Two Day Seminar on Environmental and CSR Challenges vis- a-vis New Mining Bill and Land Acquisition

Policy
on 13th and 14th April 2012 at Lords Inn, Somnath (Veraval), Gujarat.

Organized by Veraval Porbandar Chapter of MEAI

On the dias (L to R): Sh V Saraswat, Sh M S Nagar, Sh V S Gadhvi, Dr S K Sarangi, Sh N K Nuwal.

Lighting of Lamp by the chief guest and other dignitaries

Release of Souvenir by the chief guest

Dr S K Sarangi, President MEAI addressing the gathering

View of audience during the Inaugural Session

View of audience during the Technical Session

Vol. 13

No. 10

Monthly

May - 2012

Contents
Editorial News from the Mining World Economic Evaluation of Air Pollution - S. Dash*, H. B. Sahu** and A. K. Swar*** Development of Prediction Model to Estimate the Solar Radiations at VIT University, Vellore - Devanshi Kaul1, Samrat Sarkar1, Vuppaladadiyam, A. K. and T.Srinivas2 Rippability Assessment by Refraction Seismic Survey at an Iron Ore Mine in Karnataka - *M. Ramulu, P.B. Choudhury,* A.G.Sangode and* A.K. Soni MEAI NEWS Rating of Base & Residual Risk for Applying Risk Control Measures - B.Arunachalam Conferences, Seminars, Workshops etc. Correspondence Address Mining Engineers Association of India
F-608, Raghavaratna Towers, A Block, VI Floor, Chirag Ali Lane, Abids, Hyderabad - 500 001. Ph. : No. 040 - 23200510, Telefax : 040 - 66460479 E-mail : meai1957@gmail.com Website : www.meai1957.com The Views expressed by the authors in these pages are not necessarily those of publisher / editor / MEAI. Reproduction in whole or in part is strictly prohibited without written permission from the publisher.

05 07 12

Dr. S K Sarangi
President 94370 23134

Vice President- I A. Bagchhi (099899 98600) Vice President- II T.Victor (098221 23498) Vice President III Arun Kumar Kothari (09414155413) Secretary General A. Sangameswara Rao (A.S. Rao) (09849870397) Jt. Secretary cum Treasurer V.K. Verma (09490491700) Council Members (Ex-Officio) Dr. V. D. Rajagopal (09640566777), Shri R.P. Gupta (093529 50025), Shri Meda Venkataiah (099002 56797), Shri R. N. Singh (098190 89120), Shri T. V. Chowdary (099493 59969) Council Members (Elected) G.S. Purohit (09001797421), S.N. Mathur (09427308502), V.S. Mathur (09929991121), B. Arunachalam (09480257454), K.U. Rao (098491 77677), S. Kuchroo (09234554376), S.K. Mishra (09437887515), V. Kartikeyan (09500035726), Somanath Banerjee (09893019629), Koneru Venkateswara Rao (092987 59625), C.S. Krishana Murthy (09822104130), R.H. Sowkar (09900256793), Avijit Ghosh (09432013110), Kabir Ghosh (09928906050), Dr. T.N. Venugopal (09845217692), Chetan Prakash Parihar (09887482007), D. Panduranga Rao (09963744457), Binay Prakash Pandey (09448286155), Mohan Sahasra Bhudhe (095611516080), Shri Sushanta Saha (94911 45180) Council Members (Nominated) Sri N.K. Nanda (09490760102), Pradeep Koneru (09840663636), Prof. A.C. Narayana (099896 25346), G.V. Rao (09937519181), M. James (094442 89405) Council Members (Co-Opted) R.K. Sharma (011-26814596), B. Ramesh Kumar (09848099868), N.D. Rao (0674-2547950), C.S. Dhaveji (094220 63909), Prabodh Kumar Mohanty (09937097242) Council Members (Representatives of LIMs) National Aluminium Company | South Indian Mines & Minerals Industries Gujarat Ambuja Cements Ltd. | Gujarat Siddhee Cements Ltd. Priyadarshini Cements Ltd.

17

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26

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Secretary General,

MEJ, Vol. 13,

No. 10

May 2012

MEJ, Vol. 13,

No. 10

May 2012

Editorial Board
Dr. S.K. Sarangi Prof. B.B. Dhar Shri B.K. Mohanty Prof. Gurdeep Singh Shri S.K. Agrawal Shri P.C. Bakliwal Shri Dipesh Dipu Dr. P.T. Hanamgond Dr. S.K. Mukhopadhyay Prof. Sushil Bhandari Chairman Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member

V.K. Verma
Editor, MEJ

Editorial
Mining Industry is facing a rough weather. It has been under scrutiny for quite some time. No opportunity is lost by some vested agencies in attacking the mining activity either due to occurrence of social claims, corruption or its very nature of impacting the social and natural environment. There appeared many breaking news in print and electronic media on illegal mining, mining related claims, damages to the environment, closure of mines, mining scams, coal blocks allotment scams and so on, the list is long. It has imparted a very shabby picture on mining Industry, which happens to be a core industry for development. The negative perception attracts attention quickly than the positive one. Anyone may think when so much adversity is associated with mining when doing no good to the society - instead creates social chaos and is not friendly to ecological heritage, why mining should be undertaken at all. A layman does not understand the connectivity of mining with the style of living of the modern man. Even the high profile people, be in Government, policy making body or elsewhere, although acknowledge the necessities of minerals in this industrial world, do air their clumsy remarks that go against the mining institution also. Many countries in the world made fortunes by converting their mineral wealth into national wealth. Leaving aside Australia and Canada which are developed nations consequent to exploiting their mineral resources, the poor countries like Ghana, Botswana. Peru, Chile and others in Africa and Latin America have exploited their resources wealth, utilized the mining income for the social wellbeing of the country and reduced their poverty level varying from 62 to 90%. Indian mineral sector started losing its credibility on social and environmental grounds due to growing awareness of the local population of their rights and expectations from the mining activities. It is a general apprehension that the mining earns huge profit at the cost of forest and environments, but its income is not percolating to improve the life of poor surroundings. Associated claims, murders, bribery and scams happened in preceding years adding more fuels to tarnish the image of an industry which has tremendous potential for growth and development. It is to be understood that the long geological processes have manifestated the minerals in the ground for our use and we are bestowed with intelligence to responsibly extract them for the benefit of human society. Not in my backyard attitude of elite people should be condemned. Strict laws and ground implementation are the solutions to govern the mining activities. It will prevent the greed of the people from destroying the natural environment and will also protect the right of miner from the radical anti mining groups.

Shri A. Sangameswara Rao Member (A.S. Rao)

Editor
V.K. Verma (Off. : 040 - 23200510) Cell : 94904 91700

PUBLISHER
A. Sangameswara Rao (A.S. Rao) Secretary General, Mining Engineers Association of India Mob: 98498 70397

subscription rates
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2. Life Subscription Rs. 6000/ (15 Years) 3. Single Copy Rs. 50/-

The magazine will be despatched positively on 29th/30th of every month by post to all the members and subscribers. The publisher is not responsible for its non-receipts by the addressees.

V.K. Verma
5 May 2012

MEJ, Vol. 13,

No. 10

Mining Engineers Association of India

Regd. Office : Rungta House, Barbil (Orissa)
Aarvee Associates, Architects, Engineers & Consultants Pvt. Ltd. (LIM-049) ACC Ltd (LIM - 25) A.P. Mineral Dev. Corp.Ltd., (LIM-12) Aravali Minerals & Chemical Industries (P) Ltd. (LM-048) Associated Mining Co., (LIM-19) Associated Soapstone Distributing Co. (P) Ltd. (LIM-057) Belgaum Minerals (LIM - 64) Bharat Alloys & Energy Ltd., (LIM-36) Designer Rocks (P) Ltd., (LIM-32) FCI Aravali Gypsum & Minerals India Ltd. (LIM-61) Grasim Industries Ltd., (LIM-26)0 Gujarat Ambuja Cements Ltd., (LIM-3) Gujarat Heavy Chemicals Ltd., (LIM-6) Gujarat Mineral Dev. Copr Ltd. (LIM-18) Gujarat Sidhee Cements Ltd., (LIM-4) Gulf Oil Corporation Ltd. (LIM-9) (Formerly IDL Industries Limited.) Hindustan Zinc Ltd. (LIM-60) India Cements Ltd. (LIM-16) Indian Rare Earths Ltd., (LIM-35) J.K. Cement Ltd (LIM - 058) JSW Cement Ltd. (LIM - 63) Jubilee Granites India Pvt. Ltd., (LIM-23) Kariganur Mineral Mining Industry (LIM-41) Kirloskar Ferrous Industries Ltd., (LIM-33) Krishna Mines (LIM-27) Madras Cements Ltd., (LIM-17) Manganese Ore (India) Ltd., (LIM-37) M.P.L. Parts & Services Ltd., (LIM-14) MSPL Limited (LIM-30) Mysore Minerals Limited (LIM-45) National Aluminium Co. Ltd, (LIM-1) NMDC Ltd. (LIM-20) Obulapuram Mining Co. (P) Ltd. (LIM-54) Orient Cement (LIM-059)
Chapter Chairman Secretary

Life Institutional Members

Panduronga - Timblo Industries (LIM-056) Pearl Mineral Ltd., (LIM-39) Priyadarshini Cement Ltd., (LIM-5) Radials International (LIM-29) Rajgarhia Group of Industries (LIM - 050) R.K. Marbles Pvt. Ltd., (LIM - 52) Rajasthan State Mines & Minerals (LIM-053) Sagar Cements Ltd., (LIM-21) Sandvik Asia Limited (LIM-46) Sesa Goa Ltd., (LIM-11) Shree Cement Ltd. (LIM-051) Shri Sharda Cold Retreads (P) Ltd., (LIM-24) Shree Engineering Services (LIM-15) S.N. Mohanty (LIM - 62) South India Mines & Minerals Industries (LIM-2) South West Mining Ltd. (LIM-40) Sri Kumarswamy Mineral Exports (LIM-43) Sudarshan Group of Industries (LIM-047) Tata Chemicals Ltd., (LIM-7) Tata Iron & Steel Co, Ltd (LIM-8) Terra Reserves Determination Technologies (P) Ltd., (lim-055) The K.C.P. Ltd., (LIM-22) Thriveni Earthmovers (P) Ltd., (LIM-31) Tungabhadra Minerals Pvt. Ltd. (LIM-42) UltraTech Cement Ltd., A.P. Cement Works, (LIM-28) Ultra Tech Cement Ltd. (LIM-10) Veerabhadrappa Sangappa & Company (LIM-44) V. Thirupathi Naidu (LIM-34) VS Lad & Sons (LIM-38) W.B. Engineers International Pvt. Ltd., (LIM-13) Institutional Members Singareni Collieries Company Ltd., (IM - 1) Voltas Ltd. (IM - 2) Reliance Cement Company Pvt. Ltd. (IM - 3)

Ahmedabad A.L. Thakor S.G. Patel D.B. Sundara Raman Shailesh Verma Barajamda Bailadila V.K.S. Rathore B. Venkateswarlu Bangalore D.V. Pichamuthu D.H.M.V. Swamy Belgaum S.S. Hiremath Dr. B.K. Purandara Bellary-Hospet S.K. Verma Nagesh Shenoy Bhubaneswar T.K. Rath J.K. Hota Kolkata M.N. Rai Goa Dattaguru R. Vaze A. Avudaiyappan Himalayan Arun Sharma R.K. Sharma Hyderabad A. Sivasankar G. S. Chowdary Jabalpur - Rajasthan-Jaipur O.P. Gupta P.C. Bakliwal Rajasthan-Jodhpur Prof. Virendra Singh P.C. Purohit Nagpur Dr. S.C. Singhal H.R. Kalihari New Delhi Prof. B.B. Dhar Prof. G.S. Roonwal Rajasthan-Udaipur Akhilesh Joshi Dr. S.S. Rathore Dalli-Rajhara Merged with Raipur Raipur B.P. Mishra Dr. R.K. Jade Rourkela Not functioning Rayalaseema - Singareni J.V. Dattatreyulu K. Laxminarayana Sukinda (Merged with Bhubaneswar Chapter) Tamil Nadu R. Natarajan P. Balamadeswaran Veraval-Porbandar N.K. Nuwal Vinod Saraswat Visakhapatnam R.H. Rao K. Hari Krishna

Past Presidents & Secretaries

Period 1957-64 1964-67 1967-68 1968-69 1969-70 1970-71 1971-72 1972-73 1973-75 1975-76 President Secretary/Secretary General Mining Engineers Association B.L. Verma Late B.N. Kanwar Late N.S. Claire Late R.C. B. Srivastava L.A. Hill Late S. Chandra Late H.L. Chopra M.G. Jhingran S.S. Manjrekar V.S. Rao Late R.C.B. Srivastava M.G. Jhingran Late R.K. Gandhi B. Roy Chowdhury I.N. Marwaha D.D. Sharan Late R.S. Sastry M.S. Vig G.L. Tandon K.K. Biran

Mining Engineers Association of India 1975-76 G.L. Tandon K.K. Biran 1976-78 D.L. Patni A.K. Basu 1978-80 R.C. Mohanty Late S.K. De 1980-81 M.K. Batra R.C. Dutta 1981-82 D.K. Bose S.B. Mukherjee 1982-83 P.R. Merh M.K. Srivastava 1983-86 V.S. Rao L.S. Sinha 1986-88 M.A.Khan D.K. Sen 1988-90 Saligram Singh A. Panigrahi 1990-93 M. Fasihuddin B. Mishra 1993-95 K.K. Biran S. Chandrasekaran 1995-97 N.S. Malliwal Dr. P.V. Rao 1997-99 T.V. Chowdary Late CLVR Anjaneyulu (S.G.) 1999-2001 -do- -do2001-2003 R.N. Singh -do2003-2007 Meda Venkataiah -doLate CLVR Anjaneyulu & Shri A.S. Rao 2007-2009 R.P. Gupta 2009-2011 Dr. V.D. Rajagopal A.S. Rao 2011-2013 Dr. S.K. Sarangi A.S. Rao

MEJ, Vol. 13,

No. 10

May 2012

NEWS FROM THE MINING WORLD

IRON AND STEEL
World crude steel production for the 59 countries, reporting to the World Steel Association, (worldsteel) was 119 million tonne (mt) in February 2012. This is 1.9% higher than in February 2011. Chinas crude steel production for February 2012 was 55.9 Mt, an increase of 3.3% compared to February 2011. Elsewhere in Asia, Japan produced 8.6 Mt of crude steel in February 2012, down by 3.7% compared to the same month last year. South Koreas crude steel production for February 2012 was 5.4 Mt, an increase of 7.6% compared to February 2011. In the EU, Germany produced 3.6 Mt of crude steel in February 2012, a decrease of 3.1% on February 2011. Frances crude steel production for February 2012 was 1.3 Mt, an increase of9.3% compared to February 2011. Spain produced 1.2 Mt of crude steel in February 2012, 14.3% lower than in February 2011. Turkeys crude steel production for February 2012 was 2.8 Mt, an increase of 12.3% compared to February 2011. The US produced 7.3 Mt of crude steel in February 2012, up by 8.5% in February 2011. Brazils crude steel production for February 2012 was 2.8 Mt, 3.4% higher than in February 2011. The world crude steel capacity utilisation ratio of the 59 countries in February 2012 increased to 79.7%, 3.1 percent higher than in January 2012. Compared to February 2011, the utilisation ratio in February 2012 decreased by 2.8 percent points. steelmakers and iron ore miners clashing over how much iron ore should be exported to maintain the thriving domestic steel industry.

WORLDS LARGEST COAL COMPANY MUSCLING IN ON WORLDS LARGEST METALLURGICAL DEPOSIT

Shenhua Energy, Chinas largest coal producer, expects to restart talks with the Mongolian government over the Tavan Tolgoi Coal Field after June elections. The Tavan Tolgoi deposit mined since the 60s in the South Gobi desert is the worlds largest high-quality coking coal used in steel making. Earlier in March, Mongolia stopped all talks with international miners on developing the western Tsankhi block of Tavan Tolgoi which on its own holds 1.2 billion tonne after a shambolic bidding process that stretches back to 2007. Shenhua is the most competitive bidder for the project given its technology, transport infrastructure, access to the Chinese market and the backing of the Chinese government," Shenhua CEO Ling Wen told reporters. Shenhua is the worlds largest coal company with 1,67,000 employees and 53 operating mines producing 282 million tonne per year. The state-owned firms financial results showed net profits of $7.2 billion for 2011. High quality metallurgical coal has been trading at around $220-$235 per tonne level since January 2012, down from record levels of $330/tonne last year and quality deposits have become harder to come by.

IRON ORE DEMAND WILL DOUBLE BY 2030: RMG/ MINING

The global demand for iron ore will double over the next 18 years driven primarily by Chinas and Indias appetite for steelmaking. According to a recent report by Raw Materials Group, iron ore demand is set to double to around 3.5 billion tonne per by 2030. RMG says that while India and China will continue to drive the market for iron ore by purchasing vast quantities of the material crucial for steel making, both countries will have their challenges, with China facing hurdles particularly in Africa over their quest to control 50% of imports and Indian MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 10 7

COAL INDIAS 180 MINING PROJECTS AWAITING GOVERNMENT APPROVAL.

As many as 180 proposals of Coal India (CIL) are awaiting forest clearances from the Centre and the State governments, Parliament was informed. At present, 180 forestry proposals of different subsidy companies of CIL involving an area of 28,484.49-ha forest land are awaiting clearances at various levels" as informed me Minister of State for Coal Prakashbapu Patil in Rajya Sabha informed the Parliament. Out of 180 proposals, 131 are awaiting Stage-1 (in-principle) level approval and 49 are awaiting final or Stage-II approvals, he said, adding that 70 applications are also waiting for environmental clearances. May 2012

In January Companys then Chairman N C Jha said that 168 such proposals, including 67 new projects of the CIL are awaiting clearances. Patil also said that Coal Indias initial projected production for the ongoing fiscal, estimated at 520 million tonne, had been curtailed in the mid-term review of the current Plan due to considerable delay in obtaining forest and environment clearances and land acquisition issues. He added that imposition of moratorium on new and expansion projects in areas having Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Index (CEPI) above 70, had further delayed Coal Indias projects and the production target for current year was again revised to 447 MT for the ongoing fiscal.

Meanwhile, Chinese coking coal imports are expected to increase; however, this will depend on crude steel production, domestic coking coal production and production costs. Chinese crude steel production has grown at a CAGAR of 14.9% from 151.6 million tonne in 2001 to 607.6 million tonne in 2010, which is tremendous growth. However, it is (believed) that the intensity of crude steel production in China has peaked, and it is expected that steel consumption will increase at an average of 3% between 2010 and 2015. explains Lok. Lok believes that, globally, long-term growth in crude steel production looks promising owing to the expected production of an additional 300 million tonne of crude steel every year by 2015, which will increase the demand for coking coal. This increase in demand ultimately leads to the question of supply, he says. Lok says there is the possibility of a coking coal deficit from 2015 onwards, although the supply of coking coal should remain dependent on exports from Australia, with further export opportunities originating from Mozambique, Indonesia, Mongolia, Russia and North America. The seaborne export of coking coal will still depend on Australia. Despite this country being the biggest exporter of seaborne coking coal, with 64% of world exports, it is expected that its exports of coking coal will increase further to 192 million tonne by 2015, he points out. He adds that there is the possibility of an increase in export levels from the US, considering the high cash cost of its mines, which could ultimately provide an incentive for the countrys mines to provide additional supply of coking coal to the market in the long term. Mozambique, in particular, has ambitious plans to export more than 100 million tonne a year, despite the countrys infrastructural bottlenecks which remain a problem. There is a disconnection between the pace of mine development and that of the infrastructure needed to transport the coking coal and export it. As a result, Mozambique remains a long-term solution to the tight coking market, with a likely potential for exporting 12 million tonne a year of coking coal by 2015, says Lok. Mongolia has the potential to export 15 million tonne a year of coking coal in the near future, although large scale investment is needed to develop the countrys Tavan Talgoi deposit as well as railway links. 8 May 2012

COKING COAL DEMAND SEEN AT 115 MT/Y BY 2015 AS ASIAN CONSUMPTION RISES
Demand for coking coal will have increased by 115 million tonne a year by 2015 as a result of increased consumption from Asia predicts consulting engineering and project Management Company Hatch Africa Director for coal, Gerrit Lok. He asserts that the global crude steel industry is growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.2% owing primarily to increases in demand from China and India. In addition, forecasts suggest that demand for coking coal will continue to be driven by the Asia region, while supply will depend primarily on production from Australia and North America. The bulk of global crude steel is produced through either blast furnace or basic oxygen furnace technologies, while supply will depend primarily on consumer of coking coal it grew its market share from 58% to 73% between 2000 and 2012. As a key ingredient in the production of crude steel from blast furnaces, global coking coal production has grown by 5.5% while coking coal consumption has, over the same period, increased by 5.1%. As a result, the overall production of coking coal is above the amount required to sustain the forecast demand, Explains Lok. Indian coking coal imports are expected to increase to 43 million tonne by 2015 from 30 million tonne in 2010, as a result of the countrys increase in crude steel production. Lok expects crude steel production in India to grow at a CAGR of 8.1%, resulting in the associated coking coal import demand growing at a CAGR of 7.5% between 2009 and 2015. MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 10

The Tavan Tolgoi deposit is one of the worlds largest undeveloped coking coal deposits, with an estimated reserve of 2-6 billion tonne, he says. The annual output, which could reach up to five million tonne a year, would primarily target the Chinese market and the deposits export potential will ultimately be determined by the rail links to China. According to a World Bank report, Tavan Tolgois output would be sufficient to justify building a railway line into China. The cheapest route to export coal would be via the Chinese port of Huanghua, via Baotou, for about $56.5/t, while exporting via the Russian port of Vostochnoy would cost about $125/t, Lok asserts. He adds that, regardless of the routing, exports from Tavan Tolgoi will displace a percentage of the Australian exports to China. Meanwhile, Russia has the potential to export coking coal from its Elga basin, but this depends on the extent of investment into its port infrastructure.

the balance met through imports. The company currently operates 15 thermal power plants across the country. Meanwhile, SCCL has firmed up a capital expenditure of $683-million over the next five years to increase its coal production to 57 million tonne a year from current levels of 52 million.

