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Urogenital system

The urogenital system can be divided functionally into the urinary (excretory) system and the genital (reproductive) system. Embryologically and anatomically, however, they are closely connected. The urogenital system develops from the intermediate mesoderm which extends along the dorsal body wall of the embryo. The intermediate mesoderm later loses its connection with the somites and forms a longitudinal elevation of the mesoderm called the urogenital ridge. Part of the urogenital ridge giving rise to the urinary tract is known as the nephrogenic cord. Medial part of the urogenital ridge forms the gonadal (genital) ridge. The mesothelial lining of the peritoneal cavity and the endoderm of the urogenital sinus also take part in the development of the urogenital system.

Sistem urogenital dapat dibagi secara fungsional ke dalam kemih (ekskretoris) sistem dan sistem (reproduksi) kelamin. Embriologis dan anatomis, mereka berhubungan erat. Sistem urogenital berkembang dari mesoderm perantara yang terbentang sepanjang dinding tubuh dorsal embrio. Mesoderm menengah kemudian kehilangan hubungannya dengan somit dan bentuk ketinggian longitudinal mesoderm disebut bubungan urogenital. Bagian dari punggungan urogenital sehingga menimbulkan saluran kemih dikenal sebagai kabel nephrogenic. Bagian medial punggungan urogenital membentuk punggungan (kelamin) gonad. Lapisan mesothelial rongga peritoneal dan endoderm dari sinus urogenital juga ambil bagian dalam pengembangan sistem urogenital.

Intermediate mesoderm

Urogenital ridge

1. Somite 2. Splanchnic mesoderm 3. Endoderm 4. Somatic mesoderm 5. Intermediate mesoderm 6. Notochord 7. Intraembryonic coelom 8. Dorsal aorta 9. Neural tube 10. Yolk sac

1.Gut 2. Gonad 3. Bowman's capsule 4. Mesonephric duct 5. Excretory tubule of mesonephros 6. Glomerulus 7. Mesentery

Urinary system

The urinary system is composed of the kidneys, the ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra. The kidneys maintain the proper volume and composition of the body's fluids. The rest of the urinary system is specialized for the excretion or temporarily storage of the urine.
Sistem kemih terdiri dari ginjal, ureter, kandung kemih, dan uretra. Ginjal mempertahankan volume yang tepat dan komposisi cairan tubuh. Sisa dari sistem urin adalah khusus untuk ekskresi atau sementara penyimpanan urin.

Kindney

During the intrauterine life, three separate excretory systems arise successively. The pronephros is nonfunctional and undergoes complete regression soon after its formation. The mesonephros serves as a temporary excretory organ. The body of the mesonephros undergoes degenerative changes, but caudal parts of the mesonephric tubules and mesonephric duct persist in the male. The third and definitive structure is the metanephros.

Selama kehidupan intrauterin, tiga sistem ekskretoris terpisah muncul berturut-turut. Pronephros adalah nonfunctional dan mengalami regresi lengkap segera setelah pembentukannya. Mesonefros berfungsi sebagai organ ekskresi sementara. Tubuh mesonefros mengalami perubahan degeneratif, tetapi bagian ekor tubulus dan saluran mesonefrik mesonefrik bertahan pada pria. Struktur ketiga dan definitif adalah metanephros.

Pronephros

1. Nephrotomes 2. Pronephric tubuli 3. Pronephric duct

1. Excretory units 2. Mesonephric duct 3. Nephrogenic cord

1. Cloaca 2. Metanephric mesoderm 3. Ureteric bud

Pronephros

The pronephros appears early in the fourth week as segmentally arranged cell (nephrotomes) and tubular (pronephric tubuli) structures in the cervical region of the intermediate mesoderm. The pronephric tubules open into the intraembryonic coelom (coelomic cavity), while the pronephric duct runs caudally and opens into the cloaca. By the beginning of the 5th week, the regression of the vestigial nephrotomes is complete.

