Xử lí tính hiệu số Chap 1

BI GING X L S TN HIU
BAI GIANG X LY SO TN HIEU

Bien soan: PGS.TS LE TIEN THNG
Tp.HCM, 02-2005
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CHNG 1: LAY MAU VA KHOI PHUC TN HIEU

1.1. Gii thieu 1.2. Mot so c ban lien quan en cac tn hieu tng t 1.3. nh ly lay mau 1.4. Lay mau cac tn hieu sine 1.5. Pho cua cac tn hieu c lay mau 1.6. Khoi phuc tn hieu tng t 1.7. Cac thanh phan c ban cua he thong DSP
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1.1. Gii thieu

Qua trnh x ly so cac tn hieu tng t thng gom 3 bc: - So hoa cac tn hieu tng t, tc la lay mau va lng t hoa cac mau nay. Qua trnh nay c goi la bien oi A/D (Analog to Digital). - Dung bo x ly tn hieu so e x ly cac mau va thu c. - Cac mau sau khi x ly xong se c khoi phuc lai dang tng t bang bo khoi phuc tn hieu tng t goi la bo bien oi D/A (Digital to Analog).
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CHNG 1: LAY MAU VA KHOI PHUC TN HIEU 1.2. Mot so c ban lien quan en cac tn hieu tng t
Bien oi FOURIER X() cua x(t) chnh la pho tan so cua tn hieu nay: j t (1.2.1) X ( ) = x ( t )e dt
trong o la tan so goc (rad/s). Tan so f lien he vi : = 2f Bien oi Laplace c nh ngha nh sau : st X ( s) = x(t ).e dt
(1.2.2)
(1-2-3)
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Xet ap ng cua mot he thong tuyen tnh (linear system) x(t) input Linear system h(t) y(t) output
He thong nay c ac trng bi ap ng xung h(t). au ra y(t) thu c bang cach lay tch chap (convolution) trong mien thi gian:
y( t ) = h( t t ' ) x( t ' )dt
hay phep nhan trong mien tan so: Y ( ) = H ( ). X ( ) (1.2.4) trong o H() la ap ng tan so cua he thong tren.
H() c nh ngha la bien oi Fourier cua ap ng xung h(t): (1.2.5) H ( ) = h( t )e jt dt ap ng xac lap dang sine cua he thong c nh ngha la ap ng cua he thong khi au vao la tn hieu dang sine: x(t) = exp(jt) Sinusoid in Linear system H() y(t) = H()exp(jt) Sinusoid out
au ra la tn hieu sine tan so (), co o ln bang o ln tn hieu vao nhan cho he so H(), va pha c dch i lng arg (H()):
x ( t ) = e jt y( t ) = H ( )e jt =| H ( ) | .e jt + j arg H ( )
V la chong chap tuyen tnh, neu au vao gom hai tn hieu sine co cac tan so 1, 2 va bien o la A1, A2 tng ng:
x ( t ) = A1 e
j 1 t
+ A2 e
j 2 t
Sau khi qua bo loc, tn hieu ra xac lap thu c:
y( t ) = A1 H ( )e j1t + A2 H ( )e j 2 t
Chu y la bo loc ch lam thay oi bien o cac thanh phan tn hieu, ch khong lam thay oi tan so.
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Anh hng cua bo loc cung co the c quan sat trong mien tan so bang cach dung pt (1.2.4) nh sau:
X( ) A1 A2 H( ) Y( )
A 1 H( )
A 2 H( )
Pho tn hieu vao X() gom hai vach pho tai tan so 1 va 2 thu c bang cach lay bien oi Fourier cua x(t): Pho au ra tng ng Y() thu c t pt (1.2.4): Y () = H () X () = H ()(2A1 ( 1 ) + 2A2 ( 2 ))
X ( ) = 2A1 ( 1 ) + 2A2 ( 2 )
= 2A1 H (1 ) ( 1 ) + 2A2 H ( 2 ) ( 2 )
CHNG 1: LAY MAU VA KHOI PHUC TN HIEU 1.3. nh ly lay mau

Xet qua trnh lay mau (c minh hoa trong H1.3.1). Tn hieu x(t) c lay mau tuan hoan theo chu ky T. Do o, thi gian c ri rac hoa theo cac n v cua T nh sau: t=nT vi n=0,1,2, Do o, se co nhieu thanh phan cao tan khong the xac nh c chen vao pho tan so tn hieu. Chnh v the, e co the thiet ke he thong thanh cong, 2 cau hoi sau luon gi y cho ngi thiet ke: 1. Anh hng cua qua trnh lay mau len pho cua tn hieu nh the nao? 2. Ta nen chon khoang cach lay mau ra sao?
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Qua trnh lay mau se tao cac thanh phan cao tan, cac thanh phan nay xuat hien eu an theo quy luat, theo chu ky tng ng vi toc o lay mau: fs=1/T
Id e a l sa m p le r A n a lo g sig n a l x (t) x (n T ) sa m p le d sig n a l
x (t)
x (n T )
t 0 T nT
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Hnh 1.3.1 Bo lay mau ly tng.