DOMESTIC COAL PRODUCTION TO INCREASE TO 795 MT BY 2016-17

The countrys coal production is projected to increase by over 43 per cent to 795 million tonne (MT) by 2016-17 financial year, from an estimated 554 MT in the current fiscal. The projection is based on obtaining necessary clearances and availability of requisite land for coal mining, Minister of State for Coal Pratik Prakashbapu Patil said in the Rajya Sabha. As per the draft report of the working group on coal and lignite set up for formulation of 12th Five Year Plan, the indigenous availability of coal is projected to increase from 554 MT in2011-12 to 795 MT in 2016-17, provided requisite land is available for coal mining and all other clearances are obtained in time, he said. Of this, Coal India Ltds (CIL) contribution is expected to increase by over 39 percent to 615 MT by 2016-17 against the revised estimates of 440 MT for the current financial year, he added.

INDIAN COAL MINER AND POWER PRODUCER IN JV

Indias largest power producer NTPC Limited has offered to partner Singareni Collieries Company Limited (SCCL) to develop coal mines in southern India. During a recent meeting between NTPC chairperson Arup Roy Chowdary and SCCL chairperson S. Narsingrao, the power producer conveyed its willingness to invest in joint ventures (JVs) to develop coal blocks with supply linkages to NTPCs thermal power plants in the region. The government - owned SCCL is the second largest Indian coal miner after Coal India Limited (CIL) and operates 13 open cast and 42 underground mines in the Godavari River Valley, in southern India, producing 52-million tons a year of coal. The Godavari River Valley basin is estimated to have a coal reserve of 8.79 billion tons along a single stretch of 350 km. NTPCs proposal to team up with a standalone miner was aimed at faster access to coal assets following its own tardy progress in developing coal blocks allotted to it. Last year, the Coal Ministry cancelled the companys allocation of reserves of Chatti Bariatu, Chatti Bariatu South, Keramdari, Brahmani and Chichiro Patsimal for failure to develop the blocks within the stipulated time frame. NTPC with an installed capacity of 36 014 MW has been hit by coal supply shortage. During 2011/12, the companys total coal requirement was 164 million tonne with CIL supplying 114 million tonne and MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 10 9

INVESTMENTS AUSTRALIA, CANADA, CHILE, BRAZIL AND MEXICO THE TOP FIVE MINING PROJECTS DESTINATION
In its annual ranking of countries in terms of political risks for mining investment, the mineral industry advisory firm Behre Dolbear has ranked Australia, Canada, Chile, Brazil and Mexico as the top five nations to locate mining projects. The five lowest-scoring nations were Russia, Bolivia, Democratic Republic of Congo and Kazakhstan with Papua and New Guinea being the worst in terms of political risk for mining projects. Surprisingly, the United States was the worst ranked nation in terms of mining permit delays by the Denver-based mining business consultant. For the study, 25 nations were ranked on seven criteria including economic system, political system, degree of social issues affecting mining, delays in receiving permits, degree of corruption, stability of the countrys currency and the competitiveness of the nations tax policy. May 2012

Due to their inherently low ranking, the firm decided not to rank Venezuela and Zimbabwe on the list, despite significant mineral wealth both contain. Behre Dolbear advises clients to exercise notable caution when considering investments in these countries. The political and social situation in Zimbabwe continues to warrant exceptional consideration in risk mitigation while in Venezuela, Hugo Chavezs nationalization of gold mines and other mineral resource assets severely limit investment return potential. Significant political reform must occur in both countries prior to the restoration of investor confidence. In the report, Behre Dolbear noted State-owned enterprises (SOE) and sovereign wealth funds (China, Korea, Russia, India, Singapore, Saudi Arabica, and elsewhere) are continuing to invest in mineral resource development and production as their parent countries consume more mineral products correlated to economic growth.

The FDT proposal comes in the wake of the demand raised by several provinces like Orissa for the levy of a mineral resource rent tax (MRRT) with a minimum of 50% on super profits earned by miners. The Orissa government had suggested modelling an MRRT along the lines of new mining tax laws in Australia. However, the objective of the FDT would not be that of an MRRT, since defining Super Profits under Indian mining conditions would be difficult within the ambit of existing laws, Mines Ministry officials said. Working out the basis for calculation of the FDT had proved challenging. According to one mechanism under consideration, the levy would be calculated on the sale value of the mineral extracted. However, while the Indian Bureau of Mines periodically announces the sale value of minerals like iron ore, chromite and manganese, no standardised sale value was available for several other minerals like bauxite and copper. A mechanism to collate data and determine the sale value of these minerals would have to be completed first, an official said. Another vexatious issue facing the task force was the enduse of the fund accumulated through the FDT. One option tentatively being considered was to have the Ministry of Environment and Forests to administer the fund, but Ministry officials were worried that this could run into opposition from provincial states, which would insist on access to the fund, since governance of forest areas falls within the purview of provincial laws. Under the Mines and Minerals Development and Regulation Bill currently before Indias Parliament, it would be mandatory for mining companies to share 26% of profits and 100% equivalent to royalty payments with the local population. These funds were to be allocated to district level authority for spending on project-affected families. The task force has argued that district level authorities would not have the capabilities for development, redevelopment or maintenance of forests spanning vast geographies and often cutting across provincial borders. The task force has referred the issue to the Law Ministry, since provincial government Forests Departments were not permitted to levy any tax under existing mining and mineral laws. Moreover, given the rampant illegal mining across the country, it would be daunting to monitor, if minerals were being extracted from either forest or nonforest areas, since 10 May 2012

CORPORATE NEWS TATA GROUP LOOKING TO PARTNER WITH SOUTH AFRICAN COAL MINER

The Tata Group, Indias largest conglomerate, is said to be investigating a joint venture with South African coal producerIncrease Coal (Pty) Ltd. Hindu Business Line reports that the proposed tie-up could produce about 9 million tonne of metallurgical coal per annum destined for Indias steel mills, or exported to Corus, a subsidiary of Tata Steel, Increase Coalss mine is about 500 kilometres from Richards Bay Coal Terminal in South Africa, which is the worlds largest coal export terminal with a capacity of 91 million tonnes per annum. Tata Steel has two collieries in West Bokaro and Jharia, about 150kilometers from the steel plant at Jamshedpur, notes Hindu Business Line. Hit by shortages, Indian steel companies are clamouring for ready supplies of metallurgical coal used in steel making. Back in November, Tata Steel was reportedly making a bid for Queensland based New Hope Corp. But in March, New Hope said it would not put itself up for auction for more than $45 billion after a five-month sale process failed to come up with a deal. Other potential suitors include Korean consortium Aditya Birla and Shenua Group of China.

TAXES INDIA WORKING ON MINING TAX

An Indian government task force comprising representatives of the Steel, Mines and Environment & Forest Ministries was working on modalities for the levy of Forest Development Tax (FDT) on minerals mined from forest regions. MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 10

a single reserve often cuts across both types of land. Mines Ministry officials said it was beyond even IBMs capabilities to monitor every ton of mineral extracted from each mine.

DIAMOND
Australias biggest pink rough diamond has been discovered at Rio Tintos Argyle mine the worlds largest producer of rare pink diamonds and is to be cut and polished as a single stone. The diamond will be cut and polished by the companys expert diamond cutter Richard How Kim Kam, media reports said. The 12.76 carat gem which will be known as the Argyle Pink Jubilee, was unearthed at the Argyle open pit in the east Kimberley region of Western Australia, reported Xinhua. I know the world will be watching he said. The finished gem will be graded by a team of international experts and shown around the world before being sold under a tender process later in 2012. Argyle Pink Diamonds Manager, Josephine Johnson said that a diamond of its level was extraordinary.

CORPORATE NEWS
Shri N.R. Narayana Murthy, co-founder of Infosys is one of the 12 greatest entrepreneurs of our time, as per the Fortune Magazine. The list of 12 is topped by Appless late chief Steve Jobs and includes Bill Gates of Microsoft and Mark Zuckerberg of Face Book. Fortune the US publication said that Shri Murthy is a visionary founder of Infosys and he has built one of the largest companies in India, helping to transform the economy and put it on the world stage. Shri Murthy, 65 has proved that India could compete with the world by taking on the software development work which had long been the province of the west adding that as one of the 6 co-founders of Infosys and the CEO for 21 years, Shri Murthy helped spark the outsourcing revolution that has brought billions of dollars into the Indian economy and transformed the country (India) in to the worlds back office. The magazine quoted Shri Murthy as saying It is all about sacrifice, hard work, lots of frustration, being away from your family, in the hope that someday you will get adequate returns from that and It is all about sacrifice today fulfilment tomorrow. Shri Narayana Murthy stepped down from the board of Infosys to become Chairman-Emeritus.

POWER
As per the observations of Christof Ruhl, Chief Economist, By 2030 China will be the worlds largest and India the 3rd largest economies and energy consumers, jointly accounting for about 35% of Global Population, GDP and Energy Demand. As per BPs Energy Outlook 2030 the forecast by 2030 is as follows 1. Growth of Global Energy Demand approximately 40% 2. Emerging Economies will be responsible for 96% of Energy Demand Growth (a) More than half of the Growth will come from China and India (b) India will double its energy use with heavy dependence on coal (c) India will consume 320 million tonne of oil which is less than 50% of Chinas 793 million tonne. (d) Oil will make up 87% of worlds transport Fuel (e) Bio Fuels will make up 7% of worlds Transport Fuel requirement (f) Renewable energy resources will supply 11% of Worlds electricity needs

INDIA TO ECLIPSE CHINA AS THE LARGEST ECONOMY BY 2050

According to Wealth Report 2012 by Knight Frank & Citi Private Bank China will overtake the US to become the worlds largest economy by 2020 which in turn, will be overtaken by India in 2050. As per the report, the Indian economy will reach $85.97 trillion size in terms of purchasing power parity by 2050, while the Chinese GDP would then be $80.02 trillion. The US, currently the worlds largest economy is expected to have a GDP of $ 39.07 trillion by 2050. The report further added that Indonesia (4th), Brazil (5th), Nigeria (6th), Russia (7th), Mexico (8th), Japan (9th) and Egypt (10th) would be among the 10 largest economies. In 2010 India was worlds 4th largest economy at $ 3.92 trillion, compared to Chinas $ 9.98 trillion and Americas $ 14.12 trillion. The report also named Surath and Nagpur as the fast going cities to watch in 2050. MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 10 11

Quotable Quote
We must use time wisely and forever realise that the time is always ripe to do right. ~ Nelson Mandela ~ May 2012

ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF AIR POLLUTION

S. Dash*, H. B. Sahu** and A. K. Swar***

Air pollution is a serious problem because of the increased urbanization, and industrialization. It has long been recognized that the environment in which people live, from household to the global level, significantly affect their health. The effects of air pollution on health are very complex as there are many different pollutants and their individual effects vary from one to the other. The majority of environmental policies and regulations worldwide therefore are motivated by public health concerns, and most economic valuation exercises have found that health impact constitutes the largest portion of environmental damages. A review of various approaches of economic valuation of air pollution has been presented in this paper.
1.0 INTRODUCTION Air pollution is a major environmental problem across the globe. Various studies by economists and epidemiologists have tried to understand the relationship between health and air pollution and other relevant factors. The effects of air pollution on health are very complex as there are many different pollutants and their individual effects vary from one to the other. Despite this, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that every year 800,000 people die prematurely from lung cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases caused by outdoor pollution. Other adverse health effects include increased incidence of chronic bronchitis and acute respiratory illness, exacerbation of asthma and impairment of lung function. The majority of environmental policies and regulations worldwide therefore are motivated by public health concerns, and most economic valuation exercises have found that health impact constitutes the largest portion of environmental damages. It has long been recognized that the environment in which people live-from household to the global level significantly affect their health. Until recently, however, neither it was possible to quantify the magnitude of health impacts from exposure to various environmental factors, nor it was possible to compare the cost effectiveness of preventive measures to reduce such exposure with health sector activities to cure the resulting illness (Lvovsky, 2000). 2.0 ECONOMIC THEORY OF MEASURING HEALTH BENEFITS The economic theory of measuring welfare changes is based on individuals Willingness To Pay (WTP) for a certain change in the provision of a good (e.g. air quality). The optional level of air pollution will be reached if the marginal aggregate willingness to pay (the willingness to pay to reduce air pollution with additional unit) equals the marginal costs of air pollution reduction (the cost of reduction of one additional unit) (URBAIR, 1993). 3.0 METHODOLOGY FOR ESTIMATING HEALTH EFFECTS Health damage is generally expressed in terms of mortality and morbidity. It is well established that there is relationship between health damage and air pollution. The estimation of health and economic effects of air pollution involves the determination of following four factors; the dose response relationship, the susceptible populations, the relevant change in air pollution, and an economic valuation of the health end point. Epidemiological literature provides the dose response relationships between levels of air pollution and their adverse effects on human health, productivity, and in extreme cases human longevity (Ostro, 1994). The equations are expressed in the form: Change in condition = * (Change in air quality) (1) (Mortality / Morbidity) (SPM, SO, NO) , is the partial derivative or slope of dose response curve

Abstract

The dose response functions are of three types: a. b. the first type relate to ambient levels of pollutant concentration to excess mortality; the second type relate to ambient levels of pollutant concentration to specific symptoms, such as coronary heart diseases, bronchitis, asthma attacks, etc.; the third type relate to ambient levels of pollutant concentration to non specific symptoms, such as Restricted Activities Days (RADs) and/or Work Loss Days (WLDs).

c.

Health damage through air pollution can thus be expressed in excess mortality, increased incidence of specific diseases,

*Environmental Engineer, Odisha State Pollution Control Board, Bhubaneswar- 751 012, India Associate Professor, Deptt. of Mining Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769 008, India Senior Environmental Engineer, Odisha State Pollution Control Board, Bhubaneswar - 751 012, India
MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 10 12 May 2012

and in general health indicators such as RADs and/or WLDs (URBAIR, 1993). The next step involves multiplying i.e. slope of dose-response curve by relevant population that is believed to be exposed and susceptible to the air pollution effect under consideration. The third step in the calculation of health effect of air pollution involves the estimation of change in air quality under consideration. The estimated heath impact can be represented as dHi = * POPi *dA (2) Where dHi = Change in population risk of health effect I, POPi = Population at risk of health effect i dA Change in air pollution under consideration The last step involves calculation of the economic value of the estimated health impacts (Vi). The valuation could be developed from estimates of WTP for reducing risk, or a modified Cost of Illness (COI) approach, to value changes in morbidity. The three health impacts can be valued as a. b. Excess mortality is valued with Value of a Statistical Life (VSL), Specific diseases are valued on the basis of actual expenditure for prevention, detection and treatment of the diseases. RADs and WLDs are valued on the basis of estimated loss of productivity, measured by average daily wages of the exposed population.

studies are they do not have to control for a large number of confounding factors, since the population characteristics (age, smoking, occupational exposure, health habits and so on) are basically unchanged. On the basis of meta-analysis of acute mo4rtality studies that measures the ambient levels of particulates of less that 10 microns in aerodynamic diameter (PM10), estimates the average percentage change in total mortality per 10 g changes in PM10 ranges from 0.74 to 1.23 (World Bank, 1998). Ostro (1994) reviewed some of the time series studies linking particulate matter mortality given in Table 1. The mean effect of a 10 g/m change in PM10 implied by these studies varies between 0.31 to 1.49 percent, with a mean 0,96 percent. Thus Central percent change in mortality = 0.096 *Change in PM10. A recent study by Cropper et al. (1997) regarding the health effects of air pollution in Delhi, India compared the time series study in Delhi with other studies. They concluded that listed studies find a significant and positive relationship between (excluding Delhi) of six percent for a 100g/m increase in TSP. by contrast, in Delhi a 100g/m changes in TSP is associated with only a 2.3% change in total nontrauma mortality. The cause for low excess mortality can be, that a large proportion of particulate pollution in Delhi arises from natural sources rather than combustion of fossil fuels, and hence the chemical composition of the particulates in such that they pose a lower risk to health. Table 1: Summary of mortality studies indicating percent change in all-cause mortality association with 10 g/m change in PM10 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------City and Country Central estimate High estimate -----------------------------------------------------------------------------London, UK 0.31 0.33 Ontario, Canada 0.98 1.47 Steubenville, Ohio 0.64 0.94 Philadeppia, PA 1.2 1.44 Santa Clara County, CA 1.12 1.51 US Metropolitan Area 1.49 2.06 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------(Source: Ostro, 1994) 4.0 VALUATION OF HEALTH IMPACTS The methods used for valuation of health costs associated with environmental pollution can be grouped into two broad categories. The first includes methods that measure only the loss of direct income (lost wages and additional expenditures). The measures do not include inconvenience, 13 May 2012

c.

Thus, the change in total socio economic value of the health effects (dT) due to the change in air pollution under consideration in the summation of all the effects and can be represented as (Ostro, 1994): dT = Vi * dHi (3)

3.1Air Pollution Dose-Response Studies As outlined in the previous section dose-response functions correlate mortality and morbidity outcomes for susceptible population groups with ambient concentrations of a given pollutant. Mortality effects of exposure to particulates will be focused, as reduction in excess mortality valued with statistical value of life can be used for economic evaluation for intervention design. Chronic exposures to particulates can lead to premature death by exacerbating respiratory illness, pulmonary diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. The reported epidemiological studies involve two principal study designs; time series and cross-sectional. The more common time series studies correlate daily variation in air pollution with variation in daily mortality in a given city and measure, primarily, the effects of acute exposure to air pollution. A cross sectional analysis compares the rate of prevalence of given health outcomes across several locations for a given period of time. The advantage of time series MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 10

suffering, and other less tangible impacts to individual and family. Therefore they indicate only the lower bound of social costs and understate the total cost to individuals. The second category includes approaches that attempt to capture individuals willingness to pay to avoid or reduce the risk of death or ill health. These techniques are summarized in Table 2. Table 2: Valuation methods for the health effects of pollution -----------------------------------------------------------------------------Valuation method Example -----------------------------------------------------------------------------Human capital Earnings foregone due to premature death as a result of exposure to air pollution Cost of illness Loss workdays, plus out-of-pocket cost (medical and other) due to health effect of pollution

factor such as possible increase in income in future and the reduced probability of being alive at each year is not accounted as these two factors act in opposite direction, the net effect on statistical value of life will be minimal. 4.2 Cost of Illness (COI) Approach This approach applies to the morbidity and is consistent with human capital approach. The direct cost of morbidity can be divided into two categories: medical expenditure for treating illness (a large portion of cost of hospital admissions and emergency room visits) and lost wages during days spent in bed, days missed from work, and other days when activities are significantly restricted due to illness. The economic evaluation is estimated as per the following equation: E = b(dj) * COI(dj) * { RR(pi, dj) -1 } (5) where, E = economic cost of morbidity by hospital admission b(dj)= actual hospital admission and out-patient doctor consultation due to a particular disease dj dj = diseases (e.g., respiratory or circulatory diseases) COI= estimated cost of illness related to hospital admissions and out-patient treatment due to dj RR = Relative risk for morbidity - pi, dj (air pollutant & disease specific in respective order) pi = air pollutants (e.g. NO2, SO2, RPM etc.)

