Yliopiston kampusalue

HYBRID EXCITATION SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES (HESMs) FOR ISLAND OPERATION

Katteden Kamiev Janne Nerg Juha Pyrhnen

CONTENTS
Introduction Classification Mechanical Considerations Radial Flux Machines Example Machine Finite Element Analysis Conclusion References

INTRODUCTION
Boundary conditions set e.g. by the marine classification societies The generator voltage must remain within 10% in all cases The generator sustainable short circuit current must be three time the rated current at least for two seconds
Short circuit current depends on the induced voltage and the direct axis inductance

I sc,pu =

Ef,pu Ld,pu

= 3 I n,pu ,

where Ef,pu is the induced per unit voltage and Ld,pu is the per unit synchronous inductance.

CLASSIFICATION of HESMs

Combining excitation sources series hybrid excitation parallel hybrid excitation

Locations of PMs and excitation coils

Classification of HESMs

PM+EW

PMs in the Rotor

PMs in the Stator

EW in the Rotor (Brushes/ Brushless)

EW in the Stator (Brushless)

EW in the Machines End (Brushless)

EW in the Stator (Brushless)

Classification of HESMs
Combination Rotor Hybrid Excitation Machine (CRHE)

PMs and excitation coils are located on the rotor side. [4]-[7]

Synchronous/Permanent Magnet Hybrid AC Machine

Classification of HESMs
PMs are in the rotor and excitation coils are in the stator. [8] PMs are in the rotor side and excitation coils are in the machines end. [9] PMs and excitation coils are in the stator. [10]

Consequent Pole PM Hybrid Excitation Machine (CPPM)

Hybrid Excitation Machine with Powered Iron Core

Hybrid Excitation Doubly Salient Machine

Classification of HESMs
Operation Principle
HESM has two excitation sources. One is the PM source that provides the airgap with constant flux and the other one is the EW (DC current) that acts as the flux regulator to adjust the air gap flux distribution.

Applications
as a generator it may be used in

an island operation (alp, island, ship, etc.) as a motor HESM is attractive for traction applications, for example, in electric, hybrid electric and fuel cell vehicles

Special Features
two excitation sources which can be

connected either in series or in parallel location of PMs and excitation coils bi-directional DC current

Mechanical Considerations

Advantages of radial flux vs. axial flux construction The rotor of a radial flux machine may be more rugged than the rotor of an axial flux machine Ideally, radial flux machine produces no axial forces Radial flux machine is easier to cool as the rotor can in some cases be built as hollow Damper winding is easier to arrange in a radial flux machine The radial flux rotor dimensions may easily be adjusted to produce a suitable inertia for the prime mover

Radial Flux Machines

The advantages of the SPM vs VPM

SPM - Utilizes the PM material best - Magnets mechanically vulnerable - Damper winding construction is complicated - Low volume of magnets because of only small magnet stray flux - Good damper properties VPM - High air gap flux density - High efficiency - High armature reaction - Mechanically rugged - Higher magnet stray losses increase the volume of magnets higher magnet price - Good damper properties Different rotor constructions of radial flux machines. (a) Rotor-surface-mounted magnets, (b) magnets embedded in the surface, (c) pole shoe rotor, (d) tangentially embedded magnets, (e) radially embedded magnets, (f) two magnets per pole in the V position. d) e) f) a) b) c)

EXAMPLE MACHINE
Structure
Design specifications
Parameter Phase number, m Nominal power, Pn Nominal voltage, Un Nominal current, In Power factor, cos Rotational speed, n Frequency, f Number of pole pairs, p Value 3 400 400 725 0.8 750 50 4 Unit kW V A rpm Hz -

Main geometry data

Parameter Air gap diameter, Ds Length, l Number of PMs per pole Value 750 400 2 Unit mm mm -

Cross-section view

EXAMPLE MACHINE
Operation Principal
Magnetic path of the PM flux: N pole of the PM PM pole body air gap stator tooth stator yoke stator tooth air gap PM/EW pole body S pole of the neighbour PM/own pole to form a loop. Magnetic path of the flux due to the electric excitation: pole of the electric excitation S pole of the neighbour PM PM pole air gap stator tooth stator yoke stator tooth air gap electrically excited pole to form a loop.

PM

EW

N N S S N

N N S N S

Magnetic flux paths due to PMs (blue lines) and excitation coils (red lines)

E = EPM + Ef

Finite Element Analysis

Flux lines of the HESM

Positive excitation current

Zero excitation current

Finite Element Analysis

600 Positive DC Zero DC Negative DC

1 0.8 0.6

400 Induced phase voltage [V]

Positive DC Zero DC Negative DC

Normal flux density [T]

0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 t [s] 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016

200

0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8

-200

-400

-600

-1 0 100 200 300 400 500 x [mm] 600 700 800

Armature winding EMF waveforms

Air gap flux density distributions

Finite Element Analysis

Short-circuit current as a function of time

CONCLUSION HESMs
- combine advantages of PM machines and traditional synchronous machines - have different constructions - have good flux control capability - can increase the short-circuit current

REFERENCES

[1]. Hybrid Excitation Synchronous Machines: Energy-Efficient Solution for Vehicles Propulsion Amara, Y.; Vido, L.; Gabsi, M.; Hoang, E.; Hamid Ben Ahmed, A.; Lecrivain, M.; Vehicular Technology, IEEE Transactions on Volume 58, Issue 5, Jun 2009 Page(s):2137 - 2149 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TVT.2008.2009306 [2]. Direct control of air-gap flux in permanent-magnet machines J. S. Hsu, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 361365,Dec. 2000. [3]. A new axial flux surface mounted permanent magnet machine capable of field control M. Aydin, S. Huang, and T. A. Lipo, in Conf. Rec. IEEE IAS Annu. Meeting, 2002, vol. 2, pp. 12501257. [4]. A synchronous/permanent magnet hybrid AC machine Xiaogang Luo; Lipo, T.A.;Energy Conversion, IEEE Transaction on Volume 15, Issue 2, June 2000 Page(s):203 - 210 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/60.867001 [5]. Trial production of a hybrid excitation type synchronous machine N. Naoe and T. Fukami, Electric Machines and Drives Conference, 2001. IEMDC 2001. IEEE International, pp. 545-547,2001.

REFERENCES
[6]. Design and test of permanent magnet synchronous motor with auxiliary excitation winding for electric vehicle application G. Henneberger, J. R. Hadji-Minaglou, and R. C. Ciorba Proc. Eur. Power Electron. Chapter Symp., Lausanne, Switzerland, Oct. 1994, pp. 645649. [7]. A double excited synchronous machine for direct drive application - Design and prototype tests D. Fodorean, A. Djerdir, I. A. Viorel, and A. Miraoui, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 656665, Sep. 2007. [8]. Consequent-pole permanent-magnet machine with extended field-weakening capability Tapia, J.A.; Leonardi, F.; Lipo, T.A.; Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on Volume 39, Issue 6, Nov.-Dec. 2003 Page(s):1704 - 1709 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TIA.2003.818993 [9]. Hybrid excitation machines with powdered iron core for electrical traction drive applications Kosaka, T.; Matsui, N.; Electrical Machines and Systems, 2008. ICEMS 2008. International Conference on 17-20 Oct. 2008 Page(s):2974 2979 [10]. Static characteristics of a novel hybrid excitation doubly salient machine Chen Zhihui; Sun Yaping; Yan Yangguang; Electrical Machines and Systems, 2005. ICEMS 2005. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Volume 1, 27-29 Sept. 2005 Page(s):718 - 721 Vol. 1

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