Objetivo.

Calcular Petrleo Original en Sitio (POES)

utilizando la historia de presin, produccin y
datos PVT y de la roca.
Que otros mtodos permiten calcular POES?
cmtoti.blogspot
Balance de Materiales
Balance de Materiales
Antecedentes
Antecedentes
- Primer desarrollador de la Ecuacin:
Schilthuis 1936.
- Halvena y Odeh, mtodo modificado 1953.
Fundamentos
Fundamentos
- Principio de conservacin de la energa
- Volumen de Control Constante (medio
poroso). Y se puede determinar para cada
AP.
V. Fluidos remanentes = V. Fluidos Iniciales V. Fluidos Producidos
El volumen de los fluidos debe ser calculado a una misma condicin de
P y T.
Suposiciones
Suposiciones
-El yacimientos es considerado como un tanque
(Dimensin Cero).
-Medio Isotrpico y propiedades de los fluidos
uniformes.
-Presiones y saturaciones distribuidas
uniformemente.
-Cualquier cambio de presin y saturacin se
distribuye en forma instantnea en el yacimiento.
Nomenclatura y Unidades
Nomenclatura y Unidades
N POES, BN
B
oi
Factor volumtrico Inicial del Petrleo, BY/BN
N
p
Petrleo producido acumulado, BN
B
o
Factor volumtrico del Petrleo, BY/BN
G GOES, PCN
B
gi
Factor volumtrico Inicial del gas, BY/BN
G
f
Cantidad de gas libre en el yacimiento, PCN
R
soi
Relacin inicial Gas-Petrleo en solucin, PCN/BN
R
p
Relacin Gas-Petrleo producido, PCN/BN
R
so
Relacin Gas-Petrleo en solucin, PCN/BN
B
g
Factor volumtrico del gas, BY/BN
W Agua inicial en el yacimiento, BY
W
p
Agua acumulada producida, BN
B
w
Factor volumtrico del agua, BY/BN
W
e
Intrusin de agua dentro del yacimiento, BY
C
w
Compresibilidad isotrmica del agua, 1/psi
Ap Cambio en presin promedio del yacimiento, psia
S
wi
Saturacin inicial de agua,
V
f
Volumen poroso inicial, BY
C
f
Compresibilidad isotrmica de la formacin, 1/psi
Balance de Materiales
Volmenes Producidos = Expansin de los Fluidos y el Volumen Poroso + I ntrusin de Agua
Intrusin de Agua
Expansion de la Capa de
Gas
Zona de
Petrleo
Capa de
Gas
Acufero
CAPO
CGPO
Petrleo, Gas en
Solucin y agua
Petrleo y Gas en Solucin
Petrleo, Gas de la capa y Gas en Solucin
Deducci
Deducci

n de la Ecuaci
n de la Ecuaci

n
n
Deducci
Deducci

n de la Ecuaci
n de la Ecuaci

n
n
Volmenes producidos a condiciones de superficie:
Para una cada de presin AP = pi - p
N
p
Petrleo producido acumulado, BN
W
p
Agua acumulada producida, BN
G
p
Gas producido acumulado, P CN
Relacin gas-petrleo acumulado
R
P
= Gp/Np (PCN/BN)
Deducci
Deducci

n de la Ecuaci
n de la Ecuaci

n
n
Volmenes Producidos a condiciones de yacimiento:
Evaluados a la presin promedio p
N
p
B
o
Petrleo +gas en solucin
N
p
R
s
B
g
Gas disuelto producido
N
p
R
p
B
g
Gas total producido
B
w
W
p
Agua producida
Sumando todos estos factores tenemos los fluidos producidos Para
una cada de presin AP =pi - p
( )
| |
p w g s p o p
p w g s p g p p o p
W B B R R B N

