1. How is stress related to defects at interface?

When oxide is deposited over the Si, due to lattice mismatch there will be stress generated in the interface the relaxation of the stress leads to defects. 2. What is the need ofr high-k dielectric? Silicon dioxide has been used as a gate oxide material for decades. As transistors have decreased in size, the thickness of the silicon dioxide gate dielectric has steadily decreased to increase the gate capacitance and thereby drive current, raising device performance. As the thickness scales below 2 nm, leakage currents due to tunneling increase drastically, leading to high power consumption and reduced device reliability. Replacing the silicon dioxide gate dielectric with a high- material allows increased gate capacitance without the associated leakage effects. 3. Plot of dielectric constant vs band-gap of different materials?

4. Relationship between transparency and Band-gap? Low-energy for transperrancy? The energy gaps between the valence and conduction bands are called band gaps. For silicon, the band gap is 1.1eV; for fused silica glass, it is 9.3eV. The cutoff between visible and infrared light is usually said to be somewhere between 700 and 800nm. Why is silicon transparent to most infrared light but opaque to visible light? A) Visible photons have greater energy than the gap, so they can be absorbed whereas infrared photons pass through. B) Visible photons have greater energy than the gap, so they can't interact with the silicon as the infrared photons can.

C) Infrared photons have less energy than the gap, and so, unlike visible photons, they can be absorbed and reemitted from the material. D) Infrared photons have less energy than the gap, and so they are only partially absorbed whereas visible photons are fully absorbed. 5. What is difference between quartz and SiO2? Silica Silicon exists as its oxide in nature. Silica is the most common silicon oxide, with the molecular formula SiO2 (silicon dioxide). Silica is an abundant mineral on the earth crust, and it is in sand, quartz and many other minerals. Some minerals have pure silica but, in some, silica are mixed with other elements. In Silica, the sulfur and oxygen atoms joined by covalent bonds to form a huge crystal structure. Each sulfur atom is surrounded by four oxygen atoms (tetrahedrally). Silica doesnt conduct electricity because there arent any delocalized electrons. Further, it is highly thermo stabilized. Silica has a very high melting point, because a large number of sulfur-oxygen bonds have to be broken in order to melt it. When it is given very high temperatures and cooled at a certain rate, the melted silica will solidify to form glass. Silica doesnt react with any acid except hydrogen fluoride. Moreover, it is not soluble in water or any organic solvent. Silicon is commercially prepared by using silica in an electric arc furnace. Not only silica is abundant on the earth crust, but it is also present inside our bodies in considerable amounts. Silica is needed for healthy maintenance of bones, cartilages, nails, tendons, teeth, skin, blood vessels, etc. It is naturally present in water, carrot, bread, cornflakes, white rice, banana, raisin, etc. Also, silica is widely used in ceramic, glass and cement industries. Quartz Quartz is the mineral that contains silicon dioxide (SiO2) mainly. Quartz has a unique crystalline structure with helix chains of silicon tetrahedrons. This is the second most abundant mineral on the earth surface and has a wide distribution. Quartz is a component of all three types of metamorphic, igneous and sedimentary rocks. Quartz can vary from one place to another by their color, transparency, the amount of silicon dioxide, size, constituents, etc. They can be colorless, pink, red, black, blue, orange, brown, yellow, and purple colored. Some of the quartz minerals can be transparent, whereas some can be translucent. Citrine, amethyst, milky quartz, rock crystal, rose quartz, smoky quartz and prasiolite are some of the large crystal forming quartz types. Quartz is mostly found in Brazil, Mexico, Russia, etc. There are significant morphological differences in different quartz minerals; therefore, they are used as ornamental rocks. It is considered as a semiprecious stone and used in jewellery making. Further, quartz is used for ceramics and cements due to its high thermal and chemical stability.

6. What is the relation between refractive index and dielectric constant? Both dielectric constant and index of refraction depend on frequency. When you write the relationship between them the values should be measured at the same frequency. The value of about 80 is water's dielectric constant in DC regime or at very low frequency. The 1.33 is the index of refraction at the frequency of visible light (about 10^14 Hz).

The refractive index, n, of a medium is defined as the ratio of the phase velocity, c, of a wave phenomenon such as light or sound in a reference medium to the phase velocity, , in the medium itself:

The dielectric constant (which is often dependent on wavelength) is simply the square of the (complex) refractive index in a non-magnetic medium (one with a relative magnetic permeability of unity). The refractive index is used for optics in Fresnel equations and Snell's law; while the dielectric constant is used in Maxwell's equations and electronics. Where , , , , and are functions of wavelength:

7. 4-probe testing and resistivity measurement? The most common way of measuring the resistivity of a semiconductor material is by using a four-point collinear probe. This technique involves bringing four equally spaced probes in contact with a material of unknown resistance. The probe array is placed in the center of the material, as shown in Figure 1. The two outer probes are used for sourcing current and the two inner probes are used for measuring the resulting voltage drop across the surface of the sample. The volume resistivity is calculated as follows: