Has
France
battle
England
had of
been
not
forgotten interfered
the
that
if herself
1833,
and
the
in
after
Koniah, in
Egyptian
of and
army
would in
have
less
so
possession
Constantinople
if
we
than
fifteen days? them,

a
had
properly
those
two
permitted
have
would
either
of
powers
thought
about
have
Russia?
been
not
Both
ing calculat-
England
on
and Turkey
France
grown
would
great,
and
little, since
that
the only
time.
An
over
acknowledged the Turks, down

the
are
so
supremacy
is probably the
of
the
Egyptians
means
of
keeping
and
ambitious
class
projects of
Turks though Most
of
Russia;
present
not
superior
of
the
day
say
of this opinion,
they of
dare
our
in Turkey.
politicians that the
deceive
themselves is doing
in supposing any
none
present
Sultan He
good
;
on
for the Turkish

the
nation.
has done
other
hand,
he by
has
taken
away
altera-
the
stamina
of the
people
enforcing
39
tions
more
which
than
break aught
the
spirit of
men
generally
the people habits,
else ; for instance,

to
of
all nations
like
customs
are
keep
and
up
ancient
recollections,
some
manners,
although
the
of
them
irrelevant
therefore,
to be
to
present
times;
it behoves,
of any
the
governing
cautious
authority in forcibly
it is only
country
specially
interfering
to
with
that state
of things;
be
done
by
conciliation
and
that
suasion. perI have
Most
seen,
of
my
countrymen
among
the
who
are
have
sojourned
that
by
to
the
Turkish
Sultan
course
people,
has
he
of opinion
harm
present
done
was
more
the
unfortunate by
his
prompted
than
pursue
Russian
tion altera-
advisers of
could
be
expressed.
costumes,
The
the
their
favourite
putting has
other
down
almost
their broken he
pipes,
their
new
and
other
;
innovations, and
on
hearts
the
hand, and
builds
palaces,
are
while
his empire
his countrymen
decaying
in power
and
in spirit. Has England

when
as
lost sight of
it must the
at
her
own
political abroad
of
other
existence,
be
maintained
policy
by
intrigue,
is
"
foreign by
It
nations
and
home ?
liberality, conciliation
behoves
and
persuasion
her
to
be
40
more
and
more
alive
ever
to
the
intrigues
we
of other ought
to
powers
be
at
we
than
their
leave
and
therefore
elbows;
whereas
matters
our
it would
to
appear
contenting
that
these
with
too
chance,
ourselves
cannot
English
at
honesty,
but in and
that
shine of
that
much
home;
the
politics Borgo,
Metternich,
same
Talleyrand,
is not
our
De
;
honesty
the
weapon
money
out
we
it is intrigue
and
secret to
service be dealt
that
of
England, secrecy
cope
which
and
ought
with
may
secret
liberality,
these in
in
order
with
diplomatists,
our
and instead
our
get
treaties
signed
to
favour,
to
of being
"
signed
witness My your
other
powers,
exclusion,
that
of Unkiar
Skelessi. attempted
to
Lord,
I have
some
thus
lay before
Lordship
"c.
facts
own
regarding past
Egypt, which
first
sources rean
Turkey, blindly
instance,
and
our
policy
sacrificed
and
now
Turkey
to
Russia
in the the
blindly
in
sacrifices
to
of power armed
men
Egypt
and
sea
keeping
equal
to
up
force
in
a
by
land
170,000
population
have
of
3,000,000,
greater
by
far than
we
in Great
Britain, the
mere
in
lation popu-
of 23,000,000,
of England
to
when and
guarantee
respect
uphold
Egypt,
"c.
41
in
the
person lead at
of Mahomed
once
All
and
his heirs,
give
same
would
and
to the disarming,
peace
time
prosperity
to
Egypt,
and
our
at
own
the
strengthen and
every
interest of
in England
in India.
My
to
Lord,
your
Lordship
an
has
all the
ability service,
render
your
country
the
as
essential
by
enlightening
House
of Commons,
and
the government,
to the
on
real this
interests of both
most
England
question. Your
and
as
and
India,
important
Lordship
is
called
by
your
position
the East, work, by
knowledge
the
of British
India
and
fittest advocate
of this great
which,
Egypt
being ties of
united
to
us
for the future

and gratitude,
in the closest
sources
friendship
of
to
yet
will
unexplored
be
wealth
us.
and
perity prosIndia
more
opened
British
Britain
shall
will
be
connected
with
Great
and
we
closely
than the
heretofore,
be
extending
happy
influence
a
of British
justice
for centuries
and
civilization, to
people
who
and work
have
groaned
and
not
under
misrule
oppression;
be
only
will
this great of
by
effected have
when
been
the
independence
to
Egypt England,
shall
but
guaranteed
her
d2
the
42
millions
of
of wandering
"c.,
tribes in the desert these
wastes
Arabia,
will share
brethren.
no
blessings
with
their Egyptian
That
likely the
to
this is
result
exaggeration
the
of the
benefits
of
from
increased
stability may
now,
present
Egyptian
government, fact, that of' the

are
even
be
monstrated de-
by
all
the
the
under
state
disadvantages the
present
of
to
things,
abandon
Bedouins
savage
being
induced
their
habits
the
the
of wandering
independenc
and
become
peaceful
soil.
and Between
dustrious in-
cultivators
of
Aleppo
and
the
banks
of the
Euphrates,
succeeded
the
ever-stirring
Ibrahim
19,000
Pasha Bedouin
of the
success,
had
in
persuading
permanent
were
families
to become
occupiers with
land,
when
which
a
they sudden
three
cultivating
of
increase
the
Turkish the
army,
about
months
to
ago, follow
compelled the example

was
Egyptian
of the
ment govern-
Turks.
to
conscription
in Syria.
thus
obliged
be
duced intro-
The
Bedouin
Arabs,
imagining
abandoned
the
horrors
of
over
military
which of
discipline, they
were
these
to
once
fields,
beginning
and
and
to
spread
more
the
to
riches their
cultivation,
fled
the
native
deserts;
43
eternal
disgrace
and
shame
of
our
policy,
prince
the
to
enlightened effect
of the
were
a
efforts
of the
had
the
Egyptian
baffled
of
work
which
and
at
the
the of
abilities
Caliphs,
power
Sultans,
success
frustrated
the
very
moment
;
as
because
civilized
Europe
stands barbarism
forward
and
the
supporter
of Turkish
rance. igno-
In
in the
conclusion,
the
happiness Lordship
by
of
; and
millions
is
hands
their
of your
cause
you
not
to
may
the
advocate
appealing,
philanthropy,
countrymen,
in
but
nor
to
the
self-interest Lordship
The
of your
support
will
your
want
this
undertaking.
to
a
Indian of the
public
is getting
of securing
aroused
the
sense
necessity
best
to
means
of communication
with
the
countries
which and
and
their destinies
cantonment
are
intrusted;
to
every
the
city
will
respond
appeal,
our
join
your
Lordship
and
our
in
calling
upon
Representatives
what
unite
Government,
and
to concede
once
humanity, justice,
to
interest, for
require.
the
man
"
If you
com
succeed, of
a
you
will
or
enjoy
best
an
re-
pence
public
private
the
approving
conscience,
and
reputation
and
ing of havwork.
achieved
great, glorious,
good
44
If you
fail,
be
the
on
the
Parliament
;
and
the
ment Governsess will pos-
disgrace
of
your
Lordship
and
the
gratitude
that
the
oppressed,
the
to
reflectio
you
to
have
done
your
men.
duty
your
country
and
your the
fellow
to
I have
honour
be.
Your
Lordship's
Ever
grateful
and
devoted
humble
servant,
Thomas
Waghorn.
APPENDIX.
DOCUMENT
A.
Conformably
Highness
information
me,
to
directions of
given
the
by
His
the
is
Viceroy
rendered
Egypt,
to
following by
and
Mr.
Waghorn,
the
Minister
of
Public
Instruction
Public
Works.
(Signed)
Mucktar,
Bey
of Egypt.
Cairoy
21th
December
y
1837.
FLEET.
The
nine
Pasha's
fleet
is at
present
composed
are
of
1 00
sail of
and
the
line, of
six
which
four of
60
of
guns
upwards,
seven
frigates
three
guns,
four
one
corvettes,
brigs,
steamers,
two
and
10-gun
cutter.
On
the and
stocks,
sailors, officers.
line-of- battle
effective
ships.
men,
Officers of whom
800
16,000
are
46
ARMY.
The
army
is composed
three
are
of twenty-nine
ments, regi-
of which
two
of Galla, consisting and depot
of
detached
battalions,
men.
of
Nikaileh
of 97,820
efficient
The
cavalry
two
sists also conof guards