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Cung nen lu y rang neu bat au bang viec xem xet pho (mang tnh chat lap lai) cua tn hieu a c lay mau, khong the xac nh c tan so cua tn hieu ban au. No co the la thanh phan nao o trong cac tan so f=f+mfs,vi m=0, 1, 2, o la do bat ky tan so nao thuoc f cung eu co pho giong nhau sau khi lay mau. Hien tng trung lap nay c goi la hien tng chong lan pho aliasing va co the tranh c neu thoa man cac ieu kien cua nh ly lay mau.
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T an so
f-4f s
f-3f s
f-2f s
f-f s
f+ f s f+ 2f s
f+ 3f s f+ 4f s
H n h 1.3.2
P ho b lap do lay m au .
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1.3.1. nh ly lay mau Co the bieu dien chnh xac tn hieu x(t) bi cac mau x(nT), can phai thoa man 2 ieu kien sau: - ieu kien 1: Tn hieu x(t) phai c gii han trong mot dai, tc la pho cua tn hieu phai c gii han la ch cha nhng thanh phan tan so nho hn mot tan so ln nhat nao o thoi (fmax) va hoan toan khong ton tai tan so nao tren vung ngoai cua fmax.
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1.3.1. nh ly lay mau ieu kien 2: Tan so lay mau phai c chon ln hn t nhat la hai lan fmax, tc la fs 2fmax hay bieu dien theo khoang cach thi gian lay mau:
1 T 2 f max
fs=2fmax c goi la toc o Nyquist. ai lng fs/2 c goi la tan so Nyquist hay tan so gap (folding frequency)
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1.3.2. Antialiasing Prefilter Viec thc hien thc te nh ly lay mau rat quan trong. Do hau het cac tn hieu khong c gii han trong mot dai, v the can phai a nhng tn hieu nay qua bo loc thong thap (prefilter) trc khi lay mau.
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1.3.2. Antialiasing Prefilter
In p u t sp ectru m p refilter 0 f - f s /2 f s /2 R ep licated sp ectru m f - fs 0 B a n d lim ite d sig n a l x (t) fs f P refiltered sp ectru m
x (t) A n a lo g sig a n a l
A n a lo g lo w p a ss filte r
S a m p le r a n d q u a n tiz e r
x (n T ) A n a lo g sig a n a l To D SP
H n h 1 .3 .5
B o lo c a n tia lia sin g p re filte r.
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CHNG 1: LAY MAU VA KHOI PHUC TN HIEU 1.4. Lay mau cac tn hieu sine
So mau tren chu ky c cho bi ty so fs/f:
f s samples / sec samples = = f cycles / sec cycle

1.4.1. Khoi phuc tn hieu va hien tng chong lan pho (aliasing) Nhan thay rang, du cac tn hieu xm(t) th khac nhau, nhng cac mau cua chung lai hoan toan giong nhau. Thc vay:
x m ( nT ) = e 2j ( f + mf s )Tn = e 2jfTn e 2jmf sTn = e 2jfTn = x( nT )

tap hp cac tan so: f , f f s , f 2 f s ,..., f mf s ,...
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1.4.1. Khoi phuc tn hieu va hien tng chong lan pho (aliasing)
Ideal sampler T x(t) Analog signal Rate fs x(nT) Ideal reconstructor x a (t) Analog signal -fs/2 fs/2
Lowpass filter Cutoff =fs/ /2
Hnh 1.4.2 Bo loc thon g thap lam bo khoi phuc tn hieu ly tn g
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1.4.1. Khoi phuc tn hieu va hien tng chong lan pho Tan so nay thu c bang cach lay tan so ban au module cho fs, fa=f mod(fs). ay chnh la tan so trong tap (1.4.2) thu c t bo khoi phuc tn hieu. V the, tn hieu sine c khoi phuc la:
x a ( t ) = e 2jf a t
Va de dang thay rang, fa=f ch neu tan so f nam trong khoang tan so Nyquist; tc la ch neu | f | f s / 2 hay ch khi nh ly lay mau c thoa. Con neu f nam ngoai khoang tan so Nyquist, vi pham ieu kien cua nh ly lay mau. Luc nay, tan so b chong lan fa se khac vi f; v the tn hieu c khoi phuc xa(t) se khac vi x(t) mac du xa(nT)=x(nT).
1.4.1. Khoi phuc tn hieu va hien tng chong lan pho Se thay ro rang hn neu xem o th fa=f mod (fs) theo tan so f (H1.4.3). ng thang ftrue=f c be thanh nhieu ng thang song song neu ta dch oan thang trong khoang [-fs/2,fs/2] tren truc tan so i cac boi so cua fs.
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1.4.1. Khoi phuc tn hieu va hien tng chong lan pho
fa=f mod (fs) ftrue =f
fs/2
-fs -fs/2 0 fs/2 fs
2fs f
-fs/2
Hnh 1.4.3 o th f mod (fs) theo f.