W B B R N B R N B N
+ + =
+ +


) (
Deducci
Deducci

n de la Ecuaci
n de la Ecuaci

n
n
Expansin del petrleo + gas en solucin para cada Ap
NB
oi
Volumen inicial de petrleo
N(B
o
B
oi
) Reduccin del volumen de petrleo debido a Ap
NR
si
Volumen de gas inicialmente disuelto en el petrleo
NRs Volumen de gas disuelto en el petrleo para p.
N(R
si
R
s
)B
g
Volumen de gas liberado debido a Ap
El cambio del volumen total en la zona de petrleo es la suma de la reduccin del
volumen de petrleo mas la expansin del gas liberado para cada AP
| | g s si oi o
g s si oi o
B R R N B B N

B R R N B B N
) ( ) (

) ( ) (
+ =
+
oi gi
NmB GB =
Volumen inicial de gas libre en el yacimiento:
yacimiento el en petrelo de inicial volumen
yacimiento el en libre gas de inicial volumen
= m
oi
gi
NB
GB
m=
Deducci
Deducci

n de la Ecuaci
n de la Ecuaci

n
n
Expansin de la capa de gas para cada Ap
oi oi
oi
NB m NB NmB ) 1 ( + = +
Volumen total de hidrocarburos en el yacimiento:
Volumen inicial de gas libre a cond. de superficie:
gi
oi
gi
gi
B
NmB
B
GB
=
Volumen de gas libre a cond. de superficie para un Ap:
g gi
oi
g gi
gi
B B
NmB
B B
GB
=
La expansin de la capa de gas se tiene restando: el volumen de la
capa de gas debido a un AP menos el volumen inicial de la capa de
gas
Deducci
Deducci

n de la Ecuaci
n de la Ecuaci

n
n
Expansin de la capa de gas para cada Ap
oi
g gi
oi
NmB
B B
NmB

)
1
(

=
gi
g
oi
B
B
NmB
A partir de la compresibilidad del agua podemos definir la
expansin del agua dentro de la zona de petrleo.
Deducci
Deducci

n de la Ecuaci
n de la Ecuaci

n
n
Expansin del agua connata (Swc) para cada Ap
p V c dV w w w A =
wc
wc oi
w
S
S NB m
V

+
=
1
) 1 (
Volumen de Agua
wc
wc oi w
w
S
p S NB m c
dV

A +
=
1
) 1 (
Similar a la definicin anterior podemos definir la expansin de la
roca como:
Deducci
Deducci

n de la Ecuaci
n de la Ecuaci

n
n
Expansin del volumen poroso para un Ap
wc
wc oi f
S
p S NB m c
dVp

A +
=
1
) 1 (
La intrusin de agua en la zona de petrleo puede ser definida
como We a condiciones de superficie o como WeBw a
condiciones de yacimiento.
cmtoti.blogspot
Deducci
Deducci

n de la Ecuaci
n de la Ecuaci

n
n
Intrusin de agua en la zona de petrleo para un Ap
Capa de Gas
mNBoi
Zona de Petrleo
NBoi
Acufero
W
1
2
3
4
P
Expansin del Sistema Completo

modificado de Fernndez V.
1: Expansin del Petrleo +Gas Disuelto.
2: Expansin de la Capa de Gas.
3: Expansin del Agua Connata y Reduccin del Volumen Poroso.
4: Intrusin de Agua.
Deducci
Deducci

n de la Ecuaci
n de la Ecuaci

n
n
Deducci
Deducci

n de la Ecuaci
n de la Ecuaci

n
n
Volmenes Producidos = Expansin de los Fluidos y el Volumen Poroso + Intrusin de Agua
| | | |
w e
wc
f wc w
oi
gi
oi
g s si oi o w p g s p o p
B W p
S
C S C
NB
B
mNB
B R R B B N B W B R R B N
+ A
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
+
(
(