Preventive or Purchase of bottled water to mitigative expenditure avert health effects of polluted water. Installation of air conditioner to avert air pollution in the residence Wage differential Value of reduction of risk to health implicit in difference in otherwise similar occupations

Contingent valuation Direct questioning to provide a value for a potential change in air quality or health -----------------------------------------------------------------------------(Source: World Bank, 1998) 4.1 Human Capital Approach In policy analysis involving decision, which affects changes in risk to life, it is often necessary to estimate the value of statistical life. Human capital approach considers individuals as units of human capital that produces goods and services for society. The value of life of an individual is computed as the summation of the foregone income stream discounted to its present value. Mathematically value of statistical life (VSL) (Ortolano, 1997) is

VSL =

t=j

YP (1 + )
t j

In practice, COI is first computed based on the statistics on hospital admission and the result obtained is subsequently applied in the model. In this way, the economic cost associated with hospital admission is the product of the total cost of illness and the relative risk (RR) of admission. RR is obtained by multiplying the exponential of the regression coefficient by the defined increase in the pollutant. For the calculation of COI for morbidity, where hospital admission is expected to be the key cost component, the direct and indirect cost related to the illness are identified as: -----------------------------------------------------------------------------Direct cost Indirect cost -----------------------------------------------------------------------------Self medication Output (earning) loss Buying medication over the counter Defensive expenditure e.g., special diet, equipment Hospital Admission: Average length of hospital stay Room rate per day Subsidies involved ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 14 May 2012 Off-work day (not serious enough for admission)

t-j

(4)

Where Yt = Present annual income Pj = Probability in year j of the person being alive Y = Discount rate The values calculated are dependent on the age of death and on income, skill level and country of residence. The MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 10

4.3 Preventive Expenditure Approach Defensive expenditures are the expenditures made by individuals to prevent or counteract the adverse effects of pollution. One of the means of avoiding the adverse effects of pollution is to move to a cleaner environment for extra expenditure. 4.4 Willingness to Pay Approach The mortality approach in the valuation literature has been mainly based on the estimation of the willingness to pay for (or willingness to accept as compensation for) a change in the risk of death. This is converted into the value of a statistical life (VSL) by dividing ghe WTP with the change in risk. For example, if the estimated WTP is $ 100 for a reduction in the risk of death of 1/10000, the value of a statistical life is estimated at 100*10000, which equals one million dollars. Mortality impacts are valued bu multiplying the change in risk of death by a value of statistical life (VSL). The values of VSL can be transferred to other countries through the use of an income elasticity. In order to facilitate the comparison of economic activity between countries, the UNs International Comparison Programme (ICP) developed internationally comparable measures of GNP, known as purchasing power parity (PPP) estimates of GNP; these are derived using purchasing power parities as opposed to exchange rates as conversion factors. The PPP conversion factor is defined as the number of units of a countrys currency required to buy the same amounts of goods in the domestic market as one dollar would buy in the United States (World Bank,1996). In order to assist researchers in estimating the health benefits of employment World Bank, 1996 provides the VSL for different countries based on an income elasticity of 1 and the VSL for an elasticity of 0.35. Both sets of figures use a VSL for the US of $4.0mn. the PPP GDP per capita for the US is $25,880 based on data from the World Bank Development Report. On this basis PPP GNP of India is $1280 and VSL for India is $1397000 (World Bank, 1996). WTP estimates go beyond the lost of earnings and medical costs. However, WTP values are mainly obtained from contingent valuation and they are grouped as follows: l WTP to avoid the symptoms of the diseases concerned: l Light symptoms without the need for doctor consultation l One symptom day suffered (descriptions of symptoms provided) l Seven symptom day suffered l WTP to avoid hospitalization specific to the diseases: l One day of hospitalization l One week of hospitalization MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 10 15

In substituting the WTP values to estimate the economic cost of morbidity, we use a similar equation to the one used for COI estimates for hospital admissions. COI input is substituted with WTP. The equation is given as : E = [ b(dj) * ( RR(pi, dj) -1) ] * WTP(dj) (6)

where, E = economic cost of morbidity (by hospital admission & out-patient attendances) b = actual hospital admission and out-patient doctor consultation of a particular illness dj dj = illness (e.g., respiratory, circulatory diseases) RR = Relative risk for morbidity due to (pi, dj) (available from study by HKU) pi = air pollutants (e.g. NO2, SO2, SPM etc.) WTP = estimated monetary value WTP to avoid dj The average WTP value to avoid a day of hospital admission is taken into account. In addition, the average willingness to pay by individuals' to avoid the symptoms during the disease occurrence (non hospitalized cases) is also considered in the calculation. 4.5 Wage Differential Approach The basic idea behind compensating wage differential is that jobs can be characterized by various attributes, including the risk of accidental death. The workers are described by the amount they require as compensation for different risk levels, while the firms are characterized by amount they are willing to offer workers to accept different risk levels. The matching of wage offers and acceptance determines the hedonic wage equation, which describes the compensation received for bearing risk at market equilibrium (Simon et al., 1999). The value estimated from observed labour market data and converted to values of statistical life(VSL) are used to value reduction in risk of death achieved by environmental health programmes. Valuing mortality risks using earningsthey so called human capital approach likely to under state what people themselves would pay for small risk changes. Value of statistical life in India, using estimates of compensating wage differentials obtained from Occupation Wage Survey (OWS) data obtained from Indian Labour Bureau for Indian manufacturing industry was found to be in the range Rs.64,17,341 to Rs.1,50,40,642 i.e, US $1,53,000 - US $3,58,000. Ratio of VSL to forgone earning is in ratio 20-48 (Simon et al., 1999). In another study, VSL for India considering technicians in cotton textiles and man made textiles was determined to be 8.4 million rupees (Gaggar, 1995). 5.0 CONCLUSION The monetary equivalents are price times the quantity; the quantity is the physical effect of some intervention on child and adult health, and the price is the households implicit May 2012

monetary value of improved health for children and adults. For any intervention with cost C, the benefit cost logic suggests that households have an incentive to adopt the intervention as long as benefits are more than the costs. 6.0 REFERENCES Gaggar, S. K. (1995). Economic Evaluation of Air Pollution for a Thermal Power Plant, M Tech Dissertation, CESE, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, India Larson, B A., et al (1999). The Economics of Air Pollution Health Risks in Russia : A case study of Volgogard, World Development, 27 :1803-1819 Lvovsky, K., (2000) Health and Environment, Draft Paper, World Bank, Washington,DC Ostro, B. (1994). Estimating the Health Effects of Air Pollutants: A Method with an Application to Jakarta, Washington, DC: The World Bank (Policy Research Working Paper 1301) Simon, B. N., Cropper, M. L., Alberini, A. and Arora, S. (1999). Valuing Mortality Reduction in India, A study of Compensating Wage Differentials, Working Paper; World Bank, Wasington D C. URBAIR., (1993) Urban Air Quality Management in Asia, Bombay, Guide Book for Air Quality Management Strategy (AQMS), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) World Bank, (1998). The Effects of Pollution on Health: The Economic Toll, The Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook, The World Bank Group

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MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 10 16

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Development of prediction model to estimate the solar radiations at VIT University, Vellore
Devanshi Kaul1, Samrat Sarkar1, Vuppaladadiyam, A. K. and T.Srinivas2

The main objective of the current study is to develop a prediction model which can be used to estimate the global insolation on a horizontal surface at Vellore region using clearness index (KT). The latitude of the desired location, time and the amount of total precipitable water content are the two most important parameters taken into account. The developed results could be applied to design and sizing of a solar thermal or solar photovoltaic system. In this work, the predicted global radiation, kWh/m2 is plotted with the time (January to December) at the selected location i.e. VIT University, Vellore. Keyword: Photovoltaic cells, clearness index, estimation, solar radiation
Introduction Sun is the sole important source of energy on earth. Without sun, life on earth would not be possible. The estimation of solar radiation incident on a particular horizontal surface is important in determining the performance of solar collector, passive cooling systems, freezing problems in liquid flat plate collectors etc. Global solar radiation is even helpful in determining the energy state of active surfaces and lower atmosphere. The global solar radiation is maximum in the morning and decreases by evening. Daily solar radiation is minimal in December and maximal in July. Solar radiation is estimated on a very small area and hence, it is impossible to estimate the solar radiation on a large area. Therefore, global solar estimations are arrived at using theoretical models [3]. The first attempt to estimate the global insolation incident on a horizontal surface is the Angstrom formula: All these parameters do not participate equally in the clearness index. Clearness index is a very important concept in solar energy estimation and it varies with time, season , climatic condition and geographic location[2]. Therefore to develop a model for the clearness index is very essential. Some of the models to determine the solar insolation are described below: 1. Hoyts model: This model is dependent on scattering ratios of air and dust, and absorption ratios of water vapour, carbon-dioxide, ozone, oxygen and dust. These parameters cannot be measured directly and depend on other parameters. Hence, this method of acquiring parameters is very expensive. Excells model: Fourier series is used to calculate daily global solar radiation. This method for the estimation of the clearness index is very complex. Atwar balls model: This model is based on two parameters i.e absorption and transmission the radiation. Which cannot be measured and hence, are dependent on other parameters. Therefore this is expensive and difficult.

Abstract

2.

3.

H =a+b H

n N

(1)

Where H and H 0 are monthly mean daily solar radiation on a horizontal surface and on the top of the atmosphere respectively. The monthly average values of daily solar insolation are important for developing an insolation model. On clear sky days, the solar insolation is due to the direct beam radiation whereas on cloudy skies the solar insolation is due to the diffused radiation. The proposed models for estimation of the global solar radiation depend upon certain parameters like: 1. Precipitable water 2. Pressure 3. Angstroms spectral turbidity coefficient 4. Angstroms wavelength

In the present study. model is being developed based on two factors 1. 2. Latitude of Vellore Precipitable water at the location

Latitude of Vellore is determined using a GPS (Global positioning system) receiver. Precipitable water at a location is determined using daily humidity data received. Hence, the model developed is quick and cost effective. The estimation of solar radiation is used for sizing any solar energy system which requires the knowledge of the availability of solar radiation data at the interested location.

1Environmental, Water Resources & Transportation Engineering Division, 2Energy Division School of Mechanical and Building Sciences, VIT University, Vellore, India
MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 10 17 May 2012

The average distribution of solar radiation over the day is of fundamental importance in many areas of solar energy [4]. It provides the basis for predicting the instantaneous solar radiation from the commonly available monthly averages of daily insolation. Modelling The monthly average of daily global solar radiation data are collected over different locations in Vellore .These data are reduced to monthly average clearness index by taking the ratio of measured global radiation to the calculated extra terrestrial horizontal insolation. This is calculated from the following expression. H0=(24I0/){cos().cos().sinsr+ sr sin()sin()} kWh/m2 (2) H0 = extra terrestrial horizontal insolation in kWh/m2 I0= extra terrestrial irradiance in kW/m2 The horizontal insolation depends on the day of the year and latitude of the place. Therefore it can be calculated for any day of the year which does not include any atmospheric effects. I0 = Isc{1+0.033cos(360N/365)} (3) Where, Isc = solar constant=1.367kW/m2 N = day of the year = latitude of the location = declination angle =23.45sin{2(N-80)/365} sr =cos-1(-tan .tan )

w=total precipitable water vapour in the atmosphere Ai= ai1 + ai2x + ai3x2 + ai4w + ai5w2 (8) f(x,w,t) = (a11 + a12x + a13x2 + a14w + a15w2) + (a21 + a22x + a23x2 + a24w + a25w2 )sin t + (a31 + a32x + a33x2 + a34w + a35w2)sin2t + (a41 +a42x + a43x2 + a44w + a45w2) sin3t + (a51 + a52x + a53x2 + a54w + a55w2)cost + (a61 + a62x + a63x2 + a64w + a65w2)cos2t + (a71 + a72x + a73x2 + a74w + a75w2)cos3t (9) The calculated values of the a11, a12............. a75 are given as:[1] Table 1 coefficients for f(x,w,t) are as follows: A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 0.5563 -0.2350 -0.1011 0.0136 0.1300 -0.0600 0.0970 2 0.0089 0.0119 -0.0091 0.0041 -0.0133 0.0048 0.0058 3 0.0002 0.0004 -0.0004 0.0002 -0.0003 0.0002 0.0002 4 0.0743 0.1473 0.1029 -0.0071 -0.0848 0.0733 -0.0282 5 -0.0089 -0.0237 -0.0201 0.0010 0.0098 -0.0132 0.0010

Results and Discussion (4) (5)

From the above expression we conclude that the extraterrestrial horizontal insolation depends on latitude and day of the year. However the calculated insolation does not take any atmospheric effects into account [5]. The clearness index KT, gives the measure of the atmospheric effects at a place on the insolation . However the clearness index depends on time of year, season climatic condition and geographic location. A plot of KT versus day of the year shows that the variation of KT over a period of one year is a periodic function. KT is represented by the following fourier series: KT =f(x,w,t)+e (6) where, f(x,w,t)= A1+A2sint+A3sin2t+A4sin4t+A5cost +A6cos2t+A7cos3t (7) where, x=latitude of given location t=arguments of trigonometric terms N=day of the year A1,A2,....A7= functions of latitude MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 10 18

Fig 1: Variation of clearness index with different months of a year Figure 1 shows the variation of clearness index with the change in months. It shows that the clearness index is increasing from the month of January to June and then falls from June onwards till December. This shows that during summer, the atmosphere is more clear and the incoming global solar radiation is more as compared to the winter season where the atmosphere is not so clear and the incoming global solar radiation is less. This global solar May 2012

radiation is directly proportional to clearness index which gradually changes over different months of a year.

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It is noticed that the chapters are not forwarding their annual audited accounts and audited seminar accounts inspite of repeated reminders. All the Chairmen/Secretaries of chapters are again requested to forward the audited annual accounts and seminar accounts of the concerned chapters, so as to reach the Head Quarters before 31-05-2012, in order to finalise the consolidated accounts of MEAI for the financial year ending 31-03-2012 and pass on to the auditors for submitting the annual tax return.

Fig 2: Global insolation result over Vellore region Figure 2 shows the variations of global radiation that change with the months of a year. From the figure it is clear that the global radiation increases delivering the period January to August and then decreases by December. The peak global insolation observed as 6.25 kWh/m2. Conclusion A prediction model has been developed to estimate the solar radiation at Vellore using Fourier coefficients. This model has been applied to some of the cities in the Indian sub-continent and validated. It is developed for Vellore and the results are estimated. Reference [1] Ali A. Sabziparvar,H.Shetaee,2007, Estimation of global solar radiation in arid and semi-arid climates of East and West Iran, Energy 32,pg 649655. [2] A.K. Katiyar, Chanchal Kumar Pandey,2010, Simple correlation for estimating the global solar radiation on horizontal surfaces in India, Energy 35, pg 5043-5048. [3] Inci Turk Tog rul, Hasan Togrul, Dugyu Evin, 2000, Estimation of monthly global solar radiation from sunshine duration measurement in Elazig, Renewable Energy 19,pg 587595. [4] 0. P. Singh, S.K. Srivastava and G .N. PAandey,1995, Estimation Of Hourly Global Solar Radiation In The Plane Areas Of Uttar Pradesh, India, Energy Conuers. Mgmr Vol. 38, No. 8, Pp. 779-185. [5] Ravinder Kumar, L. Umanand, 2005, Estimation Of Global Radiation Using Clearness Index Model For Sizing Photovoltaic System,Renewable Energy,Volume 30,Pg 2221-2233. MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 10 19

- Secretary General

Circular
It is noticed that several chapters, while forwarding notes on their activities are including the photographs from the events in the same emails which is causing difficulty in printing the photographs in the MEJ and also the photographs are not clear. It is, therefore, requested that the photographs may be forwarded as separate attachments to the emails containing the notes. The photographs may be sent in JPG format. - Secretary General

Circular
All the Office Bearers, Council Members, Chairmen and Secretaries of the chapters of MEAI are requested to put in efforts for collecting advertisements from the companies involved in mining under their jurisdictions for inserting in Mining Engineers' Journal. The tariff on the advertisements is already indicated in this issue. - Secretary General
May 2012

RIPPABILITY ASSESSMENT BY REFRACTION SEISMIC SURVEY AT AN IRON ORE MINE IN KARNATAKA

*M. Ramulu, P.B. Choudhury,* A.G.Sangode and* A.K. Soni Central Institute of Mining & Fuel Research, Nagpur carried out the study of Rippability Assessment of Rock Mass at an Iron Ore Mine in Karnataka by using seismic profiling techniques. The study was conducted with a view to avoid the Environmental effects to the surrounding Sensitive Structures as a result of drilling and blasting. The refraction seismic survey was conducted on all the 4 benches of the mine to determine the compressional (P-wave) wave velocity, which has got the established correlation with rippability. The Refraction seismic survey was conducted to aid in the evaluation of the rippability of the subsurface material (Iron Ore) of the mine. The state of the art instrumentd Geode (Make:Geometrics controllers Inc., USA) was used for acquiring the seismic data and the method of profiling carried out was refraction seismic survey. The in-situ P-wave velocity obtained from all the test sites was in the range of 2000-3000 m/s, which was rippable as per the guidelines provided by the standard Ripper-Dozer manufacturers. 1. INTRODUCTION A refraction seismic survey was conducted on all the benches of the mine to measure compressional-wave seismic velocities (P-wave) to aid in the evaluation of the rippability of the subsurface i.e. Iron ore of the mine. The state of the art instrument called Geode (Make:Geometrics controllers Inc., USA) was used for acquiring the seismic data and the method of profiling carried out was refraction seismic survey. Surface-wave tohography is an efficient way to obtain images of the group velocity at a test area of rock formation, because Rayleigh-wave group velocity depends on frequency. There are separate images for each frequency and at each point in these images the group velocities define a dispersion curve, a curve that relates group velocity to frequency. Extending the common use of surface wave analysis techniques from estimating shear wave velocities and compressional wave velocities for detection and/or imaging required a multichannel approach to data acquisition and processing. Integrating the multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) method with a common mid-point (CMP)-style data acquisition permits the generation of a laterally continuous two dimensional (2-D) shear wave velocity field cross-section (Park et al., 1999; Xia et al., 1999). The MASW method as used here requires minimal processing and is relatively insensitive to cultural interference. Mating MASW with the redundant sampling approach used in CMP data acquisition provides a non-invasive method of delineating horizontal and vertical variations in near-surface material properties. Continuous acquisition of multi channel surface wave data along linear transects has recently shown great promise in detecting shallow voids and tunnels, mapping the bedrock surface, locating remnants of underground mines and delineating fracture systems (Park et al., 1999). Extending this technology from sporadic sampling to continuous imaging requiredsthe incorporation of MASW with concepts from the CDP method (Mayne, 1962). Integrating these two methodologies resulted in the generation of a laterally continuous 2-D cross-section of the shear wave velocity field. Cross-sections generated in this fashion contain specific information about the horizontal and vertical continuity and physical properties of materials at shallow depths (few inches to over 300 ft.) Seismic reflection surveys are generally designed to image structural and stratigraphic features with a high degree of resolution and accuracy. On such surveys, surface waves are considered noise. For our application, however, it is possible to exploit the sensitivity of the surface wave to changes in material velocities that make up half-space it travels through. Surface wave propagation depends on frequency (depth of penetration), phase velocity (compressional and shear), and density. All of these properties will affect the surface wave dispersion curve (phase velocity vs. frequency) in a predictable fashion. Since shear wave velocity has the greatest impact on the properties of a surface wave, we can invert the dispersion curve in such a way as to obtain the shear wave velocity as a function of depth (Xia et al., 1999). Borton (2007) says that the phenomena of seismic anisotrophy giving lower stiffness perpendicular to layering than in parallel, has been used since nineteenth century for investigating fractured rock at depth. The same analogy holds good for compressional wave velocity also. The objective of this experimental work has been to find out the compressional-wave (Vp) structure and from these dispersion curves to get the inferences regarding the structural quality of the strata. Ramulu et al (2011) extensively used the seismic refraction technique for determination of Vp of rock mass for blast optimization by impedance matching of explosives. This paper deals with the application of seismic profiling for rock mass characterization for rippability analysis of various benches of the mine. 2. Details of the Mine The Bellary Hopspet region forms a part of the Sandur Schist

* Scientists, Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Regional Centre, Nagpur
MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 10 20 May 2012