12,886
of fifteen regiments,
including
the
of
men
12,760
;
efficient men;
sappers
the
artillery, horse
are
and
5,765
foot, consists
men
of
7,614
; there
besides
seven
of veterans, and
have
two
distributed
depots of
into
battalions,
fifteen companies
1,815
men.
of invalids, which
Total of the army,
make,
127,286
together,
men.
The
10
to
irregular
12,000
can
men,
Turkish
and
troops consist of about

the Bedouins,
whom
men.
the
tribes
rate
are
supply, and
:
"
consist of 30,000
The
ranks
of pay
as
salaries
of the
different
follows
General Do,
of Division of Brigade
-
160,000
-
piastres.*
125,000
-
Colonel Lieutenant-Colonel Chief

of Battalio
100,000 36,000
30,000
AdjutantMajor
Captain
-
15,000 6,000
Lieutenant
*
3,600
97
Piastres make
pound
sterling.
47
It is to
introduction
His Highness
not
that of
Egypt
owes
the
of
only
special,
but
also
elementary plan
of
education.
The
following There
are
"
is the
are
public
schools, of
instruction.
50
primary
of which
-
there
-
3 at Cairo,
600
-
sholars.
"
1 at Alexandria, 1 at Sious,
of
-
200
200
of
towns
45
in other
of the provinces,
of
-
composed
each,
100
-
scholars
-
4,500
"
Total
5,500
They
are
taught
reading
and
writing,
Arabic,
schools,
to
and the four rules of arithmetic. after

two
These
three
years* study,
schools,
-
supply
scholars
the
preparatory
1 at Abouzabel 1 at Alexandria
1,500
-
scholars.
800
Total
2,300
48
In these two Turkish,

elements and
schools
are
taught
Arabic,
sian, Per-
and
complete
course
metic, of arithtory, his-
of geometry
These
and
algebra,
drawing.
last schools
supply,
after four years schools, which
of study,
are
scholars
for the special

as
ten
in number,
follows:
"
The
School
,,
of Medicine,
of Veterinary
300 120
scholars.
"
Surgery,
All
these
schools
are
furnished
The
with
fessors, proof
European
and
native.
duration
the studies varies from
three to five years.
The
49
scholars
of
and
all these
schools
to
are
lodged
in barracks,
;
subject
fed,
receive
military paid
by
"
discipline
they
are
clothed,
and
His
Highness.
The
scholars
monthly*
Year
1st.
2nd.
3rd.
4tb.
5th.
Primary
Preparatory Special
Schools
do.
do.
8
15
40
10
20
12
piastres.
30
25
60
50
70
80
"
Besides
regular
regimental
these of
schools,
which
compose
there and
the
are
system
public
instruction,
schools
to
for the
soldiers, which
more
schools
at
attached
least,
the
4,000
mosques,
to
last amount,
from
5,000
in Cairo
at
and
the
total
number
of all
scholars the
the
mosques,
amount
to
also,
15,000
throughout
more.
provinces,
all these
Besides of
schools
there
under
have
the been
administration formed private

