Definitions and fundamental concepts

Density Densityand andvolume volumefraction fraction

M Density of continuum : = lim V 0 V
M : mass

One mole of gas : 1023 molecule in 22 liters in the standard condition The volume containing 104 molecules :
4 10 V 22 10 3 23 m 3 = 2.2 10 22 m 3 (0.126 m )3 10

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N Number density : n = lim V V V

0

: particle number : should ensure a stationary average

V0

Volume Volumefraction fraction

Vc c = lim V V V
0

Continuous phase

Vc

: volume of continuous phase

Vd d = lim Dispersed phase V V V

0

Vd

: volume of dispersed phase Continuous phase : gas

void fractionporositygas holdup

V = Vc + Vd

d + c = 1

Bulk density apparent density dispersed density

M d : mass of dispersed phase M c : mass of continuous phase
Material density true density

Md d = lim V V V Mc c = lim V V V
0 0

Md d = Vd

Mc c = Vc

If all the particles in a volume have the same mass m ,

d = nm

Mixture density

m = d + c
0

d = lim

d Vd Vd = d lim = d d V V V V V V c Vc Vc c = lim = c lim = c c V V V V V V

0 0 0

m = d d + c c

Mass concentration

d d d C= = c c c
V

Loading

mass flow of dispersed phase mass flow of continuous phase

loading ratio, mass flow ratio

Local loading :

& m v z= d = d & c cu m

Overall loading :

& M Z= d & M

v : velocity of dispersed phase u : velocity of continuous phase

Gas-liquid two phase flow

quality

mass flow rate of gas = total mass flow rate

or

mass of gas = total mass

mass flow quality

mass quality

Particle Particlespacing spacing

Volume fraction

d
= 6

D3 L3

L = D 6 d

1 3

L
D

L
Ex: ppm

d
L D

1 10 1 1 10 2 1 10 3 1 10 4 1 10 5 1 10 6

1 . 74

3 . 74

8 . 06

17 . 4

37 . 4

80 . 6

mobility mobility

u
dv m = FD dt
FD = 3 c D(u v )
dv m = 3D (u v ) dt
Stokes drag

Equation of motion :

c D u v Re r = <1 : c

Define mobility

B=

1 3D

dv (u v ) m = dt B

momentum momentum response response time, time, relaxation relaxation time time
m dv (u v ) = dt B dv (u v ) = dt mB
dv (u v ) = V dt

Response time

V = mB
dv (u v ) = V dt
=

d D 2 V = 18
1 3 1 D , B = 6 3D
Stokes number, inertia parameter

d (1 ) = d V F
t v , = F u

m = d

Non. Dim.

time characteristic of flow

d (1 ) = d StV

StV =

V particle response time = F time characteri stic of flow

dv (u v ) = V dt

u = const t = 0: v = 0

1 v = u 1 t V e

v u
1. 0

Ex

d D2 V = 18
D = 100m

0.5

e 1 = 0.63 e

Water droplet in standard air:

V = 30ms

V particle response time Stokes Stokesnumber number StV = time characteristic of flow = F
StV << 1 : The particles and fluid will be in near equilibrium StV >> 1 : Particles will be unaffected by the fluid.
Ex.

U V

DT
U
St V : Small St V : Large

DT F = UT

U,V

Tracking particle trajectory

Large scale vortex (free shear layer)
Crowe and co-workers (1989 )

St >> 1 St << 1 St 1
Interaction between particles and eddies

Preferential concentration
(Heterogeneity in particle concentration field)

Dilute Dilutevs. vs.Dense DenseFlows Flows

Response time

V <1 C

Dilute The particle motion is controlled by the fluid forces(drag and lift).

Time between collisions

V >1 C

Dense The particle motion is controlled by collisions or contact.

Time Timebetween betweencollisions collisions

Number density :

n Relative velocity : vr
N = n D 2 vr t

D D

vr t

The number of particles in the tube :

2D

Volume of the tube

Collision frequency :

N fc = = n D 2 v r t
1 1 c = = f c nD 2 vr

Time between collisions :

d D2 response time : V = 18

V C

n d D 4 vr = d D vr = 3 18
1 nD 2 vr

time between collisions : c =

d = nm = n

D d
3

d =

d
6

D3

Dilute Dense

V <1 C V >1 C

3 D< d vr 3 D> d vr

3 d < Dvr 3 d > Dvr

3 d < d Dvr 3 d > d Dvr