V du 1.4.1: Xem tn hieu sin tan so f=10 Hz, c lay mau vi toc o fs=12Hz. Tn hieu c lay mau se cha tat ca cac tan so co tnh tuan hoan 10+m.12Hz, m = 0, 1, 2, hay la: , -26, -14, -2, 10, 22, 34, 46, va trong so nay ch co fa = 10 mod(12) = 10 12 = -2 Hz la nam trong khoang tan so Nyquist [-6,6] Hz. Vay, tan so khoi phuc c la song sine co tan so 2 Hz thay v ung phai la 10 Hz.
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V du 1.4.2: Nam tn hieu sau c lay mau vi toc o 4Hz: sin(14t ), sin( 6t ), sin(2t), sin(10t), sin(18t) (t tnh theo giay). Hay chng to rang chung se chong lan nhau do cac mau thu c cua cac tn hieu nay eu giong nhau. Giai: Cac tan so cua 5 tn hieu nay lan lt la: -7, -3, 1, 5, 9 Hz. Chung cach nhau mot lng bang boi so cua fs=4Hz. Nam tan so nay co the c viet gon lai: fm=1+4m, m=-2, 1, 0, 1, 2. Co the bieu dien 5 tn hieu nay di dang:
xm (t ) = sin(2f mt ) = sin(2 (1 + 4n)),
m = -2,-1,0,1,2
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V du 1.4.2: Thay t=nT=n/fs=n/4 giay, thu c cac mau:
x m ( nT ) = sin( 2 (1 + 4m )nT ) = sin( 2 (1 + 4m )n / 4) = sin( 2n / 4 + 2mn ) = sin( 2n / 4)

Vay cac mau nay hoan toan giong nhau, va khong phu thuoc m. Hnh sau bieu dien 5 tn hieu trong khoang
0 t 1s
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V du 1.4.2:
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1.4.2 Chuyen ong tron Mot cach khac trc quan hn e hieu cac tnh chat lay mau cua cac tn hieu sine la xem tn hieu sine (di dang phc) x( t ) = e 2jft la banh xe quay tron vi tan so f vong/giay. Giong nh at banh xe trong phong toi, dung en flash e thay no va en flash sang fs lan trong mot giay. Tan so goc la = 2f (rad/s). Khoang thi gian gia hai lan en sang T, banh xe quay c 1 goc:
2f = T = 2fT = fs
ai lng nay c goi la tan so so (digital frequency) va co n v [radians/sample]. No co tnh chuan hoa va thuan tien s dung hn tan so vat ly f.
1.4.2 Chuyen ong tron Theo , tn hieu sine c lay mau co the viet gon lai nh sau:
x( nT ) = e
2jfTn
=e
j n
Neu viet theo , tan so Nyquist f=fs/2 tr thanh = va khoang Nyquist la [- , ]. Tap hp cac tan so f+mfs tr thanh: 2 ( f + mf s ) 2f = + 2m = + 2m fs fs Do f=fs tng ng vi = 2, tan so b chong lan c viet theo : a = mod(2 ) ai lng f/fs=fT cung c goi la tan so so va tnh bang chu ky/mau, bieu dien chuan hoa khac cho truc tan so vat ly, vi khoang Nyquist ng vi [-0.5,0.5].
1.4.2 Chuyen ong tron Neu xet banh xe quay, fT chnh la so vong quay c trong khoang ngh gia hai lan en sang T. Neu banh xe thc s ang quay vi toc o cao hn f+mfs, trong khoang thi gian T, no quay c (f+mfs) T=fT+mfsT=fT+m vong, tc la no a hoan thanh m vong. V vay, mot ngi quan sat se hoan toan khong thay m vong nay. Toc o quay ngi quan sat cam nhan c la fa=f mod(fs). Hai v du sau se giai thch nhng iem nay.
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CHNG 1: LAY MAU VA KHOI PHUC TN HIEU 1.5. Pho cua tn hieu c lay mau
Tn hieu c lay mau co the viet: ( t ) = x ( nT ) ( t nT ) x
n =
(1.5.1)
oi vi lay mau thc te, tn hieu c lay mau la:
x flat ( t ) =
Trong o, p(t) la xung nh ngang co o rong giay sao cho CT. Qua trnh lay mau ly tng ng vi dan ve 0. Hnh 1.5.1 minh hoa trng hp lay mau ly tng va thc te.
n =
x(nT ) p(t nT )
(1.5.2)
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(t ) x x ( nT ) ( t nT )
xflat (t)
x( nT ) p( t nT )
2T .
nT
2T
nT
Hnh 1.5.1 Lay mau thc te va ly tng.
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1.5.1. Bien oi Fourier ri rac thi gian (t ) chnh la khai trien Pho cua tn hieu c lay mau x Fourier: 2jft X ( f ) = x ( t ) e dt (1.5.3) Thay pt (1.5.1) vao pt (1.5.3)va hoan oi phep tnh tch phan va tong vi nhau, thu c: (1.5.4) X( f ) = x ( nT ) ( t nT )e 2jft dt
n =
n=-
- 2jft x(nT) (t nT)e dt hay -
(f). ay la cach th nhat bieu dien X