for
His
Highness,
establishments,
purpose of
directed
disseminating
without
by
Europeans,
education
to
the
the
or
among religion
population,
nation.
reference
Of
these
schools,
certain
of
the
distinguished
boys
these
are
made
receive
corporals,
and Serjeants,
the
; serjeants-majors
first
five piastres,
a
second
ten,
and
the
third
fifteen
piastres
month
extra
! / /
50
HOSPITALS.
There
one
are
in
Alexandria
navy, and
two
tals, military hospiother
for the
the
for the
sick at Cairo.
el-ein contains for
1,200
The
room
military
and
hospital
of Casser-
perfect accommodation
is, besides,
at
a
patients;
there
ficent magni-
hospital
established
sick
the
Esbekiahis provided
square,
with
women.
for the
poor,
for
which
men
accommodation
There
300
a
and
200
is, besides,
by the
lying-in
hospital,
scholars grants of five
to
which of
is attended
professors and
His Highness
and
a
that
establishment.
to orphan
provisions
piastres
a-
children, and
pay
month,
half rations
of bread
the children
of soldiers.
PENSIONS.
The
total amount
of pensions between
is 15,741
16,037
purses*
of piastres, divided
persons.
COMMERCE.
The
maritime under
commerce
has
most
enormously
of
more
increased
the
administration
to
His
than
Highness:
100,000,000
in
1836
it amounted
of francs.
purse is about
51. 1 s, 6d,
51
DOCUMENT
B.
HISTORICO-STATISTICAL STATE
OF
ACCOUNT
MEDICINE
OF
THE
ACTUAL
IN
EGYPT.
{On the 21th

In
December,
1837.)
of the the
have
Egypt,
as
were
in other
parts
under
East,
all
the sciences empire
buried
;
ruins
some
of the
figured distransmitted
of the Caliphs and

to
us
hardly
badly
a
understood
manuscripts
an
"
dim
reflection of
epoque"
was
of
glory
to the
and
intelligence.
Medicine
given
up
achievements
of empiricism,
and
surgery
passed
to
into the
hands
the
of the barbers"
merchant; but
pharmacy
when
the
the
shop
of
political relations
and
between
more
christianized. Europe
friendly,
more
Turkey
became
more
and
communication
easy with
and
frequent,
who
the
East
was
over-run
physicians,
over
easily
established Since
all
even
their superiority the Orientals

a
these empirics. attributed

talent,
to
that time
have
Europeans
in
our
decided
the
medical credulity whose
and
too
day,
public by
men
is but
often
practised
is the
upjn, only
foreign extraction
possess.
reformations AH
scientific title they

the great
course
In commencing
that he
of
determined
European
a
upon,
Mahomed
made
and
offers to
officers, of every
rank
department;
general
military
organiza-
62
tion took
a
place, and
service
was
then,
as
matter
of
course,
medical
created
forces.
as
for the preservation
of the Egyptian
Clot Bey,
engaged
nev\r
physician
arrived medical
to
and
surgeon-
in-chief to the
by
were a
army, of
in Egypt,
followed
number
officers, who the
immediately
and
regular
appointed
then
different Thus
regiments began The

a
hospitals
service.
forming.
surgeon,
the physician,
the general
and council
the
cary apothe-
constituted
of health,
placed
minister
under
the
immediate having
authority
of
the
of
war,
and
under
its surveillance
secondary those established The
councils upon medical
for the land
forces, and
of His
at
according
all the possessions service

was
Highness.
actually,
its beginning,
to the
almost
exclusively French
directed
spirit of the
and
regulations.
employed
The
foreign
physicians
state
apothecaries hospitals
in the
to
on
and
military
longing be-
the different nations of Europe, lists in the following
appear
:
the medical
proportioni$
154
53
The
fixed
as
salary
given
:
to
the
different i*anks,
was
follows
francs.
Inspector
and
General
of
the
Land
Forces of the
-
the
Marine,
President
of
Council
General Member of Health