+
+ = + +
1
1
B
) ( ) ( ) (
g
+ GiBgi + Wi
Fluidos Inyectados
RESUMEN DE LA ECUACIN DE B.M.
Volumen de Fluidos
Producidos
Expansin de Petrleo
Debido al gas en Solucin
Volumen de Gas Liberado
Expansin de la Capa de Gas
Expansin de la Roca y
Agua connata
Vol. de Agua de Intrusin en
La zona de petrleo
Aplicaciones:
Clculo de POES
Estimacin de Reservas
Identificacin y grado de
Importancia de los mecanismos de
Empuje
Yacimientos de Petrleo Subsaturado
Para yacimientos de petrleo subsaturado con P>Pb,
R
p
= R
s
y R
s
= R
si
. Despreciando cambios en porosidad,
produccin e intrusin de agua, la EBM se reduce a:
( ) Bo N B B N
p oi o
=
El factor de recobro (FR) se puede estimar entonces
:
o
oi o
p
B
B B
N
N
RF

= =
Yacimiento de Petr
Yacimiento de Petr

leo
leo
Volum
Volum

trico
trico
Ejercicio
Ejercicio
Calcular el POES y el Factor de Recobro de un yacimiento
volumtrico que ha acumulado 10 MMBNP y cuya
presin ha declinado 1500 psi. Segn un anlisis PVT
reporta lo siguiente
P psi
Bo, BY/BN
5000
1.13
4000 1.21
3500
1.35
3000
1.28
Pi
Pb
( ) | |
Ig I I
w p g s p o p
B G W
B W B R R B N F

+ + =

g s si
oi o o
B R R B B E ) ( ) ( + =
Los siguientes trminos se definen como:
|
|
.
|

\
|
= 1
gi
g
oi g
B
B
B E
( ) p
S
c S c
B m E
wc
f wc w
oi w f
A
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
+ =
1
1
,
Fluidos Producidos
Fluidos inyectados
Expansin del petrleo y gas
Expansin de la capa de gas
Expansin del agua connata
y el volmen poroso.
M
M

todo de
todo de
Havlena
Havlena

y
y
Odeh
Odeh

Linearizaci
Linearizaci

n
n

de la EBM
de la EBM
e
w
w f g o
W B E mE E N F + + + = ) (
,
MECANISMOS DE EMPUJE
MECANISMOS DE EMPUJE
Expansi
Expansi

n
n

de los
de los
Fluidos
Fluidos
Petrelo
Agua
Al caer la presin el
petrleo se expande
Factor
Factor
Volum
Volum

trico
trico

del
del
Petr
Petr

elo
elo
Presin del Yacimiento
Factor Volumtrico
P
b
B
ob
1.0
Factor Volumtrico
P
b
B
ob
1.0
B
o
B
t
Presin del Yacimiento
B
o
B
o
Gas en
Gas en
soluci
soluci

n
n
Zonas del yacimiento debajo de Punto de Burbuja
Petrleo
Agua
Gas en solucin
Expansi
Expansi

n
n

de la
de la
Capa
Capa

de Gas
de Gas
Capa de Gas
Gas
Oil
Water
Gas
Oil
Water
Gas
Petrleo
Agua
Empuje
Empuje

Hidr
Hidr

ulico
ulico
Acuifero
Oil
Water
Oil
Water
Petrelo
Agua
Reducci
Reducci

n
n

del
del
Volumen
Volumen

Poroso
Poroso
Oil Oil Oil
Compresibilidad de la Roca y expansin del agua connata
RELACIN DE PRESIONES Vs FR
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
FR (%)


R
e
l
a
c
i

n

P
y
/
P
i

(
%
)