Para pronephros muncul di awal minggu keempat sebagai sel segmentally diatur (nephrotomes) dan (pronephric tubuli) tubular struktur di regio servikal mesoderm menengah. Para pronephric tubulus terbuka ke coelom intraembryonic (rongga selom), sedangkan saluran pronephric berjalan caudally dan membuka ke kloaka. Pada awal minggu ke-5, regresi dari nephrotomes sisa selesai.

Pronephros

1. Pronephric tubule 2. Glomerulus 3. Dorsal aorta 4. Splanchnic mesoderm 5. Somatic mesoderm 6. Intraembryonic cavity 7. Neural tube 8. Yolk sac 9. Endoderm

Mesonephros The mesonephros arises in the unsegmented intermediate mesoderm (nephrogenic cord) late in the 4th week, caudal to the rudimentary pronephros. The nephrogenic cord, from the first thoracic to the third lumbar segment, differentiates into mesonephric vesicles which elongate to form an S-shaped loops (tubules). At their medial end, Bowman's capsule forms a mesonephric (renal) corpuscle together with the glomerulus. At the opposite end, the tubules enter the mesonephric (Wolffian) duct. Some parts of the mesonephric (Wolffian) duct do not completely disappear, but they persist in the male as the epididymis duct, ductus deferens, seminal vesicle and ejaculatory duct. Also, some of the mesonephric tubules near the gonad persists in the male as the efferent ductules of the testis.

Mesonephros 1. Gut 2. Gonad 3. Bowman's capsule 4. Mesonephric duct 5. Excretory tubule of mesonephros 6. Glomerulus 7. Mesentery

In the 6th week, the mesonephros forms a large ovoid structure just lateral to the midline (nephrogenic ridge). This structure, together with gonadal primordium (genital ridge), makes a major contribution to the urogenital ridge.

Mesonephros and developing gonad

1. Gonad 2. Interstinal loop 3. Mesonephric duct 4. Neural tube 5. Mesonephros

Metanephros The definitive kidney or metanephros originates from two mesodermal rudiments: the ureteric bud (metanephric diverticulum) and the metanephric mesoderm (metanephrogenic blastema). The collecting system develops from the ureteric bud, a dorsal outgrowth of the mesonephric (Wolffian) duct close to its entrance into the cloaca. The bud penetrates the metanephric mesoderm forming the ampulla, which undergoes a series of repeated bifurcations. The ureteric bud gives rise to the ureter, renal pelvis, major and minor calyces and collecting tubules within the kidney.

Ginjal definitif atau metanephros berasal dari dua dasar mesodermal: kuncup ureter (metanephric divertikulum) dan mesoderm metanephric (metanephrogenic protoplasma). Sistem pengumpulan berkembang dari tunas ureter, sebuah hasil dorsal dekat (Wolffii) mesonefrik saluran untuk masuk ke dalam kloaka. Kuncup menembus mesoderm metanephric membentuk ampula, yang mengalami serangkaian bifurcations diulang. Tunas ureter menimbulkan ureter, pelvis renalis, calyces besar dan kecil dan tubulus pengumpul di dalam ginjal.

Development of the nephron

1. Metanephric tissue cups 2. Ampulla 3. Collecting tubule 4. Metanephric mesoderm

Development of the nephron

1. Metanephric tissue cups 2. Cell clusters 3. Renal vesicle 4. Collecting tubule

Development of the nephron

1. Nephron 2. Bowman's capsule 3. Metanephric mesoderm 4. Collecting tubule

Development of the nephron

1. Bowman's capsule 2. Distal convoluted tubule 3. Collecting tubules

Development of the nephron

1. Distal convoluted tubule 2. Glomerulus 3. Collecting tubules 4. Proximal convoluted tubule 5. Henle's loop 6. Bowman's capsule

Metanephric mesoderm develops from the sacral portion of the nephrogenic cord. Under the inductive influence of the ampulla, the metanephric mesoderm differentiates into renal vesicles and than into S-shaped tubules. The tubules give rise to the excretory parts of the metanephros, called nephrons. A nephron consists of the Bowman's capsule, the proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, and the distal convoluted tubule.

