DeAngellica Vaughn-Allen

Lab Section 02

Lab Partners: Vernicia Winford and Ephraim Opara

Tuesday, March 19, 2013

Purpose: The purpose for doing this lab is to study two resistors connected in series using a multimeter. One of the goals of this lab is to determine the resistance, potential difference, and current of two resistors connected in series using a multimeter. The second goal is to compare the nominal value of the resistance located on the chip with the measured value of the resistance using the multimeter and the calculated value of the resistance.

Theory: Circuits are found in many things such as computers, cars, and radios. Resistors in a series are connected in a way that is all of the current that flows through the first element must flow through the second element. Current is the flow of charges through a wire. It is measured in amperes [A]. Since this is the case in the following experiment, the current that flows through resistor 1, or I1, is equal to the amount of current that flow through resistor 2, or I2. The current that flows through each resistor 1 and resistor 2 is equivalent to the total current, or IT, which is the current through the battery. Therefore the following equation is derived: I1=I2=IT. Potential difference, V, is the difference in potential between any two points in a circuit. It is measured in volts [V]. Resistors in a series have different potential differences which all add up to the total potential difference across the battery. Therefore for potential difference in a series V1+V2=VT. The equation for deriving potential difference is V=IR (current x resistance). Resistance is a measure of how difficult it is for current to pass through a circuit. Resistance is measured in ohms []. To obtain total resistance in a series, add the resistance of each resistor in the following manner: R1 + R2 = RT. RT gives the total resistance in the circuit.

Apparatus and Setup: The following equipment was used for this experiment: a multimeter, 2 resistors, a battery container, batteries, wire connectors, a snap board, and 2 probe wires. Snapboard

Probes Multimeter

Resistor

Wire Connectors Batteries

Battery Container Procedure Record the values of each resistor which is located on each chip. First, determine values of the two resistors using the multimeter. Set up the multimeter using the red and black probe wires. The black probe should be plugged into the input that reads COM and the red probe should be plugged into the input labeled V. Turn on the multimeter and set the knob to measure ohms (). Place one probe on each metal tip of resistor one so that the multimeter will display the resistance value for that resistor. Adjust the multimeter accordingly to get the most accurate measurement possible. Record the resistance value for resistor one. Repeat this process for resistor two and record the resistance value of that resistor. Next, connect the resistors in a series. Place the battery container on the snap board and place the batteries in the container. Put one of the wire connectors on the + terminal of the battery container then connect resistor one. Place another wire connector to the free end of resistor one and connect resistor two to it. Last, place the third wire connector to the free end of resistor two and connect the wire connector to the terminal of the battery container. Measure the total resistance of the two resistors. Disconnect the two wires on the + and the ends of the battery terminal and place one probe on the free end of resistor one and the other probe on the free end of resistor two. Record the value on the multimeter. This value is the total resistance of the two resistors. Now, find the total potential difference across the battery. Change the settings on the multimeter to measure volts (V). Reconnect the wires to the and the + terminals of the battery and to the both resistors one and two. Place one probe on the + terminal of the battery and the other probe on the terminal of the battery. Adjust the multimeter to get the most accurate measurement possible. Record the value on the multimeter. Next, determine the potential difference across each resistor. Place one probe on one end of resistor one and the other probe on the other end of resistor one. Record the potential difference of resistor one. Repeat this process for finding the potential difference across resistor two. The next step is to measure the current at three different points on the circuit. Set the multimeter to amperes (A). Reconnect the wire probes accordingly. In order to measure the

current of the circuit, it must be redirected to flow directly through the multimeter. Measure the current at point A leaving the battery + side. Place the probe one probe on the + terminal of the battery and the other probe on the free end of resistor one. Adjust the multimeter to get the most accurate measurement. Record the current value that is displayed on the multimeter. Replace the wire between resistor one and the + terminal of the battery. Measure the current at point B between resistor one and resistor two. Remove the wire connector between the two resistors and place one probe on the free end of resistor one and the other probe on the free end of resistor two. Record the value of on the multimeter. Last, measure the value of the current at point C returning to the side of the battery terminal. Detach the wire between resistor two and the terminal of the battery. Place one probe on the free end of resistor two and the second probe on the end of the battery terminal. Record the value on the multimeter.

Data and Calculations: Resistor 1 Nominal Value of Resistance On Chip (k) Measured Value of Resistance (k) Calculated Value of Resistance using V=IR (k) Measured Value of Potential Difference V Measured Value of Current (A) 5.1k 5.06 k 5.43 k Resistor 2 10.0k 10.08 k 10.83 k Resistor Equivalent 15.1k 15.15 k 15.14 k

0.924V

1.842V

2.76V

170.1 A

170.1 A

1 70.1 A R = Resistance (Ohms) []

V = Potential Difference (Volts),

I = Current (Amperes),

Calculated Resistance Values/Percent Difference: V= IR V1+V2=VT IR1+IR2=ITReq Since I1=I2=IT, the values of current cancel leaving the following equation: R1+R2=Req

Comparing measured value of Req with calculated Req using previous equation: Measured value of Req: 15.15k Calculated value using R1+R2=Req: 5.06 k + 10.08 k = 15.14 k

% Difference = (X1-X2) Xaverage % Diff = (15.15k -15.10k)15.15k=0.00066= 0.0660%

Values of Resistor 1: Nominal value: 5.10 k Measured value: 5.06 k Calculated value: V1= IR1 R1= V1 I

Values of Resistor 2: Nominal value: 10.0k Measured value: 10.08k Calculated Value: V2= IR2 R2= V2 I R2= 1.842V 170.1A R2=10.83k

R1= 0.924V 170.1A R1=5.43k Values of Resistor Equivalent: Nominal value: 15.10k Measured value: 15.15k Calculated value: VT= IReq Req= VT I Req= 2.76V 170.1A Req=16.2k % Difference Between Resistance Values: % Difference = (X1-X2) Xaverage Resistor 1:

% Difference = (Rnominal and Rmeasured) Raverage % Difference = (5.10k - 5.06k) 5.08k % Difference = 0.00787 = 0.787%

% Difference = (Rnominal and Rcalculated) Raverage % Difference = (5.10k - 5.43k) 5.27k % Difference = 0.0626 = 6.26%

Resistor 2:

%Difference=(Rnominal and Rmeasured) Raverage % Difference = (10.0k - 10.08k) 10.04k % Difference = 0.00797 = 0.797%

% Difference = (Rnominal and Rcalculated) Raverage % Difference = (10.0k - 10.83k) 10.42k % Difference = 0.07965 = 7.965%

Resistor Equivalent: %Difference=(Rnominal and Rmeasured) Raverage % Difference = (15.10k - 15.15k) 15.13k % Difference = 0.003305 = 0.3305%

% Difference = (Rnominal and Rcalculated) Raverage % Difference = (15.10k - 16.2k) 15.7k % Difference = 0.0701 = 7.01%

: % Diff = (15.10k -15.15k)15.13k=0.003304= 0.3304% Between Rcalculated and Rexpected: %Diff =(15.10k - 15.14k) 15.12k 0.002646= 0.2646%

Calculated Values of Current/Percent Difference V= IR therefore: I = VR

I1=I2=I 170.