EXPANSIN EXPANSIN
DE LA ROCA DE LA ROCA
GAS EN GAS EN
SOLUCIN SOLUCIN
EXPANSIN EXPANSIN
CAPA DE GAS CAPA DE GAS
EMPUJE HIDRAULICO EMPUJE HIDRAULICO
SEGREGACION SEGREGACION
GRAVITACIONAL GRAVITACIONAL
Mecanimos
Mecanimos

de
de
Empuje
Empuje
APLICACIONES DE LA
APLICACIONES DE LA

EBM
EBM
Balance de
Balance de
Materiales
Materiales

para
para

Yacimientos
Yacimientos

Subsaturados
Subsaturados

sin
sin
intrusi
intrusi

n
n

de
de
agua
agua
s p
R R We m = = = y 0 , 0 que ya
F= N(Eo + Ef,w)
F
,

B
Y
(Eo

+ Ef,w) BY/BN
N N
Balance de
Balance de
Materiales
Materiales

para
para

Yacimientos
Yacimientos

Saturados
Saturados

con
con
empuje
empuje

por
por

gas en
gas en
soluci
soluci

n
n
, sin capa de gas y
, sin capa de gas y

sin
sin
intrusi
intrusi

n
n

de
de
agua
agua
0 , 0 que ya = = We m
F= N(Eo + Ef,w)
F
,

B
Y
(Eo

+ Ef,w) BY/BN
N N
Balance de
Balance de
Materiales
Materiales

para
para

Yacimientos
Yacimientos

Saturados
Saturados

con
con
empuje
empuje

por
por

gas en
gas en
soluci
soluci

n
n
, con capa de gas y
, con capa de gas y

sin
sin
intrusi
intrusi

n
n

de
de
agua
agua
w f o
E E
,
1
+
F= N(Eo + mEg + Ef,w ) F= N(Eo + Ef,w)+ mNEg
Multiplicando por
w f o
g
w f o
E E
E
mN N
E E
F
, ,
+
+ =
+
N
Nm
w f o
E E
F
,
+
w f o
g
E E
E
,
+
( )
g o
mE E N F + =
Si se conoce o presume la presencia de una capa de gas:
Grafico de F vs.
Grafico de F vs.
E
E
o
o

+
+
mE
mE
g
g
Graficando F vs. (E
o
+mE
g
) se debe obtener una lnea recta.
Valor correcto de m
m sobre estimado
m - subestimado
F
E
o
+mE
g
Balance de Materiales para
Balance de Materiales para
Yacimientos Saturados con empuje por gas en
Yacimientos Saturados con empuje por gas en
soluci
soluci

n, sin capa de gas y con intrusi

n, sin capa de gas y con intrusi

n de agua
n de agua
w f o
E E
,
1
+
F= N(Eo + Ef,w ) + WeBw
Multiplicando por
w f o w f o
E E
w WeB
N
E E
F
, ,
+
+ =
+
N
w f o
E E
F
,
+
w f o
E E
w WeB
,
+
We=0
We=0
Indicadores
Indicadores

de los
de los
Mecanismos
Mecanismos

de
de
Empuje
Empuje
1 = NEo + mNEg + NEf,w + NWeBw
F F
F F
M
M

todo
todo

Volum
Volum

trico
trico

para
para

estimar
estimar

POES
POES
oi
w
w
B
) S Ah(
S Ah
1 7758
POES
7758 connata Agua
|
|
A, Acres
h, pies
|, Sw, fraccin
Volumetric Method for Estimating RF
Volumetric Method for Estimating RF
above the Bubble Point Pressure
above the Bubble Point Pressure
( )
( )
RF N N
c S c S c c V V V
e
V
V
RF
e
V
V
p
V
V
c
p
f w w o o t p i
p p c
i
p
p p c
i
T
i t
i
=
+ + = + =
= =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=

and where
1
and gives
1
ility compressib isothermal for equation the g Integratin
: pressure point bubble the above production oil For
Volumetric Method for Estimating RF
Volumetric Method for Estimating RF
under Volumetric Control
under Volumetric Control
STB in
) 1 (
) 1 (
1 RF
and , ft - STB/ac in
) 1 (
) 1 (
7758 Recovery Oil
1 7758
oil Stock tank
) 1 ( 7758 oil Reservoir
: change and only , production gas free no with
control metric under volu , pressure point bubble the Below
o
oi
w
g w
o
g w
oi
w
o
g w
g w
o g
B
B
S
S S
B
S S
B
S
B
) S S (
S S
B S

