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& Q
& m
Mass
FD
Fluid
Momentum Energy
Particles
particle particles
kcal
Quantity of heat
unit
Work
J
Work required for 1 [m] displacement by the force 1 [N]
Heat
Work
1 kcal = 4185.5 J
Power Work per time
J s or N (m s )
Unit(watt)
& = k grad T q
heat flux
Unit :
1 Dimension
& = k q
dT dx
thermal conductivity
Unit :
W m2
W (m K )
thermal diffusivity
Density
k a= cp
Thermal conductivity
m2 s
Specific heat
Heat transfer
Flow of heat across the boundary of a body placed in contact with fluid heat flux
Tc Td
& = h (T cTd ) q
heat transfer coefficient
Unit :
& W m2 q
& q
W m2 K
Heat transfer
& = h (T cTd ) q
h 1 = kc m
Nusselt number
h : W (m 2 K )
kc :
W (m K )
kc h = Nu L
representative length m
[ ]
Heat conduction
& = k c grad T q
(continuous phase)
kc & = Nu (T cTd ) q L D
Heat transferred per time
D2
2
Surface of particle
2
diameter
m cd
dTd dt
mcd
dTd = Nu kc D(Tc Td ) dt
Nusselt number Ranz-Marshall correlation (1952) :
1 2 1 3
dTd Nu 1 (Tc Td ) = 2 dt 2 d cd D 12 kc
Define thermal response time :
Nu = 2 + 0.6Re Pr
Re 0 :
T =
d cd D 2
12 kc
Nu 1 2
dTd (Tc Td ) = T dt
Tc = const t = 0 : Td = Td 0
1 Td Td 0 = (Tc Td 0 )1 t eT
Ex
T =
d cd D 2
12kc
d D2 V 2 kc 2 kc cc 18 = = = T d cd D 2 3 cd 3 cc cd
12kc
2 cc 1 = 3 cd Pr
Specific heat of continuous phase
D = 100m
T = 145ms
Pr =
cc
kc
Thermal conductivity of continuous phase
For gas :
Pr = O (1)
2
V = O(1) T V = O (10 2 ) T
Gas: the response times are the same order of magnitude. Liquid: velocity equilibrium is achieved much more rapidly than thermal equilibrium.
& = k grad T q
1 Dimension
& = k q
dT dx
T cp = k 2T t
Specific heat Thermal conductivity
T k = 2T t cp
Equation of fluid
r r u = 2u t
Momentum diffusivity ( kinematic viscosity )
m2 s
T = a 2T t
Thermal diffusivity
m2 s
Pr =
k cp
c p
k
cp
k
Pr =
cp
k
vapor velocity
v u
D
dm = s w S dt
& = M
A A s w = D = s D s n n
diffusion coefficient
& = h ( ) M D c A, A, s
2
[kg (sm )]
& M
A, :
Mass fraction of the species A in the free stream Mass fraction of the species A at the droplet surface
A, s :
Heat transfer
& = h (T cTd ) q
h 1 = kc m
Nusselt number
h : W (m 2 K ) kc :
W (m K )
kc h = Nu L
representative length m
[ ]
Heat conduction
& = kc grad T q
(continuous phase)
& = h ( ) M D c A, A, s
hD :
D :
mass transfer coefficient diffusion coefficient
Sherwood number
m s
m2 s
hD 1 = D m
D hD = Sh L
representative length m
A & M = s D n
[ ]
Mass Transfer
& kg sm 2 M
[ ( )]
: Mass fraction of the species in the free stream : Mass fraction of the species at the droplet surface
& = h ( ) M D c s
Sh [-]
hD L Sh = D
Length scale
Diffusion coefficient
A, s A, A s w = s D c D D n
A, s A, dm 2 2 = s wS = s wD D c D dt D
Sherwood number
dm = Sh c Dv D ( A, A, s ) dt
mass fraction of the species in the free stream mass fraction of the species at the droplet surface
A, < A, s A, > A, s
: evaporation : condensation
A, s =
M A 18 M M 29
M A pA MM p
saturation pressure corresponding to the droplet temperature kinematic viscosity Schmidt number
Sc =
Dv
Sherwood umber
Sh = 2 + 0.6 Re r Sc
2
diffusion coefficient
Reynolds number based on relative velosity
Re r =
r r Du v
w v
Prandtl number
Pr =
u
D
2-law D D2 -law
m = d
D 3
6
dD dm = d D2 dt 2 dt
dm = Sh c Dv D( s ) dt
Sh c Dv dD ( s ) = 2 D d dt
Taking the right hand side as constant (Sherwood number does not vary considerably) and integrating gives
D = D0 t
2 2
4Sh c Dv
( s )
From D0 2 t = 0
m =
D0
Coupling equations
Mass coupling (evaporation, condensation) Momentum coupling (forces) Energy coupling (heat transfer)
C= d c
St mass
mass
1 L F Z C =C =C = m U m St mass St mass
One way coupling
mass << 1
n : Number density
Mom = cU 2 L2
mom
m
6 d D2 Response time V = 18
m = d
nL3 3D(U V ) = cU 2 L2
=
6 d D2 18
D3
F = LU
StV =
= 3D
V F
mom
L 1 nmL V V U d = 1 C 1 = StV c V U U c V U
V 1 U
mom
1 =C StV
V 1 U
StV 0 : V U
mom
0 0
?
dV (U V ) = Equation of particle motion : V dt
Assuming particle velocity proportional to fluid velocity (constant lag solution)
V = = const U StV =
dU U = (1 ) dt V
dU U dt F
V 1 = F
V F
StV =
mom
1 (1 ) =C StV
mom
C Z = StV + 1 StV + 1
n : Number density
& = nL3 Nu k D (T T ) Q c d c
Energy flux of fluid through the volume
Tc
c
Specific heat of continuous phase
& = L2Uc T E c p c
Energy coupling parameter :
ener
Z StT + 1
(StT
0)
mom ener
If
mass << 1
mom << 1
ener << 1
then numerical model need only account for one way coupling effects; that is, the effect of the dispersed phase on the carrier phase need not be considered.
Td Td Tc Uc Ud Uc Tc Ud