1.5.1. Bien oi Fourier ri rac thi gian Co nhieu van e can quan tam nh sau: ( f ) tnh theo cong thc (1.5.4) c goi 1. DTFT: Ham X la bien oi Fourier ri rac trong mien thi gian DTFT. ( f ) ch tnh c khi biet trc x(nT). X ( f ) la ham tuan hoan theo chu ky fs: 2. Tnh tuan hoan: X
[-fs/2, fs/2] gii han trong mot chu ky, goi la dai Nyquist.
(f + f )= X (f) X s 2 jfTn ieu nay la do he so e tuan hoan theo f. Khoang
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1.5.1. Bien oi Fourier ri rac thi gian 3. Chuoi Fourier: xet ve phng dien toan hoc, phng trnh (1.5.4) xem nh la khai trien Fourier cua ham tuan ( f ) , trong o x(nT) la cac he so tng ng cua hoan X ( f ) bang cong chuoi. Do o x(nT) co the c tnh theo X thc Fourier ngc: 1 fs / 2 2jfTn en d X (nT ) = X ( f )e df = X ( )e (1.5.5)
fs / 2
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1.5.1. Bien oi Fourier ri rac thi gian 4. Xap x toan hoc: da vao nh ngha cua phep tch phan, pho tan so cua tn hieu x(t) co the c tnh xap x bang phng trnh (1.5.6):
X ( f ) = x(t )e 2jft dt
(f) hoac: X ( f ) TX (1.5.6) ( f ) (1.5.7) Xap x nay ung khi T tien en 0: X( f ) = limTX
T 0
n =
2jfnT x ( nT ) e T
Ket qua nay chng to rang co the dung bien oi Fourier ri rac e tnh pho thc cua tn hieu tng t.
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1.5.1. Bien oi Fourier ri rac thi gian 5. Xap x thc te: khi tnh toan pho thc cua tn hieu, can phai thc hien trc hai phep xap x sau: (a) Ch dung mot so lng hu han cac mau x(nT) vi chieu dai L (n = 0, 1, 2, ,L-1), va phng trnh (1.5.4) c tnh gan ung theo: L 1 (1.5.8) (f) X (f) = X x ( nT ) e 2 jfTn
L
n=0
Xap x nay dan en y tng phan tch tn hieu theo tng ca so thi gian. ieu nay se c trnh bay cu the chng 9.
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1.5.1. Bien oi Fourier ri rac thi gian ( f ) tai mot so gia tr f nao o c (b) Ta ch can tnh X chon trc. Viec chon la thch hp mot tap hp cac gia tr f nay se tao thanh cac thuat giai hieu qua e tm bien oi Fourier ri rac DFT, chang han nh thuat giai FFT se c e cap chng 9. 6. Bien oi z: phng trnh (1.5.4) dan en bien oi z sau:
(z) = X
vi
z=e
ej
n =
n x ( nT ) z
=e
2jfT
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1.5.2. Bo antialiasing prefilter thc te: Hnh 1.5.5 minh hoa mot bo loc prefilter tng t ly tng. No hoat ong giong nh mot bo loc thong thap ly tng ch cho cac thanh phan tan so thap hn tan so Nyquist fs/2 i qua.
0 X in ( f) Tn hieu tng t
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- fs /2 0 bo tien loc ly tn g H ( f)
fs /2 X ( f)
- fs bo lay m au lyt n g T
0 X( f)
fs
pho gii han

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pho lay m au
Hnh 1.5.5 Bo antialiasing prefilter ly tng.
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1.5.2. Bo antialiasing prefilter thc te:
|H(f)| vung chuyen tiep Astop bo loc ly tng
-fstop bang chan
fs/2 -fpass
0 bang thong
fpass
fs/2
fstop
bang chan
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Hnh 1.5.6 Bo loc antialiasing prefilter thc te