Belt referable as the Dharwars a group of Precambrian schistose rocks of Mysore. The lithological units include green stones which are the metamorphosed basic igneous rocks occupying the valley regions, with phyllite quartzites forming the canoe shaped amphitheatre of hills trending NNW SSE and enclosing Sandur. The phyllite is locally shaly and the quartzites are of the nature of banded hematite jaspers and banded hematite quartzites, inter banded with each other. The Bellary Hospet area is bounded by 15 13 45 latitudes and 76 25 30 longitude and is covered in Survey of India of Toposheet No. 57 A/8. LOCAL GEOLOGY: The general sequence of rock formation in the area is Soil, Iron ore floats, Iron ore reef, Banded hematite quartzite and Shale/Phyllites. The strike of the iron ore deposit is 900 m in north west & south east direction and average width of the deposit is 45 m in north east & south west direction and the quality of iron is analyzing 64% Fe to 66% Fe. The recovery of the ore is 85% and balance 15% is consisting of sub grade. As observed in the workings, the type of ore is powdery and in some places hard, colour of the deposit is blue & red and ratio of fines & Lumpy ore will be 60 : 40. In northern portion of the lease area, float ore can be seen and this float one area covers about 20 Ha and thick ness of the float ore is ranging from 0.50 m to 2 m and average thickness is only 1m. The size of the float ore body is 10mm to 300 mm and quality is 62% Fe to 65% Fe and samples from mine faces were collected and prepared by quarter & coning method. The Fe content in the drill holes is 64% to 66%. No other structural disturbances like folds & faults are observed in the leased area. 3. FIELD INVESTIGATIONS Refraction seismic data were acquired at three different locations, covering all types of rock formations. Stakes were placed at the end of each seismic line and stations along

the lines were marked with flagging/coloring. The tests were conducted at ER Section (ROM) of RL-738, MR section of RL-748 and ER section (Development) of RL-744 in Phase-I experiments and at ER Section (ROM) of RL-738, MR section of RL-735 and MR section (Development) of RL748 in Phase-II experiments, which are the hardest exposed formations in the mine. The 24-channel refraction seismic data were acquired with medium frequency geophones, and a 10-pound sledge hammer source. The geophones were located 3m apart and source impacts were made at various distance offsets and along the seismic profile. The geophones were located on a straight line and distances were measured with tape. Relative elevations were surveyed and determined with the help of GPS based device. The seismic data were stacked, normally,15-20 times at each source point to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. Stacking with hammer, or signal enhancement, involved repeated source impacts at the same point into the same set of geophones. The quality of the recorded seismic data was excellent and easily identifiable on first arrival of seismic energy. The experimental set up is shown in Figures 1-2. 4. DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS The refraction seismic data were processed and interpreted by using the PICWIN seismic wave analysis software provided with the system. The general processing and interpretation flow consisted of the initial selection of the seismic first breaks, creation of data files for input into the interpretation program, and interpretation of the data using modeling and iterative ray-tracing techniques. The output of the data analysis for all the three test sites is given in Figures 3-5. The in-situ compressional wave velocities of iron ore lumps collected from different test sites by refraction seismic survey are given in the Table-1. The laboratory tests were also

Figure-1. Experimental set up of the seismic source and receiver of refraction survey system at the mine site MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 10 21 May 2012

conducted to determine the P-wave velocity of intact rock to cross-check the field P-wave velocities. It may be noted that

the laboratory P-wave velocity is generally 20-30% more than that of in-situ one, as evident from the above table.

Figure-2. Experimental set up of the Geophone-spread and Geode of refraction survey system stacking arrangements at the Iron Ore Mine Site.

Figure-3. Compressional-wave velocity profile of ER section (ROM) at RL-738

Figure-4. Compressional-wave velocity profile of MR Section (ROM) at RL-735 MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 10 22 May 2012

Figure-5. Compressional-wave velocity profile of MR section at RL-748 Table-1. In-situ and laboratory P-wave velocities of hematite lumps Test No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Test Site Depth of profiling, M 35 32 22 15 17 13 Laboratory seismic velocity, m/s 2470 2876 3150 3070 2550 3350 Maximum In-situ seismic velocity from refraction survey, m/s 2460 3000 2100 2700 2000 3000

ER Section of RL-738 (ROM) MR section of RL-748 (ROM) ER section of RL-744(Development) ER Section of RL-738 (ROM) MR section of RL-735 (Development) MR section of RL-748 (ROM)

5. RIPPABILITY CRITERIA The rippability criteria of lumps was presented by Komatsu Company Handbook titled Specifications & Application

Handbook 30th Edition. The rippability of various Komatsu Company make Ripper dozer Models against different P-wave velocities is shown in Figure-6.

MEJ, Vol. 13,

No. 10

23

May 2012

Figure-6. Rippability criteria for different lumps against various seismic velocities (Komatsu Company Handbook Edition 30) According to rippability criteria of rocks given by Komatsu Company Handbook, the Iron Ore lumps are RIPPABLE upto the seismic velocity of 3000 m/s for iron ore application and marginally rippable from the seismic velocity of 3000 m/s to 3500 m/s by Ripper dozer Model D475 Giant Ripper. 6. APPLICATION OF RIPPABILITY CRITERIA TO THE IRON ORE MINE According to Komatsu Company Handbook criteria of rippability, various parts and benches of the mine are classified as Rippable and Marginally rippable as indicated in Table-2.

Table-2. In-situ (field) and laboratory P-wave velocities of hematite rock Test No. 1 2 3 4 Test Site Depth of profiling, m 22 15 17 13 In-situ seismic velocity from refraction survey, m/s 2100 2700 2000 3000 Rippability

ER section of RL-744 (Development) ER Section of RL-738 (ROM) MR section of RL-735 (Development) MR section of RL-748 (ROM)

Rippable Rippable Rippable Rippable

From the Table-2 it is clear that the in-situ seismic velocity all the benches of the Iron Ore mine is below 3000m/s, which is rippable by the Komatsu Ripper dozer Model D475 (Giant Ripper). 7. CONCLUSIONS The following conclusions can be made from the above study: 1. 2. The P-wave velocity for the waste rock is less than the Ore by about 35% The P-wave velocity profiles clearly indicate that all the benches of the Iron Ore Mine are RIPPABLE by the Komatsu Ripper-dozer, Model D475 Giant Ripper as the maximum P-wave velocity observed was below 3000m/s from the hardest section of the mine. The Rippability analysis was conducted up to 35m depth only and similar study should be conducted at depths beyond 35m. No. 10 24 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: The authors are thankful to the mine management for their help and co-operation during the field experiments. They are also grateful to the Director, CIMFR for permitting to present this paper and thanks are due to chair colleagues at CIMFR Regional Centre-I, Nagpur, for their cooperation and help during the studies. The views expressed in the paper are those of the authors and not necessarily be of the organizations they represent. REFERENCES: Atchison, T., 1964, Comparative studies of explosives in granite, Second series of tests, USBM, RI 6434, pp.25-26 May 2012

3.

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Barton, N.., Loset, F., Lien, R. and Lunde, J. 1980, Application of the Q-system in design decisions concerning dimensions and appropriate support for underground installations. Intnatl. Conf. on Sub-surface Space, Rock Store, Stockholm. Sub-Surface Space, 2, pp.553-561. Barton, N.., 2007, Rock Quality, Seismic Velocity, Attenuation and Anisotropy, Taylor &Francis/Balkema Publishers, Netherlands. Dasios, A., McCann, C., Austin, T. R., McCann, D. M. and Fenning, P. 1999, Seismic imaging of the shallow subsurface, Geophys. Prospect., 47, pp.565-591. Hewitt, M., 1980, Seismic data acquisition: Soc. Explor. Geophys. Continuing Education Short Course. Komatsu Company Handbook Edition 30, 2010, pp. IC-14 Mayne, W.H., 1962, Horizontal data stacking techniques: Supplement to Geophysics, 927-937. Miller, R.D., and J. Xia, 1999, Using MASW to map bedrock in Olathe, Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey Open-file Report 99-9. Park, C.B., R.D. Miller, and J. Xia, 1999, Multi-channel analysis of surface waves: Geophysics, 64, 3, 800-808. Persson, P. A., Holmberg, R. and Lee, J., 1994, Rock Blasting and Explosives Engineering, CRC Press Inc., USA, pp. 100. Ramulu, M., Choudhury, P.B. and.Jha, A.K, 2011, Application of MASW method of seismic profiling for rock mass characterisation and blast optimisation at an opencast coal mine, Mining Engineers Journal, March. Vol.12, No. 8, pp.9-17. Singh, S. P., and Xavier, P., 2005, Causes, impact and control of overbreak in under-ground excavations. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, Vol. 20, pp.63-71. Xia, J., R.D. Miller, and C.B. Park, 1999, Estimation of nearsurface shear-wave velocity by inversion of Rayleigh wave: Geophysics, pp.64, 691-700.

ANOUNCEMENT
Rajasthan Chapter- Jaipur, in association with North Zone Chapters (Rajasthan Chapter Udaipur, Rajasthan Chapter- Jodhpur, New Delhi Chapter and Himalayan Chapter) of MEAI proposes to organize a Two- Day National Seminar on Five Eees of MINING (Exploration, Exploitation, Enrichment, Equipment and Environment) on 13th (Saturday) and 14th (Sunday), October 2012 at Indralok Auditorium, Jaipur, Rajasthan. For details contact: Shri P.C. Bakliwal, Secretary, Rajasthan Chapter - Jaipur, Mobile No: 09828668764, Email ID: pc_bakliwal@yahoo.co.in

ANOUNCEMEMENT
The National Council for Cement and Building Materials proposes a Training programme on Advances in Raw Material Evaluation and Mining Techniques and Sustainable Development in Cement Industry during the period 15th to 17th May 2012 at NCB Bhawan, Old Bombay Road, near New Raidurg Police Station, Hyderabad 500 008. The course is intended for Raw Material Technologists, Mine Managers/Engineers, Geologists, Production Engineers and Managers, Quality Control Personnel, Project Managers and Consultants. Fee per participant is Rs. 10,113/- for NCB Member Cement Companies and Rs. 11,036/- for other organizations. Nominations for the training programme are invited. Contact for details: Telephone number: 040-23180439, 23180413 and 23180400, Fax 040-23000343, 23006739, Mobile: 9603564549, Email ID: hyd2_ncbhrc @bsnl.in

L.S. SINHA

OBITUARY

Quotable Quotes
Coming together is a Keeping together is Beginning Progress Success ~ Henry Ford ~
25

MEAI and MEJ regret to inform the sad demise of Shri Sinha L.S. (LM NO: 0144 Barajamda), Past Secretary, MEAI during the period 1984-86. Late Sinha L.S. was a Graduate Mining Engineer with 1st Class Mines Managers Certificate of Competency. He started his carrier with M/S Indian oxygen in Barajamda area, and later joined Tata Steel which he served till retirement. After retirement he settled in New Delhi and expired on 18.03.2012 The MEAI and MEJ convey condolences to the bereaved family of late Sinha L.S. May 2012

