Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Where to start
Perfectionist: ideal (low-pass) filter Engineer: continuous time, first-order low-pass filter
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 1
with
A/D DSP
H (s) =
1 s 1+ o p = o z
p=-o
Pole : Zero :
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 3
Magnitude Response
Magnitude Response (s-plane) 3 2.5 Magnitude [linear] 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 5 5 x 10
5
L02_bode3_lpf1.m
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 4
Frequency Response
Asymptotes: - 20 dB/dec rolloff - 90 degrees phase shift per 2 decades
Magnitude (dB) Bode Diagram 0 -20
H ( s = j ) = 0 = 1 H ( s = j ) = 0
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120 0
-90
Note: bodehz is same as bode, but frequency axis is in Hz, rather than rad/s.
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Frequency [Hz]
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 5
Parasitics
Can we really get 100dB attenuation at 10GHz?
Probably not Parasitics limit the performance of analog components E.g.
Shunt capacitance Feed-through capacitance Finite inductor, capacitor Q
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 6
LPF2
1 + sRCP H ( s) = 1 + sR (C +C P )
A/D DSP
Pole : Zero :
p= z=
1 1 R (C + CP ) RC 1 RCP
2002 B. Boser 7
Frequency Response
LPF2 0 -10 -20
H ( j ) =0 = 1 H ( j ) CP = C + CP C P C = 10 3 = 60dB
-45
-90 10
2
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Frequency [Hz]
Why not just make C larger? Beware of other parasitics not included in this model
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 8
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 9
Second-Order LPF
Improved attenuation (compared to 1st order) Complex poles (rather than multiple real ones)
Why? Visualize 3D s-plane plot!
H (s) = 1+
1 s s2 + 2 PQP P
H ( j ) =0 = 1 H ( j ) = 0 H ( j ) = = QP
P
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 10
Biquad Poles
H (s ) = 1 s s2 + 2 1+ PQP P P 2 1 1 4QP 2QP
has poles at
s=
for
QP
1 2
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 11
Complex Poles
QP >
1 2
s=
P 2 1 j 4QP 1 2QP
P 2 d2 = 2Q (1 + 4QP 1) P 2 = P
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 12
s-Plane
j
radius = P
poles
real part = -
P 2QP
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 13
LPF3
Magnitude Response (s-plane) 3 2.5 Magnitude [linear]
P = 2 100kHz QP = 10
x 10
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 14
Frequency Response
Bode Diagram 50 0 Magnitude (dB) -50
-40 dB/dec
-100
-150
-200 0
-90
-180o
-135
-180 10
2
10
10
10
10 10 Frequency (rad/sec)
10
10
10
10
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 15
Varying Q Magnitude
LPF3 Magnitude Response 40 Q = 0.5 Q = 10.0 Q = 100.0 30
20
10 Magnitude [dB]
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50 4 10
10 Frequency [Hz]
10
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 16
Phase
LPF3 Phase Response 0 Q = 0.5 Q = 10.0 Q = 100.0 -20
-40
-80
-100
-120
-140
-160
-180 4 10
10 Frequency [Hz]
10
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 17
Implementation of Biquads
Passive RC: only real poles Terminated LC
lowest power (well its passive!) No noise (except load and source)
Active Biquad
Filter texts give you dozens of topologies. Who needs or wants that many choices? Single-opamp biquad: Sallen-Key Two-opamp biquad: Tow-Thomas
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 18
Sallen-Key LPF
H ( s) = G s s2 + 2 1+ PQP P 1 R1C1R2C2 P 1 1 1G + + R1C1 R2C1 R2C2
P =
Single gain element Parasitic sensitive Versions for LPF, HPF, BP,
QP =
Ref: K. L. Su, Analog Filters, Chapman & Hall, 1996, pp. 215.
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 19
1 = 2 .9 QP
2002 B. Boser 20
A/D DSP
SK Magnitude Response 1
Sallen-Key Choice 1 Magnitude Response 40 nominal R1 R1 10% large 30
20
10% increase of R1 more than doubles Q P! The circuit is very sensitive to component variations.
10 Magnitude [dB]
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50 4 10
10 Frequency [Hz]
10
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 21
Note also:
C1 2 = 4QP = 400 C2
Huge element spread This topology is suitable only for low-Q filter implementations.
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 22
SK Magnitude Response 2
Sallen-Key Choice 2 Magnitude Response 30 nominal R1 R1 10% large 20
10
10% increase of R1 has only small effect on response! The circuit is NOT very sensitive to component variations.
0 Magnitude [dB]
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50 4 10
10 Frequency [Hz]
10
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 23
Sensitivity
Definition with y x = S xy y x x dy y Sx = y dx QP QP R1 = SR 1 QP R1
QP SR = QP 0.5 = 9.5 1
Example
Choice 1
Implementation and component sizing have huge impact on sensitivity High-sensitivity circuits are problems in practice No theory for finding a lowsensitivity architecture Ladder filters are usually low sensitivity Use proven circuits & check!
Common sense: Sensitivity is a first order approximation, correct only for infinitesimally small errors
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 24
Summary
Frequency Response
Poles and zeros are like tent poles and pegs Frequency response is evaluated on j axis Poles and zeros close to j axis dominate resonse
A/D DSP
2002 B. Boser 25