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1.5.2. Bo antialiasing prefilter thc te: Bo antialiasing prefilter dung trong thc te la khong ly tng, khong loai bo c het cac thanh phan tan so nam ngoai dai Nyquist. V vay hien tng chong pho van xay ra. Tuy nhien viec thiet ke mot bo loc thch hp se lam cho s chong pho suy giam en mc chap nhan c. Mot bo loc prefilter thc te c trnh bay hnh 1.5.6. Dai thong [-fpass, fpass] c goi la quang tan so hu ch, can phai nho hn dai Nyquist.
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CHNG 1: LAY MAU VA KHOI PHUC TN HIEU 1.6. Khoi phuc tn hieu tng t
phan 1.4.1, viec khoi phuc tn hieu c thc hien bang cac bo loc thong thap ly tng vi tan so cat la tan so Nyquist. Trong phan nay, se e cap en cac bo khoi phuc thc te.
y( t ) y ( t ) B o k h o i p h u c b ac th ang A /D y a ( t) y a( t)
t tn h ie u lay m au tn h ie u k h o i p h u c
Hnh 1.6.1 Bo khoi phuc bac thang.

y(t) tn hieu lay mau Bo khoi phuc tng t h(t) ya(t) tn hieu khoi phuc
Hnh 1.6.2 Bo khoi phuc tng t nh mot bo loc thong thap.

Ta can xac nh ap ng cua bo khoi phuc h(t) ca trong hai trng hp ly tng va thc te. Quan he gia tn hieu khoi phuc ngo ra vi tn hieu lay mau au vao y(nT) c tm + nh sau:
(t ) = y
thay vao y a (t ) = ta co
n =
y ( nT ) h (t nT )
n =
n = +
y ( nT ) (t nT )
+
y a (t ) =
y ( nT ) h (t nT )
(1.6.1)
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Bieu thc tren cho thay viec lap khoang trong c thc hien bang cach bat au t mau tn hieu hien tai y(nT) va noi suy theo ham h(t) cho en khi gap mau mi. Noi cach khac, mot ban sao cua h(t) c ghep vao sau moi mau tn hieu y(nT), va tat ca tao thanh tn hieu tng t c khoi phuc. Trong mien tan so, bieu thc (1.6.1) tr thanh: ( f ) (1.6.2) Y ( f ) = H ( f )Y
a
vi Y(f) la pho lap cho bi (1.5.11):

1 ( f ) = Y ( f mf ) Y s T m =
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1.6.1. Bo khoi phuc ly tng Mot bo khoi phuc la ly tng neu tao ra c Ya(f) giong nh pho tn hieu goc Y(f). Neu pho Y(f) gii han trong mot bang thong va cac pho lap khong chong lan len nhau, TY(f) coi nh giong vi Y(f) trong dai Nyquist theo (1.5.15): 1 fs fs (1.6.3) Y ( f ) = Y ( f ) vi f
Bo loc khoi phuc H(f) la mot bo loc LP ly tng vi tan so cat la tan so Nyquist: H(f)
T -fs/2
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fs/2
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CHNG 1: LAY MAU VA KHOI PHUC TN HIEU 1.6. Khoi phuc tn hieu tng t 1.6.1. Bo khoi phuc ly tng Gia tr o li T cua bo loc se c tnh di ay. Tren hnh 1.6.3, bo loc loai bo tat ca cac pho lap, gi lai thanh phan ben trong dai Nyquist. Cong thc (1.6.3):
1 ( f ) = H ( f )Y ( f ) = T. Y ( f ) = Y ( f ) Y a T
o li T cua bo loc lam cho triet tieu he so 1/T cua pho tn hieu lay mau.
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1.6.1. Bo khoi phuc ly tng
( f ) TY
bo khoi phuc ly tng
Y(f+2fs)
Y(f+fs)
Y(f)
Y(f-fs)
Y(f-2fs)
-2fs
-fs
-fmax 0 fmax
fs
2fs
Hnh 1.6.3 Bo khoi phuc ly tng tren mien tan so.

