Introduction and Objectives:

Scientists, engineers and everyone who has related with minerals should hear with Tensile Test. Tensile test is a test determine tensile properties of a metal. We will discuss the tensile properties from a stress strain curve like modulus of elasticity, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, toughness, and ductility. The tensile test considered as one of the most important mechanical tests that determine many mechanical properties like: modulus of elasticity, yield strength, ultimate tensile and many others. We will determine these properties using this test. By doing this test for a given material we will have the ability to predict the loads that will cause a part to fail depends upon both material properties and the part geometry. Also, the main objective of this experiment is to enable the students to derive the most important tensile properties from a stress strain curve. The objective of this experiment is to derive the most important tensile properties form a stress strain curve of some of construction materials. We will test the three common construction materials, which are Aluminum, Brass and Steel.

Procedure and equipment used:

In this experiment, our equipment that will run the experiment will be Instron 5569 Universal Electromechanical Testing System. This equipment will be a 50 kN loading capacity, which means that the load that will be used to pull the specimen from both sides of the given specimen will be equivalent to 50 kN force. Each a few second the computer, which is connected with the device, will measure the dimensions and the forces of the sample metal until the sample is broken and at the end we will have a lot of readings, so that we will be able to plot the gragh accurately and nicely. We will do this test for three different metals which are Aluminum, Steel and Brass. Note that, we do this test under the American Standard for Testing and Materials (ASTM) conditions. First, we are given the samples. Then, put a sample into the device. Next, adjust the load from the control panel. Finally, the computer records the results while the test is happening. Doing this procedure for each metal is given.

Results and Discussion: Aluminum:

Aluminum
14 12

Force (kN)

10 8 6 4 2 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Displacement (mm) Aluminum

500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

Stress (MPa)

Strain (mm/mm)

Brass:
Brass
14 12

Force (kN)

10 8 6 4 2 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Displacement (mm)
Brass
600

Stress (MPa)

500 400 300 200 100 0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25

Strain (mm/mm)

Steel:
Steel
20

Force (kN)
-1

15 10 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Displacement (mm)
Steel
800

Stress (MPa)
-0.05

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25

Strain (mm/mm)

Material Aluminum Brass Steel

E
(Mpa)
7254.3 5421 9708.7

y
(Mpa)
364 444 691

y
(mm/mm)
0.051 0.066 0.065

u
(Mpa)
475 513.5 725

u
(mm/mm)
0.198 0.185 0.094

f
(Mpa)
412.9 471.4 495

T
(Mpa)
553 664.5 579

Ductility
% EL
26.20% 23.80% 19.30%

% RA
35.15% 45.12% 26.70%

UR
9.282 14.652 22.458

UT
104.8 110 136.64

Points of Discussion a) We found Aluminum's modulus of elasticity 7254.3 Mpa and for the Brass is 5421 Mpa , and for the
Steel is 9708.7 Mpa.

b) For Aluminum: Yield strength is 364 MPa, while the ultimate strength is 412.8 MPa. Because the ultimate is so much higher than the yield, so the material is ductile. For Brass: Yield strength is 444 MPa, while the ultimate strength is 397.7 MPa. Because the ultimate is so much higher than the yield, so the material is ductile. For Steel: Yield strength is 691 MPa, while the ultimate strength is 621.3 MPa. Because the ultimate is a little bit only higher than the yield, so the material is brittle. c) 1. The ductility based on %RA: Brass Aluminum Steel 2. The ductility based on %EL: Aluminum Brass Steel 3. The ductility based on the shape of graph: It's clear from the graph that Aluminum and Brass are ductile, and Steel is brittle. And the %RA and %EL arent consistent. d) Modulus of elasticity:is known as the relationship between engineering stress and engineering strain. Yield strength: is known as the stress at which the plastic deformation begins, or where the phenomenon of yielding occurs. Tensile strength: is the maximum stress that can be applied in the engineering stress-strain curve and this point the nicking start. Ductility: is the ability of a material to deform plastically without fracture. Modulus of Resilience: is the capacity of a material to absorb energy when it is deformed elastically. Modulus of toughness: is a measure of the ability of materials to absorb energy up to fracture. f) The Aluminum and Brass have the almost the same general shape, which has ultimate strength that is higher than the yield strength so much, then the necking starts until it reaches the fracture point and then fracture. On the other hand, Steel has different shape after the yield stress, this shape is very short and the different between the yield strength and the ultimate strength is very small as well.

g) There are many sources of errors that we take care of them. Environment is one of that source of error can be affected in the test. Also, the measurements of diameters could be on source of error, and the data taken from the graph could not be exactly the same and then be another source of error. The measurement of the length is one source of error.

Conclusion:
To sum up, this test has a lot of benefits. We can find many metals properties from this test such as modulus of elasticity, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, toughness and ductility. Also, these properties are necessary to determine which metal you will use in your project. So, as you will be accurate in choosing metals as your project will get better results. Using tensile test, we knew many properties of the mild steel that it is stiff, tough and relatively ductile material. And these properties make it very useful in many applications. So, without this test we won't be able to predict the behavior of any material under certain circumstances and be ready to what will happen for the given or tested material after applying the given load or force.