=
(

=


|
|
|
Volumetric Method for Estimating RF
Volumetric Method for Estimating RF
under Hydraulic Control
under Hydraulic Control
STB in
) 1 (
) 1 (
RF
and , ft - STB/ac in
) 1 (
7758 Recovery Oil
1 7758
oil Stock tank
) 1 ( 7758 oil Reservoir
influx by water swept zone in the drive water active Under
changes. only pressure, reservoir in decline e appreciabl
no is there where control hydraulic under Over time,
w
or w
oi
or w
oi
or w
or w
o
S
S S
B
S S
B
) S S (
S S
S

=
(

=


|
|
|
Volumetric Method for Estimating RF
Volumetric Method for Estimating RF
under Hydraulic Control
under Hydraulic Control
p
S
c S c
B B B
W B W B N
N
p p N
wi
f wi w
ti ti t
p w t p
b
A
(

+
+
+
=
>
1

for , for solving and
ilities, compressib water and formation for Accounting
e
Example 5.3, p. 172
Example 5.4, p. 173
Undersaturated Reservoirs
Simple Volumetric CHT pg. 146-153, 69-78
Recovery Factors
Complete Volumetric
Generalized Material Balance CHT pg. 56-67
Recovery Mechanisms using straight-line
techniques
Saturated Reservoirs CHT Chapter 6
Generalized Material Balance
Gas Cap Drive Reservoirs
Oil Reservoirs
Oil Reservoirs
For saturated oil reservoirs:
With an original gas cap or one that forms
over time, the gas cap slows overall pressure decline,
which keeps dissolved gas in solution. Recoveries
are generally higher in gas cap reservoirs, especially
those with high vertical relief.
Saturated Oil Reservoir Material
Saturated Oil Reservoir Material
Balance
Balance
Volumetric Saturated oil reservoirs, no gas cap:
Generalized Material Balance Equation, neglecting
formation and water compressibilities, reduces to
( ) | |
( )
g soi p t
ti t
p
ti t
g soi p t p
B R R B
B B
N
N
RF
B B
B R R B N
N
+

= =

+
=
Volumetric Saturated Oil Reservoir
Volumetric Saturated Oil Reservoir
Example 5.1, p. 156
Calculate the original oil in place of a reservoir with the following data.
Volume of bulk rock zone = 112000 ac-ft
Volume of gas zone = 19600 ac-ft
Initial reservoir pressure =2710 psia
Initial FVF = 1.340 bbl/STB
Initial gas FVF =0.006266 cu ft/SCF
Initial dissolved GOR = 562 SCF/STB
Oil Produced during the interval = 20 MMSTB
Reservoir pressure at the end of the interval =2000 psia
Average produced GOR = 700 SCF/STB
Two-phase FVF at 2000 psia = 1.4954 bbl/STB
Volume of encroached water = 11.58 MMbbl
Volume of produced water = 1.05 MMSTB
FVF of water = 1.028 bbl/STB
Gas FVF at 2000 psi = 0.008479 cu ft/SCF
Example 6.1
Example 6.1
Convert to consistent units of cu ft.
B
ti
= 1.3400*5.615 = 7.5241 cu ft/STB
B
t
= 1.4954*5.615 = 8.3967 cu ft/STB
W
e
= 11.58*5.615 = 65.02 cu ft
W
p
= 1.05*1.028*5.615 = 6.06 MM res. cu ft
Assuming a constant porosity and connate water
saturation for the entire reservoir.
175 . 0
112000
19600
m = =
Example Problem
Example Problem
Substituting into the general equation:
( )( ) | | ( )
( ) 006266 . 0 008489 . 0
006266 . 0
5241 . 7
175 . 0 5241 . 7 3967 . 8
06 . 6 02 . 65 008489 . 0 562 700 3967 . 8 20
6 6

|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=
E E
N
Example Problem
Example Problem
( ) | |
( )
gi g
gi
ti
ti t
p w e g soi p t p
B B
B
mB
B B
W B W B R R B N
N
+
+ +
=
MMSTB N 97 . 98 =
Substituting into the general equation:
( )( ) | | ( )
( ) 001166 . 0 001510 . 0
001166 . 0
3400 . 1
175 . 0 3400 . 1 4954 . 1
10 028 . 1 05 . 1 58 . 11 001510 . 0 562 700 4954 . 1 20
6 6

|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=
E
N
Example Problem
Example Problem
( ) | |
( )
gi g
gi
ti
ti t
p w e g soi p t p
B B
B
mB
B B
W B W B R R B N
N
+
+ +
=
MMSTB 97 . 98 N =
Differential Gas Liberation
Differential Gas Liberation
p
R

,
T
R

,
V
i
p < p
R

,
T
R

,
V > V
i
p,
T
R

,
V
i
p, T
R,
V
s
p
SC

, T
SC
V
SC
SC
s
R
SC
SC
SC
V
V
T
T
p
p
z p z = ) (
Move piston
to increase
cell volume -
Gas droplets
form
Wait for
gas to
segregate
Move
piston to
return to
V
i
Piston
Mercury
Liquid phase
Determine composition of gas
sample, and determine residue
gas volume and gal/MSCF liquid
using flash calculations for given
separator conditions.
Compute z
Repeat steps for each
pressure level.
See CHT pp. 200-201
Material balance under solution gas drive
Calculate production vs. reservoir
pressure
Yields ultimate recovery prediction
Calculations below the Bubble
Calculations below the Bubble
Point with Free Gas Production
Point with Free Gas Production
Material Balance under Solution Gas Drive
- Tarner-Tracy Method
Reservoirs below the Bubble Point
- Expansion of water is negligible
- Compression of rock is negligible
- Production due to expansion of gas
When Gas saturation reaches a critical value, free
gas flows in the reservoir. Gas mobility, k
g
/
g
, is
much higher than oil mobility, k
o
/
o
, resulting in
increasing producing gas-oil ratio.
Calculations below the Bubble
Calculations below the Bubble
Point with Free Gas Production
Point with Free Gas Production
Uniform reservoir porosity, permeability and
fluid saturation at all times.
Uniform pressure throughout the reservoir in
both gas and oil zones.
Gravity segregation forces are negligible.
Equilibrium at all times between gas and oil.
A gas liberation mechanism which is the same
as that used to determine the fluid properties.
No water encroachment and negligible water
production.
Tarner
Tarner
-
-
Tracy Method
Tracy Method
Assumptions
Assumptions
- neglects formation and water compressibility
Tarner
Tarner
-
-
Tracy Generalized
Tracy Generalized
Equation
Equation
| | ( )
( ) ( )

B B
B
mB
B R R B B
W W B G B R B N
N
gi g
gi
oi
g so soi oi o
p e g p g so o p
+ +
+
=
Grouping of Terms
Grouping of Terms
( ) ( )
gi g
gi
oi
g so soi oi o
g so o
n
B B
B
mB
B R R B B
B R B
+ +

= u
( ) ( )
gi g
gi
oi
g so soi oi o
g
g
B B
B
mB
B R R B B
B
+ +
= u
( ) ( )
gi g
gi
oi
g so soi oi o
w
B B
B
mB
B R R B B
1
+ +
= u
- General equation now written as:
Tarner
Tarner
-
-
Tracy Equation
Tracy Equation
( )
w p e g p n p
W W G N N u u u + =
- For a volumetric, undersaturated
reservoir, the equation becomes:
g p n p
G N N u u + =
- iterate on the pressure and producing gas-oil
ratio to calculate N
p
Extrapolation of GOR
Extrapolation of GOR
g g o
o o g
so
B k
B k
R R