1.6.1. Bo khoi phuc ly tng Ben ngoai dai Nyquist cac thanh phan pho eu b triet tieu. Do o Ya(f) = Y(f) vi moi f, ngha la tn hieu ya(t) c khoi phuc giong het nh tn hieu goc ban au y(t). Ket hp vi (1.6.1), co c nh ly lay mau Shannon [35-39]:
y (t ) =
ap ng xung cua bo khoi phuc ly tng co the c tm bang bien oi ngc Fourier:
n =
y(nT )h(t nT )
2jft
h(t ) = H ( f )e
df =
fs / 2
sin( t / T ) sin( f s t ) hoac: h (t ) = = /T t (C) f t http://www.khvt.com 2005 L Tin Thng s
fs / 2
Te 2jfT df
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1.6.1. Bo khoi phuc ly tng Hnh ve 1.6.4 la o th cua bo khoi phuc ly tng. Tuy nhien tren thc te mot bo khoi phuc nh vay khong bao gi ton tai bi v ap ng xung cua no la phi nhan qua va vo han. V vay tren thc te ngi ta thay the bang cac bo khoi phuc khac, chang han nh bo gi bac thang.
h ( t) bo khoi phuc ly tng bo khoi phuc bac thang
-3 T
-2 T
-T
2T
3T
Hnh 1.6.4 ap ng xung cua bo loc ly tng.

1.6.1. Bo khoi phuc ly tng Tuy nhien co the tao ra bo khoi phuc gan vi ly tng bang cach cat bt ap ng xung cua no e tr nen hu han, dung thiet ke bo loc so noi suy FIR cho ky thuat oversampling va cac ng dung chuyen oi tan so lay mau. Bo khoi phuc bac thang.
http://www.khvt.com
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1.6.1. Bo khoi phuc ly tng Bo khoi phuc bac thang hnh 1.6.1 la bo khoi phuc tn hieu n gian nhat va thng dung trong thc te. No tao ra tn hieu hnh bac thang xap x vi tn hieu goc. Lu y rang no khong giong nh qua trnh lay mau ma o xung lay mau p(t) co o rong rat hep t << T. ap ng xung cua bo khoi phuc bac thang co chieu dai la T e lap ay khoang trong gia hai mau tn hieu: h(t ) = u(t) u(t T ) vi u(t) la ham nac n v. Ngo ra cua bo khoi phuc tuy co phang hn tn hieu lay mau nhng van cha cac thanh phan tan so cao tao ra bi s thay oi ot ngot gia cac bac thang. Co the thay ro ieu nay qua viec tm ap ng tan so cua bo khoi phuc.
1.6.1. Bo khoi phuc ly tng 1 1 sT H ( s ) = e Bien oi Laplace cua h(t) la: s s ap ng tan so bo khoi phuc bac thang c so sanh vi bo khoi phuc ly tng tren hnh 1.6.5. Lu y rang ap ng nay triet tieu cac v tr tan so la so nguyen lan cua tan so lay mau. Cac thanh phan tan so cao c e cap ay la phan pho nam ngoai dai Nyquist.
|H(f)| bo khoi phuc ly tng T 4 dB
-2fs
-fs
-fs/2
fs/2
fs
2fs
Hnh 1.6.5 ap ng tan so cua bo khoi phuc bac thang.

1.6.1. Bo khoi phuc ly tng Co the thay ro bo khoi phuc bac thang khong loai bo het c cac thanh pho lap giong nh bo khoi phuc ly tng. Hnh 1.6.6 cho ta so sanh gia pho cua tn hieu lay mau va pho cua tn hieu khoi phuc bang bo khoi phuc bac thang.
bo khoi phuc ly tng bo khoi phuc bac thang
-2fs
-fs -fs/2 pho chnh b suy hao
fs/2
2fs fs Cac pho lap con d
Hnh 1.6.6. ap ng tan so cua bo khoi phuc bac thang.

-2fs
-fs
-fs/2
fs/2
fs
2fs
1.6.1. Bo khoi phuc ly tng 1 1 sT H ( s ) = e Bien oi Laplace cua h(t) la: s s ap ng tan so bo khoi phuc bac thang c so sanh vi bo khoi phuc ly tng tren hnh 1.6.5. Lu y rang ap ng nay triet tieu cac v tr tan so la so nguyen lan cua tan so lay mau. Cac thanh phan tan so cao c e cap ay la phan pho nam ngoai dai Nyquist.
|H(f)| bo khoi phuc ly tng T 4 dB
-2fs
-fs
-fs/2
fs/2
fs
2fs
Hnh 1.6.5 ap ng tan so cua bo khoi phuc bac thang.

1.6.2. Bo loc thong thap anti-image postfilter Cac thanh phan pho lap con lai co the c loai bo bang mot bo loc thong thap khac goi la bo loc anti-image postfilter, vi tan so cat cua bo loc la tan so Nyquist. Hoat ong cua no c the hien tren hnh 1.6.7.
t tn hieu so Bo khoi phuc bac thang t tn hieu tng t anti-image postfilter tn hieu tng t t
tan so cat fs/2 Bo khoi phuc ly tng
http://www.khvt.com
Hnh 1.6.7 Bo loc anti-image postfilter.