Development of the renal pelvis

1 . Metanephric mesoderm 2 . Ureteric bud

Development of the renal pelvis

1. Metanephric mesoderm 2. Ureteric bud 3. Pelvis 4. Major calyx

Development of the renal pelvis

1. Metanephric mesoderm 2. Ureteric bud 3. Collecting tubules

4. Pelvis

The metanephros originates in the pelvic region. Between the 6th to 8th week of the development, the metanephros ascends to the lumbar region, because of the disproportionate growth of the lumbar and sacral region. During the kidney ascent to the abdominal level it rotates medially almost 90. Initially, the kidney hilum faces ventrally, but is finally directed anteromedially after the ascent and rotation.

Ascent of the kidney

Ascent of the kidney

1. Urogenital ridge 2. Genital ridge 3. Mesonephric duct 4. Mesonephros 5. Gonad 6. Metanephric tissue 7. Ureter 8. Cloacal membrane 9. Cloaca 10. Allantois 11. Urorectal septum 12. Tail

1. Mesonephric duct 2. Mesonephros 3. Gonad 4. Metanephros

5. Ureter 6. Cloacal membrane 7. Cloaca 8. Urorectal septum 9. Urogenital sinus 10. Anorectal canal 11. Tail

Ascent of the kidney

1 . Ureter 2 . Metanephros 3 . Gonad 4 . Mesonephric duct 5 . Anal membrane 6 . Urogenital membrane 7 . Perineal body 8 . Bladder 9 . Rectum

Ureters, urinary bladder and urethra The ureters develop from the caudal portion of the ureteric bud. The urinary bladder and urethra are derived from the primitive urogenital sinus (a ventral part of the cloaca) and adjacent splanchnic mesenchyme. The cloaca, the terminal portion of the hindgut is divided into the dorsal primitive rectum and ventral primitive urogenital sinus by the growth of the urorectal septum. The same septum also divides cloacal membrane into the urogenital membrane anteriorly, and the anal membrane posteriorly. Formation of the urogenital sinus 1. Urogenital ridge 2. Genital ridge 3. Mesonephric duct 4. Mesonephros 5. Gonad 6. Metanephric tissue 7. Ureter 8. Cloacal membrane

9. Cloaca 10. Allantois 11. Urorectal septum 12. Tail

Formation of the urogenital sinus

1. Mesonephric duct 2. Mesonephros 3. Gonad 4. Metanephros 5. Ureter 6. Cloacal membrane 7. Cloaca 8. Urorectal septum 9. Urogenital sinus 10. Anorectal canal 11. Tail

Formation of the urogenital sinus

1 . Ureter 2 . Metanephros 3 . Gonad 4 . Mesonephric duct 5 . Anal membrane 6 . Urogenital membrane 7 . Perineal body 8 . Bladder 9 . Rectum

The urogenital sinus gives rise to the urinary bladder, which is cranially continuous with allantois (later urachus) and caudally with the

urethra. During division of the cloaca the caudal portins of the mesonephric ducts are incorporated into the wall of the urinary bladder thus forming the trigone of the bladder. The ureters and mesonephric ducts with time obtain the separate entrances into the urinary bladder. In the male, the pelvic part of the urogenital sinus gives rise to the prostatic and membranous part of the urethra. The penile urethra is partly formed by the closure of urethral folds, while its most distal portion is formed by an inward penetration of ectodermal cells on the tip of the glans.

Development of the bladder and ureters

1. Ureter 2. Mesonephric duct 3. Urinary bladder

Development of the bladder and ureters

1. Ureter 2. Mesonephric duct 3. Urinary bladder

Metanephros

1. Metanephros 2. Collecting tubules 3. Developing nephrons 4. Interstitium

Urogenital ridge

1. Aorta 2. Intraembryonic coelom 3. Mesentery 4. Neural tube 5. Notochord 6. Urogenital ridge 7. Genital ridge 8. Mesonephros 9. Mesonephric duct 10. Bowman's capsule 11. Glomerulus

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