+ =
- at time t
j
, pressure is now p
j
< p
j-1
- the average producing gas-oil ratio, R
avg
,
over the time period between t
j-1
and t
j
is:
2
1 j j
avg
R R
R
+
=

- the oil volume produced in the time period is AN
p
.
Expanding the generalized equation to include AN
p
gives:
Calculating Oil Produced
Calculating Oil Produced
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
gj p ave 1 j p nj p 1 j p
N R G N N N u A u A + + + =

where
( ) p 1 j p pj
N N N A + =

( ) ( )
gj ave nj
gj 1 j p nj 1 j p
p
R
G N N
N
u u
u u
A
+

=

Solving for AN
p
The Tarner-Tracy Method uses the producing Gas-Oil
Ratio as a unique feature. One estimates a producing
GOR and through a series of equations, calculates the
actual producing GOR. One then compares the result to
the initial estimate. The estimated GOR is altered until it
matches the calculated GOR.
Step by Step Approach
Step by Step Approach
Step 1: Select the calculation pressure, guess the
producing GOR at pressure j and calculate the
average GOR from pressure j-1 and pressure j
using:
2
1 j j
avg
R R
R
+
=

Step 2: Calculate u
n
and u
g
using the equations
provided.
Step 3: Calculate AN
p
, N
p
, and S
L
, the total liquid
saturation.
Step 4: Determine the k
g
/k
o
ratio and calculate the
producing GOR using equation
Step by Step Approach
Step by Step Approach
g g o
o o g
so
B k
B k
R R

+ =
( )
oi
o
p
w w L
B
B
N
N
1 S 1 S S
(

+ =
Step 5: After the estimated R
j
until it matches the
calculated R in the last step.
Step 6: Calculate G
p
and AG
p
.
Repeat the procedure on the next pressure steps.
Step by Step Approach
Step by Step Approach
Example of
Example of
Tarner
Tarner
-
-
Tracy
Tracy
Technique
Technique
A deep water Gulf of Mexico reservoir has oil with the following data.
p
r
= 11664 psia and T
r
= 138.3
o
F, at a depth of 17999 ft. The reservoir is
estimated to have an initial volume of oil in place of 250 million STB.
Initial water saturation is 15%, initial Formation Volume Factor, B
ti
, is
1.387 bbl/STB. Use this information with the following PVT data to
calculate production vs. pressure for this reservoir. The bubble point of
the reservoir is 4000 psia.
Pressure, psi a B
t
B
o
R
so
B
g

o

g
4000 1.48026 1.48026 952.366 0.000584 1.612833 0.028953
3800 1.4886124 1.460787 907.186 0.000616 1.654985 0.027884
3600 1.5002778 1.441314 862.006 0.000653 1.69824 0.026855
3200 1.5365729 1.402368 771.646 0.000743 1.788169 0.02491
2800 1.5973561 1.363422 681.286 0.000863 1.882861 0.023105
2400 1.6963118 1.324476 590.926 0.001029 1.982567 0.021432
2000 1.8580724 1.28553 500.566 0.001267 2.087552 0.019879
1500 2.2286468 1.236848 387.616 0.001756 2.226637 0.018096
1000 3.0545202 1.188165 274.666 0.002754 2.374988 0.016472
Use of Relative Permeability
Use of Relative Permeability
Data
Data
The relative permeability data, from core measurements, J BN style
gasfloods using crude oil at temperature yields the following data:
S
L
kg/ko
1 0
0.998 8.702E-09
0.995 1.386E-07
0.99 1.144E-06
0.97 3.511E-05
0.96 8.885E-05
0.95 0.0001854
0.94 0.0003426
0.93 0.0005824
0.92 0.0009314
0.91 0.0014223
0.9 0.0020944
0.8 0.036214
0.7 0.304128
0.6 2.2
0.5 18.106996
0.4 237.6
Kg/Ko v s. S
L
0.000000001
0.00000001
0.0000001
0.000001
0.00001
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
S
L
K
g
/
K
o
Calculation of Oil Produced
Calculation of Oil Produced
Using the previous data, calculate the production from
the initial reservoir pressure to the bubble point:
( )
t
t ti
p
B
B B N
N