Army
Health
of
-
30,000
Inspector
and
the
Council
-
General
10,000 8,600
5,000
Inspector Principals
of the
Majors
Assistant
Under
3,400
Majors
2,200
Assistants
...
1,500
The
title of
Doctor
of
Medicine
to
from
one
of
the faculties of Europe, rank
is required
obtain
the
of
Major.
General
as
The
Council
follows
:
of
Health,
at
present,
is comprised
MM.
Clot
Bey,
Inspector Bey,
General,
President.
to
Giatani
Private
honorary
Physician
member.
his
Highness, Delsignore
Bey,
Inspector
member.
Physician,
incumbent Detouches
Bey,
Inspector
Apothecary,
incumbent
member.
64
FORMATION
OF SCHOOL
THE
AT
HOSPITAL abouzabel:
AND
MBDICAL
The
dated
opening
of the hospital
year in
1829.
at
Abouzabel
is
from
the
The
Camp
of
struction In-
situated and
the vicinity of this establishment,
composed
of the Artillery
it
on
Infantry
Schools,
of the
Army,
25,000
the
Staff, and
(in
all
men)
1,600
or
provide
2,000
an
average
with
about The
sick.
dearth
of native
physicians, for the

Bey
and
the
existence
of materials
a
proper
to
formation the idea
of
of
school,
suggested
Clot
establishing,
a
in the very
precincts
to
tal, of the hospiproduce

service
were
surgeons
medical
class, destined
and
land
and
apothecaries, His
for the views

men, were
of the
sea-forces. in
1827,
approved from
the
of, and
young
chosen
schools
of the mosques,
the first initiated
in the science.
The
programme of the studies
comprised
the
following
subjects:
and and
i Anatomy
2
Physiology.
External Internal
Pathology Pathology Materia Hygiene Medicine

Botany.
Clinique.
Clinique.
3
4
and
Medica'and and
and
Therapeutics.
6
6 7
Forensic
Medicine.
Chemistry.
55
Clot
school,
Bey
and
was
appointed
Director
of
the
Professor
of Pathology,
school
410
and
ternal of Ex-
Clinique,
since
This from
in
has
to
produced,
medical
its formation,
420
officers, incorporated
the
army
and
navy^
with the rank of under-assistants,
assistants, and
majors.
Twelve
to
young by
Arabians
were
brought
in 1833
Paris,
Clot
Bey,
for the
completion
are
of
employed
their medical
studies, and
six of them
to Egypt,
as
since their return
Assistant where in the
Professors, they
had
in the
school
as
of Abouzabel,
received,
pupils, instructions
art they
practised.
The
at Paris, six others, still
will be forthwith restored to their country,
where
they
will put in practice, like their predecessors, they

have
the knowledge
acquired.
CREATION
OF
THE
SECOND
AND
SCHOOLS ALEPPO.
AT
ALEXANDRIA
In 1837,
created,
one
two
secondary
medical
schools
were
at Alexandria,
the other at Aleppo,
for the improvement
of the practical instruction

;
of the they
the school at Abouzabel pupils from instructed in Descriptive Anatomy, were
Pathology,
Practical
Internal
and
External
Clinique,
and
Pharmacy.
physicians,
the army
The
instruction devolved
upon
the
surgeons, and
"
apothecaries,
(en chef) of
navy.
66
REMOVAL
SCHOOL
OF
THE
FROM
HOSPITAL
ABOUZABEL
AND
TO
MEDICAL
CAIRO.
In
consequence
which
of
the
suppression
the
of
the
of ^the
camp^
had
given the
rise to
creation
"
the hospital, and

sick- ward
school
of Abouzabel
more
had
not
received
under
than
ten
individuals
labouring
chronic
affections.
were
more no convenient
From
longer
that time
the two
; their
establishments
removal
to
a
necessary
place
for the sick, and

necessity.
for instruction,
became of
an
absolute
The by
a
vast
edifice
Casser-el-ein,
was
occupied
to
preparatory
the
vice
school,
destined
receive
sick,
versa:
and
it
the
was
pupils
an
from
Abouzabel,
very
and
exchange
profitable to
science
and
humanity.
The
edifice bank from of Casser-el-ein
is situated
on
the eastern
of the Hie, and Cairo,