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1.6.2. Bo loc thong thap anti-image postfilter Tren mien thi gian, tac dung cua bo postfilter the hien cho cac goc gia cac bac thang c nan lai cho phang. Tren mien tan so, bo postfilter ket hp vi bo khoi phuc bac thang lam cho hau het cac thanh phan pho lap c loai bo, nh o co ap ng giong nh la mot bo khoi phuc ly tng. Cac thong so cua bo loc postfilter cung giong nh cua bo loc antialiasing prefilter, bao gom bang thong phang vi tan so cat bang vi tan so Nyquist. Cac ng dung DSP chat lng cao, chang han nh thong tin vo tuyen ky thuat so, oi hoi thong so cua cac bo loc prefilter va postfilter phai co o chnh xac nghiem ngat.
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http://www.khvt.com
1.6.2. Bo loc thong thap anti-image postfilter
anti-image postfilter suy hao bang chan Apost
-2fs
-fs
-fs/2
fs/2
fs
2fs
Hnh 1.6.8 Pho tn hieu sau bo postfilter.

y(nT) tn hieu so
http://www.khvt.com
Bo loc can bang HEQ(f)
yEQ(nT) tn hieu so
Bo khoi ya(t) phuc tn hieu tng t H(f)
Bo loc yPOST(t) postfilter tn hieu HPOST(f) tng t

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Hnh 1.6.9 Bo loc so can bang cho bien oi D/A.

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1.6.2. Bo loc thong thap anti-image postfilter
|HEQ(f)|
4 dB |H(f)| /T
-fs
-fs/2
fs/2
fs
Hnh 1.6.10 ap ng tan so cua bo can bang DAC.

1.6.2. Bo loc thong thap anti-image postfilter Bo loc can bang bien oi chuoi y(nT) thanh chuoi can bang yEQ(nT) va a vao bo bien oi ADC va bo loc postfilter. Pho cua yEQ(nT) la YEQ(f) = HEQ(f)Y(f). Pho cua ngo ra bo DAC la Ya(f) = H(f)YEQ(f). Cuoi cung pho cua tn hieu khoi phuc sau cung se la: YPOST(f) = HPOST(f)Ya(f) = HPOST(f)H(f)HEQ(f)Y(f) Ben trong dai Nyquist, ket hp (1.6.7) va (1.5.15) va dung bo loc postfilter co bang thong phang HPOST (f) = 1, ta co: YPOST(f) = HPOST(f)H(f)HEQ(f)Y(f) = 1 . T . 1/T.Y(f) = Y(f) Ben ngoai dai Nyquist, coi nh HPOST(f) = 0, ta co YPOST(f) = 0. Viec ket hp bo can bang, bo bien oi DAC va bo loc postfilter se tao thanh mot bo khoi phuc ly tng.
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http://www.khvt.com
1.7. Cac thanh phan c ban cua he thong DSP

Nh a trnh bay cac phan 1.5 va 1.6, cac thanh phan toi thieu cua mot he thong x ly so tn hieu bao gom: 1. Mot bo loc thong thap antialiasing prefilter e gii han pho tn hieu trong mot bang thong thuoc dai Nyquist. 2. Mot bo bien oi A/D (lay mau va lng t hoa). 3. Mot bo x ly so tn hieu. 4. Mot bo bien oi D/A (bo khoi phuc bac thang), co the i kem vi mot bo loc so can bang. 5. Mot bo loc thong thap anti-image postfilter co tac dung loai bo het cac thanh phan pho anh con sot lai do qua trnh lay mau.
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Bo loc prefilter HPRE(f) Tn hieu tng t ngo vao xa(t) x(t) Bo lay x(t) mau & A/D y(t) Bo khoi y(t) Bo loc ya(t) DSP phuc D/A postfilter HDSP(f) HDAC(f) HPOST(f) Tn hieu tng t ngo ra
xung clock
Hnh 1.7.1 Cac thanh phan cua he thong DSP.
http://www.khvt.com
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Bo loc antialiasing prefilter HPRE(f) co tac dung gii han pho tn hieu vao trong mot bang thong tren dai Nyquist [fs/2, fs/2]. Ngo ra x(t) c a vao bo lay mau vi toc o fs mau trong mot giay. Theo ung thiet ke th cac pho lap do qua trnh lay mau sinh ra se khong b chong lan len nhau. Chat lng cua bo loc prefilter anh hng rat ln en ca he thong, mc o chong lan cua cac pho lap hoan toan phu thuoc vao ac tuyen ap ng tan so cua bo loc nay. Tn hieu sau khi c lay mau (va lng t hoa) c a vao bo x ly so tn hieu DSP co tac dung chnh sa lai dang pho tn hieu vi ham truyen at la HDSP(f), do o ta co: Y(f) = HDSP(f)X(f)
Ngo ra y(t) hay y(nT) c a vao khoi phuc DAC tao thanh tn hieu bac thang y(t). Cuoi cung y(t) c lam trn qua bo postfilter tao ra tn hieu tng t ngo ra cua he thong. T (1.5.11) ta co: 1 1 [X(f) + pho lap] X(f)= X ( f mf s ) = T m = T
Da vao ham truyen at cua cac tang ta tm c pho tn hieu ngo ra cuoi cung nh sau: Ya(f) = HPOST(f)Y(f) = HPOST(f)HDAC(f)Y(f) = HPOST(f)HDAC(f)HDSP(f)X(f) = HPOST(f)HDAC(f)HDSP(f)(1/T)[X(f) + pho lap ] = HPOST(f)HDAC(f)HDSP(f)(1/T)[HPRE(f)X(f) + pho lap]