=
( )
387 . 1
48 . 1 387 . 1 10 250
6

=
p
N
STB million 8 . 16 =
p
N
First Pressure Step
First Pressure Step
The volume of oil in place at the Bubble Point Pressure
(4000 psia) is 233.2 million STB. Now solve for the first
pressure iteration at 3800 psia. Solving terms:
n
,
g
,

w
with m = 0:
( ) ( )
gi g
gi
oi
g so soi oi o
g so o
n
B B
B
mB
B R R B B
B R B
+ +

= u
( ) 000616 . 0 907 952 48 . 1 4608 . 1
000616 . 0 907 4608 . 1
+

= u
n
108
n
= u
Calculation of Terms
Calculation of Terms
The volume of oil in place at the Bubble Point Pressure
(4000 psia) is 233.2 million STB. Now solve for the first
pressure iteration at 3800 psia. Solving terms:
n
,
g
,

w
with m = 0:
( ) ( )
gi g
gi
oi
g so soi oi o
g
g
B B
B
mB
B R R B B
B
+ +
= u
( ) 000616 . 0 907 952 4803 . 1 4608 . 1
000616 . 0
g
+
= u
073737 . 0
g
= u
Water Encroachment
Water Encroachment
The volume of oil in place at the Bubble Point Pressure
(4000 psia) is 233.2 million STB. Now solve for the first
pressure iteration at 3800 psia. Solving terms:
n
,
g
,

w
with m = 0:
( ) ( )
gi g
gi
oi
g so soi oi o
w
B B
B
mB
B R R B B
1
+ +
= u
( )
w p e g p n p
W W G N N u u u + =
( ) 0 W W
p e
=
Assumes no water encroachment or production.
Estimate Average Producing
Estimate Average Producing
GOR
GOR
Estimate a producing GOR and calculate the average
producing GOR. Try GOR = 925
2
1 j j
avg
R R
R
+
=

2
957 925+
=
avg
R
7 . 938 =
avg
R
Calculate Oil Produced
Calculate Oil Produced
Calculate AN
p
073737 . 0 * 68 . 938 108
0 0 E 2 . 233
N
6
p
+

= A
( ) ( )
gj ave nj
gj 1 j p nj 1 j p
p
R
G N N
N
u u
u u
A
+

=

1315841 N
p
= A
Calculate Liquid Saturation
Calculate Liquid Saturation
Calculate S
L
( )
oi
o
p
w w L
B
B
N
N
1 S 1 S S
(

+ =
( )
4803 . 1
4608 . 1
E 2 . 233
E 31 . 1
1 15 . 0 1 15 . 0 S
6
6
L (

+ =
984 . 0 S
L
=
Calculate Producing GOR
Calculate Producing GOR
From S
L
and relative permeability data, find k
g
/k
o
, and
calculate R
j
:
9
o
g
E 79 . 4
k
k

=
( )
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =

000616 . 0
4608 . 1
02788 . 0
655 . 1
E 78 . 4 907 R
6
8 . 907 R=
A repeat of the calculation with the new estimate gives
908 which is the correct answer.
Calculation of Produced Gas
Calculation of Produced Gas
With R
j
= 908
STB E 32 . 1 N
6
p
=
cf s E 23 . 1 G
9
p
=
g
n p
p
N N
G
u
u
=
073737 . 0
108 * E 32 . 1 E 2 . 233
G
6 6
p

=