and
about
quarter
of
league
upon
where
the site of the
farm
at the
called
time
Ibrahim of their
Bey's,
the French,
conquest,
It is formed
established
their
military
hospitals.
in
a
by
four ranges
spacious
of buildings,
square
beds
sixty-four
each,
apartments,
two
of
a
forty
composed
of
stories; the
separate
building
for the
the
museum
apothecary, of
chemical
natural
laboratory,
physic, and baths,
history,
"c.
"
for the amphitheatre,
kitchens,
57
Since
works
on
the
the
creation
of
the
medical
have
school,
been
following
:
subjects
translated
into Arabic
i
2
Anatomy. Surgical
Pathology.
Physiology.
4 5 6
7
Physic.
Chemistry.
Botany.
Materia
Medica.
8
9
Toxicology. Hygiene.
10
Midwifery
Children.
and
Diseases
of
Women,
and
1 1 Treatise
12
on
General
Anatomy.
Treatment
of Asphyxia.
13 14
15 16
Guide
to
Military
on
Surgery.
Treatise
Bandages.
Diseases Rules
of the Skin.
of Military
Hospitals.
The The
duration
renewal
of medical
studies
is five years.
of the students pupils

to
wear a
takes
place every
and
are
five years.
The
uniform,
furnished dressed,
according lodged,
the
military
rule,
fed,
at the
expense
some
of the
ment, govern-
and
receive
to
besides, the
pay,
which be-
varies according
class to which
they
58
long.
Thus,
the pupils
a
of the first year those (ten francs,) thus
receive
forty piastres
second
to
month,
of the
year
fifty piastres, and
progressing
the fifth year.
The
Lectureships
whose
are
given
services
by
concours,
or
instead, to those
deserved
have
suflGiciently
the reward. salary of the Professors That is 5,000 francs

a-
The
year.
of the Director
of the school
7,000
francs.
The
courses
personal
instruction
is composed,
manner.
and
the
divided
in the following
MM.
DuvigneaUy
Internal
Scisson, Sischer,
"
Director,
"
Pathology
and
Clinique.
^Pathology,andExtemal
Anatomy
Clinique.
"
and
and
Physiology. Chemistry. Medica.
Person,
Figari,
"
"
Medicine Botany
"
and
Materia
Pacthod,
Pruner,
^Pharmacy.
Physician
to the
Chief
Hospital,
"
Surgery.
Each
European
professor
professor
who
is assisted
by
an
Arabian
understands
French.
FORMATION
OF
LYING-IN
ESTABLISHMENT.
The
importance
Egypt,
of
where
maternity
lying-in
was women
sensibly
were
felt in
59
entrusted
to
the
care
of the
In
most
ignorant Clot
and Bey
superstitious
proposed, school
mid wives.
obtained,
1832,
and
the establishment
of
for
midwives;
were
twenty
in
a
Negresses
place
"
and
Abyssinians
collected the direction

at Paris,
an
for this
femmS"
purpose,
under
of
sage
of the maternity who

to
Arabian
physician,,
'*
had
graduated in and
in France, and
and
an
Ulima,'' The
instruct
religion
wrote
literature. and
pupils
theory
read
Arabic, of midwifery
learned
the
of
it
and
practice
daily The
; this school
obstetricity deserved.
to fifty, and
acquired
the
importance
now
number
of pupils
amount to
their instruction
them,
is confided
the
five most
skilful among
surveillance
under
"sage
tion the direcfemme,''
and
physician,
of
the
and
Ulima.
FORMATION
OF
TH;E
CIVIL
HOSPITAL.
The
to
removal
of the
caused
hospital
the
"
from
Abouzabel
of that
Casser-el-ein
suppression
Grande
of
Cairo,
situated At
in the
a
Place
was
de
established,
I'Ezbekir."
length
civil hospital
"
divided
for
men,
into five departments for