Tac dung cua bo loc prefilter a am bao cho cac pho lap khong chong lan len nhau. Cuoi cung v bo loc prefilter coi nh la bo loc thong thap gan ly tng nen o li trong bang thong coi nh bang 1. Ket qua cuoi cung tn hieu ngo ra co pho hau nh nam gon trong dai Nyquist. HPOST(f)HDAC(f) T; Pho lap 0; HPRE(f) 1 Vi cac xap x tren thoa man nham nang cao chat lng he thong, ta co ket qua: 1 Ya ( f ) = T H DSP ( f ) [1 X a ( f ) + 0] hoac la T
http://www.khvt.com
Ya ( f ) = H DSP ( f ) X a ( f ) vi (1.7.1) Nh vay, cach sap xep cac tang nh tren tao thanh mot bo loc tuyen tnh cho tn hieu tng t ngo vao, vi ham truyen HDSP(f) tao bi bo x ly DSP.
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fs f 2
62

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BI GING X L S TN HIU

BAI GIANG X LY SO TN HIEU

CHNG 1: LAY MAU VA KHOI PHUC TN HIEU

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CHNG 1: LAY MAU VA KHOI PHUC TN HIEU

1.1. Gii thieu

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y( t ) = h( t t ' ) x( t ' )dt

Sau khi qua bo loc, tn hieu ra xac lap thu c:

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CHNG 1: LAY MAU VA KHOI PHUC TN HIEU 1.3. nh ly lay mau

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CHNG 1: LAY MAU VA KHOI PHUC TN HIEU 1.3. nh ly lay mau

Hnh 1.3.1 Bo lay mau ly tng.

CHNG 1: LAY MAU VA KHOI PHUC TN HIEU 1.3. nh ly lay mau

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CHNG 1: LAY MAU VA KHOI PHUC TN HIEU 1.3. nh ly lay mau

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CHNG 1: LAY MAU VA KHOI PHUC TN HIEU 1.3. nh ly lay mau

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CHNG 1: LAY MAU VA KHOI PHUC TN HIEU 1.3. nh ly lay mau

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CHNG 1: LAY MAU VA KHOI PHUC TN HIEU 1.3. nh ly lay mau

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CHNG 1: LAY MAU VA KHOI PHUC TN HIEU 1.3. nh ly lay mau

B o lo c a n tia lia sin g p re filte r.

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f s samples / sec samples = = f cycles / sec cycle

x m ( nT ) = e 2j ( f + mf s )Tn = e 2jfTn e 2jmf sTn = e 2jfTn = x( nT )

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Lowpass filter Cutoff =fs/ /2

Hnh 1.4.2 Bo loc thon g thap lam bo khoi phuc tn hieu ly tn g

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-fs -fs/2 0 fs/2 fs

Hnh 1.4.3 o th f mod (fs) theo f.

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xm (t ) = sin(2f mt ) = sin(2 (1 + 4n)),

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x m ( nT ) = sin( 2 (1 + 4m )nT ) = sin( 2 (1 + 4m )n / 4) = sin( 2n / 4 + 2mn ) = sin( 2n / 4)

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oi vi lay mau thc te, tn hieu c lay mau la:

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Hnh 1.5.1 Lay mau thc te va ly tng.

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- 2jft x(nT) (t nT)e dt hay -

(f). ay la cach th nhat bieu dien X

(f + f )= X (f) X s 2 jfTn ieu nay la do he so e tuan hoan theo f. Khoang

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pho gii han

Hnh 1.5.5 Bo antialiasing prefilter ly tng.

-fstop bang chan

Hnh 1.5.6 Bo loc antialiasing prefilter thc te

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Hnh 1.6.1 Bo khoi phuc bac thang.

Hnh 1.6.2 Bo khoi phuc tng t nh mot bo loc thong thap.

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