a
hospital
a
hospital
women,
maternity,
lying-in
is capable
hospital, and
lunatic establishment
500
; it
of accommodating
at Cairo
sick.
The
in the
civil hospital
is the first erected
Ottoman
empire
since
the Caliphs,
and
60
although
erected the
they
some^
had they
in the
never
height
were
of their power
so
complete
as
Asylum
of Piety,
which
Mahmoud
Ali
has
opened
for human
sufferings.
of Egypt,
Thus,
has
in the regeneration
and
medicine
been,
ought
to
be,
one
of
the
most
powerful instruments. The ascendancy which

throughout
the whole
its ministers
exercise
of society
by their mission the union

more
of philanthropy,
people, exacted
has
rendered
of two
essentially
different,
encouraged
intimate,
gratitude,
down
devotedness,
that
and
tween be-
has
broken the
the
barrier
existed
worshippers
"
of Christ
and
those
of
the Prophet The their
superstitious
but popular
hatred.
devotedness
heroic
of the European
physicians,
plague,
of their
their
own
struggle
against
the
praiseworthy
lives, have
and produced
entire disregard invaluable
results;
but it is
at Abou-
especially zabel
the formation
of the school
era
which
a
gave
new
to
medicine imperishable
in
Egypt,
glorious
epoch
for the
sovereign.
Initiated
to
in the different
art
sciences
which
long be-
the
of medicine,
man,
and
which
tutes constipupils
the
the well-informed
became
so
the medical
many
apostles, destined
in the midst
to spread
a
light of knowledge
of
people
still
enslaved
by
prejudiceand
ignorance.
61
"
Henceforth
chemistry forth by The the
the
are
the
no
or
wonders
of
medicine
to be
and
longer
supposed devil. Marchi, young
brought
magic
by
the
at
Ulima
himself,
has
applauded
acquirements
Arabic
of the
girls, knowing
language
equally
"
with
those
who
an account
studied
in the
mosques.
structure
I have
organs
given
of the
the
of the
explaining principal vey, of Harair, the
phenomenon
of
conception, sublime
the
functions
the
of life, the
chemical
discovery
of
decomposition
geometrical
both
proportions
natural
turns,
of the
tion, pelvis, parturiand Ferritie

schools
and
unnatural,
names
have
and
established
quoted,
by
the
of
Baudolvegues.
in organization,
Mother
of all the
Egypt
"
modelled
and
by
its
"
regular by
its order,
to
discipline
rewards
the
fees
given
preserve
it, the
awarded worthy
the
by
the annual
public
which
examinations, presides
of
the
over
royal
and
numerous
patronage
of the
its destinies,
"
gratitude
country
by in
the
some
scientific treatises naturalized has by given
which
are,
degree,
its removal,
the and
"
the school
to
of medicine regenerative
one
first impulse
has with
not
the
movement,
stopped
the
single and
instant, continuing,
intellectual
task
success,
human
it has
thus
ciously auspi-
undertaken."
62
CORRECT
LIST
OF
No.
THE
1.
NAVY
OF
EGYPT.
SHIPS. No. Acre*

Musr
100 100
guns,
"
32
pounders.
Mansorah IskeDderea Meliick

6
7
96
96
"
"
El Bar
96 96
"
Beylan*
Horns*
.
"
96 86
.
"
Aboukir Koniah*
"
86
"
852
32
pounders
On
the Stocks
building
2 line-of-battle ships.f
362
32
one
On
the Stocks
building
60-gun
frigate.
These
four
are
named
after the Syrian-Egyptian
victories
over
the Turks.
of
t One
1838.
these
of
100
guns
to be
launched
in January
63
CORVETTES.
Tanta 26 guns,
.
32 pounders
short.
Gerah
Bahry
26
26
24
"
Gehad-bekar Peleuk-gehad
"
"
102 guns,
32 pounders
short.
32 pounders
carronades.
32 pounders
carronades.
STEAMERS. Nile,
in Lond. in 1835) 6 (bit.
guns, 42
32
"
pounders
long shorts.
"
Arabian,(blt.A]exand.l837)2
The "gyptian,(blt.Livp].1837.)
Pasha
Yacht
on
the Nile
River.
ARSENAL
OF
ALEXANDRIA.
8,000
men
employed
in it, besides
parties
on
from
the
ships
in harbour,
who
work
the
average
twelve
MARINE
hours
ACADEMY
per
day.
OF
ALEXANDRIA.
Here
854
are
educated
all Arabs.
for officers of the
Fleet,
students,
LONDON
HRINTEP
BY
STEWART
AND
MVBRAY,
OLD
BAILEY.
WORKS
RECENTLY
PUBUSHED
BY
^MITH,
ELDER
AND
CO.,
65, CORNHILL.
In two vols, 8vo.,with p*fst
new
and correct Map
ofthe Chinese
EmpirCt
price
"1 4".
in clothboards,
CBXITA
OPBITBD;
Or, A Display of the Topography, History, Castoms, Manners, Arts,Manufactures* lleligion. Commerce, Literature, Junspnidence, "c. of the Chinese Empire.
By the Rev. CHARLES Revised by the Rev. ANDREW

.
GUTZLAFF. REED, D.D.
work is fulLof information gathered with diligence upon almost every interest, fairly leaves English the of and point public readerwithout any excuse for ignorance on the Atlas-
"This
subject."
is
"
at once the most interesting and completeaccount of the Chinese Empire, thathas yet been published." Sun*
"
**
Mr. Gutzlaff's book
In
one
Qvo, price 2s. 6d, neatlybound in cloth, vol foolscap
JOUIbirAZ.
X-ltOM
OF
AH
BXPBDXTXON
TO
7AFAV,
BXVCrAFaJkB
a Visit to Loo-Choo ; descriptive in an of theseIslands and theirInhabitants, attempt with the aid of Nativeseducatedin England to create an opening forMis" sionaryLabours in Japan.
With
'
By P. PARKER.
M.D.
Medical Missionaty from the American MissionaryBoard.

Revised by the Rev. ANDREW BEED,
D.D.
In
neat
Portfolio, containing Five

DEDICATED.
BY
Engravings, 15 inches hy }0, with descriptive Letter Press* TO
PERMISSION.
HER
MAJESTY.
Part L, Price "1 Is.
/i ^
THE
ORXSNTAZ.
POXtTFOZ.XO;
Antiquities, Architecture, Being a Series Manners, of the Scenery. of Illustrations Costume, "c. of The East. From original Sketches in the collections of Lord William Bentinck, K.C.B., Captain R. M. Grindlay. Lady Wilmot Horton, Sir Henry Willock, K.L.S., Lieut. Thomas Bacon, James BaillieFraser,Esq., and department of the Work under the superintendence The Literary other travellers. of H. WILSON, Esq. M.A., F.R.S., "c. "c. HORACE
*
" Few works of a more superb characterthan thishave ever issuedfrom the press. The drawings are admirable for their vigour and Bdelity, are and the engravings
most
in tintedlithography."" beautifully Journal, printed ilsiaftc
fP

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LONDON: SMITH, ELDER

Lordship you the

united high both

least of it, into

kingdom. It is first necessary

it, and nominal,

find their should into

wholly Has and

her assisted her;

the standard oppressive

England fall into

I have hopeless They

crisis arrives, but

after the aflFairof Koniah;

it, I find that they

Sultan, with has

provinces. This regard hundred

the Turks for,

lost their who

face of the earth

its extent, produce

of its soil enabling

Ali finds the

to of raising this hithercountry,

vation, obserI feel

line, to mount frigates

sailors number this

her land parts,

last year. these

ing, of her depend-

lishmen wonder England, become

it, determined its cause;

exalting liberty? We other

in all which the

countries, Ali ; but

the Pasha and

for this result, the schools^

hospitals, formed, blame

the best where

the battle of Koniah. with the truth, to

It is idle, and say that

of the Nile, through

cultivation. this, and by from

the naval long

that, poses pur-of and

rescinded ought should

of the earth, the steamin difierent

in Egypt, that the

this end with

his Highness great

powers, shall this of the

guaranteed, ment. of improve-

his heirs Egypt,

for his agricultural

for the benefit of that

trovertible forget the incon-

by the hand, ago,

England would open