Working together is

MEJ, Vol. 13,

No. 10

MEAI NEWS
HEADQUARTERS
1. Launching of New Chapter A meeting was organized by MEAI with the support from M/S. Singareni Collieries Company Ltd at Illendu Club, Godavari Khani, Karimnagar District, AP, for launching the new chapter, Singareni Chapter covering Khammam, Warangal, Karimnagar and Adilabad Districts of Andhra Pradesh. Members from these districts (164) on the rolls of Hyderabad Chapter were diverted to Singareni Chapter. During the meeting Shri S. Narsingrao, IAS, CMD, Singareni Collieries Ltd was the Chief Guest, S/Shri J.V. Dattatreyulu, Director, SCCL and Imtiaz Hussain, DY.D.G. DGMS were the Guests of Honor. About 150 members of MEAI and officers from SCCL attended the meeting The meeting was presided over by Shri A. Manoharrao, Honorary Vice President of Hyderabad Chapter. Shri A.S. Rao, Secretary General, gave a brief history of MEAI and declared the election of Shri J. V. Dattatreyulu, Director SCCL as Chairman of the chapter, Shri A. Manoharrao, Chief General Manager, SCCL as Vice Chairman and Shri K. Laxminarayana, Addl. General Manager, SCCL as the Secretary of the chapter, suggesting the chapter to finalize the other members of the Executive Committee of the Chapter. Shri S. Narsingrao, IAS, the Chief Guest inaugurated the chapter by lighting the traditional lamp and installed the Chairman and Secretary of the Chapter by presenting them the insignia. Shri Dattatreyulu, Chairman, reacting to his election as Chairman, of the Chapter, assured that he would put in all efforts in conducting programmes for the benefit of the industry and individuals. Shri Imtiaz Hussain, the Guest of Honor spoke stressing the need to follow the safety precautions in the mining industry. Shri S. Narsingrao, IAS, Chairman, SCCL, who will be taking over as CMD of Coal India Ltd. was felicitated by MEAI for his guidance, direction and support extended to MEAI from SCCL Ltd. Shri G. S. Chowdary, Secretary, Hyderabad Chapter presented a flower bouquet, Shri G, Jagdeesh, Former Chairman, Hyderabad Chapter felicitated him with a shawl and Shri A.S. Rao, Secretary General presented a memento. Shri Narsingrao in his address appreciated the good work being done by MEAI and expressed the hope that it would continue doing the good work for the benefit of Mining Industry and individuals connected with it. Shri Rao also assured his help to the MEAI in future. All the dignitaries on the dais were presented the mementos MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 10 26 The meeting concluded with the vote of thanks by Shri K. Laxminarayana, Secretary Singarnei Chapter. 2. 5th Council Meeting at Somnath (Veraval, Gujarat): The 5th Council Meeting of MEAI was held at Hotel Lords Inn, Somnath, Gujarat coinciding with the Two Day National Seminar organized by VP Chapter. Nearly 15 Council Members including the President, Vice President I, Vice President II, Secretary General and Jt. Secretary-cumTreasurer attended the Meeting. Dr. S.K. Sarangi, at the outset, congratulated Shri N.K. Nuwal, Chairman and the Executive Committee Members of the Chapter for organizing the Seminar successfully informing that a new Chapter, Singareni Chapter, (the 25th Chapter of MEAI) was launched at Godavari Khani, AP on 10.04.2012 and the Kolkata Chapter was reactivated by electing new Executive Committee on 07.04.2012 at Kolkata. Some important decisions from the meeting are 1. Minutes of the 4th Council Meeting were confirmed. 2. Efforts should be put in to either reactivate the Jabalpur and Rayalaseema Chapters or these chapters may be merged with the adjoining chapters. 3. 27 LM applications were approved. 4. Organizing the AGM of MEAI 2012 at Ahmedabad coinciding with the Workshop/Seminar proposed to be organized by Ahmedabad Chapter during the 2nd week of July 2012. 5. Organizing a One Day Workshop by Ahmedabad Chapter in association with GMDC in December 2012. 6. Organizing a One Day Workshop on Energy Conservation in Mining at Jaisalmer in September 2012 by Jodhpur Chapter. 7. Organizing a Two Day International Conference on Advance Technology in Exploration and Exploitation of Minerals II at Jodhpur in September 2013 by Jodhpur Chapter. The Meeting concluded with the vote of thanks by the Secretary General.

RAJASTHAN CHAPTER JAIPUR

The Chapter organized a Holi Milan of members with their families in Spice Court, Civil Lines, Jaipur on 24.03.2012. Shri P.C. Bakliwal, Secretary of the Chapter informed the members of the developments and progress made in getting the land allotted from Rajasthan Housing Board in the Institutional Area at Jaipur for construction of office for Rajasthan Chapter - Jaipur. Shri Bakliwal conveyed his thanks to the members who have already contributed funds for constructing the office. May 2012

Dr. Virendra Singh, Chairman, Rajasthan Chapter - Jodhpur attended the function as the Chief Guest. Life Member Certificates were handed over to the respective members by the Chief Guest. It was announced by Shri Bakliwal that the Rajasthan Chapter Jaipur would be organizing a Two Day National Seminar on Five Eees of Mining (Exploration, Exploitation, Enrichment, Equipment and Environment) on October 13th and 14th 2012 at Indralok Auditorium, Jaipur, in collaboration with Rajasthan Chapter Udaipur, Rajasthan Chapter Jaipur, New Delhi Chapter and Himalayan Chapter.

The major decisions taken during the meeting are 1. 2. To organize a workshop at Jaisalmer on Energy Conservation in September 2012. To organize an International Conference at Jodhpur in September 2013 on Advance Technology in Exploration and Exploitation of Minerals II

All the members who attended the meeting were presented the mementos. The meeting concluded with the vote of thanks by the Secretary.

Photographs from the AGM

KOLKATA CHAPTER
A Meeting of the members of the Kolkata Chapter was convened in Tolly Club, 120 Deshapran Sasmal Road, Kolkata on 07.04.2012 by Shri Avijit Ghosh, Council Member, MEAI. Nearly 45 members attended the Meeting. Dr. S.K. Sarangi, President MEAI and Shri A. Bagchhi, Vice President I also attended. Dr. Sarangi, at the outset, appreciated the efforts of Shri Avijit Ghosh in convening the meeting of members of Kolkata Chapter and expressed hope that the chapter will be seeing better days in future. Elections for the Executive Body of the Chapter were conducted. Shri M.N. Rai, Director SAIL was elected as the Chairman of the Chapter. Details of election of other Executive Committee members are still awaited. Shri M.N. Rai, Chairman, Calcutta Chapter addressed the gathering and assured that he would do his best in reactivating the activities of the Chapters. The meeting concluded with the vote of thanks by Shri Avijit Ghosh.

Shri Anil Mathur, Vice Chairman Rajasthan ChapterJaipur receiving certificate from Dr. Virendra Singh.

RAJASTHAN CHAPTER- JODHPUR

The 4th Annual General Meeting of the Chapter was held on 25th March 2012 at Hotel Siddarth International, Jodhpur. The Meeting was chaired by Shri S. S. Patel, Vice Chairman. Nearly 30 members including Prof. D. M. Surna, Shri N.S. Bohra, Prof. Sushil Bhandari, Prof. R. L. Bhatiya, Shri V.S. Mathur and Shri K.L. Lunkar attended the meeting. Shri P.C. Purohit, Secretary presented a report on the activities of the chapter during the year. Shri Y. S. Shankla, Treasurer presented the audited accounts of the chapter for the year ending on 31st March, 2010. Some members who spoke on the occasion expressed concern on the difficulties and hurdles being faced by mining industry while implementing the statutes and expressed their readiness to extend necessary help to the industry. Shri S.S. Patel in his address suggested to increase the enrollment of members by the chapter and put in efforts by all the members for allotment of Government land to Jodhpur Chapter for constructing the office building. MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 10 27

HIMALAYAN CHAPTER
Shri V.S. Mathur, Council Member and Former Chairman, Himalayan Chapter, visited Shimla, Himachal Pradesh May 2012

and contacted Shri Arun Sharma, Chairman, Shri Subash Sharma, Former Chairman, Shri Ankur Agarwal, Treasurer and several other important members of Himalayan Chapter with regard to activating the chapter. All the members unanimously agreed to reactivate the chapter during the proposed General Meeting of the Chapter on 22.04.2012. Shri Mathur expressed hope that the Chapter will be revived soon by electing new Executive Committee. The efforts of Shri V.S. Mathur are appreciated.

Shri V. S. Gadhvi, IAS, the Chief Guest in his address referred to the problems being faced by the mining industry and he stressed that mining industry should focus on environmental aspects. Four Technical Sessions followed the Inaugural sessions during 13th and 14th and all the papers generated lot of enthusiasm among the participants. The first days program was followed by 5th Council Meeting of MEAI at the same venue and concluded with dinner hosted by VP Chapter. During the valedictory session on 14.04.2012, Shri S.K. Sarangi, President MEAI was the Chief Guest. Shri N.K. Nuwal, Chairman VP Chapter, presented the salient points from the Technical Presentations on both the days. Shri S.N. Mathur spoke on Learning Lessons and Way Forward. Shri M.S. Nagar and Dr. S.K. Sarangi also spoke. The Seminar concluded with the vote of thanks by Shri P.Sarkar, Vice Chairman, Veraval Porbandar Chapter,MEAI. Photography from the seminar on Page Number 4.

Rajasthan Chapter Udaipur

The eighth Executive Committee Meeting of Rajasthan Chapter Udaipur was held on 5th April 2012 at Udaipur, 11 Members including Vice Chairman, two patrons, Jt. Secretary, Treasurer and Executive Committee members attended the meeting. Shri V. S. Maru, Vice Chairman was in the chair. Important decisions taken during the meeting are: Printing of Special News Letter through advertisements, planning technical activities, electing the New Executive Body, organizing Two Day Seminar at Jaipur jointly with the chapter of Northern Zone and conducting training course for Foremen examination.

ACHIEVEMENT BY MEAI MEMBER

Shri Ramesh Chandra Srivastava, LM No: 158 and Former Council Member of MEAI was conferred with the Life Time Achievement Award for his contribution to the Mining Industry in Eastern Zone of Chaibasa Region, Jarkhand. He was conferred with the award on 20.11.2011. Shri Srivastava served the Steel Authority of India as Executive Director and Bird Group of Companies as Chairman cum Managing Director after entering the industry in the year 1971 After his retirement from the above companies he is presently associated with India Resources Limited, Australia, involved in Green Field underground Coal Projects in India. The MEAI and MEJ congratulate Shri Srivastava on his achievement.

Veraval Porbandar Chapter

The Veraval Porbandar Chapter of MEAI organized a Two Day National Seminar on Environmental and CSR Challenges vis- a-vis New Mining Bill and Land Acquisition Policy on 13th and 14th April 2012 at Lords Inn, Somnath (Veraval), Gujarat. The Seminar was inaugurated by lighting the Traditional Lamp by Shri V.S. Gadhvi, IAS, Managing Director, GMDC the Chief Guest, and releasing the Souvenir brought out on the occasion. Shri N. K. Nuwal, Chairman VP Chapter and the Chairman of the Organizing Committee of the Seminar presented his key note address covering all the themes of the seminar and requested the participants to actively involve in the discussions on the topics of the seminar and help in finalizing the recommendations. Shri. M. S. Nagar, EAC (Mining), MOEF, the Guest of Honor spoke on Environment legislation and related issues stressing that remedies for illegal mining may be found to overcome the present problems, while protecting the flora and fauna. Dr. S.K. Sarangi, President MEAI, in his address, referred to some provisions in the Land Acquisition Bill are pro industry and a few require amendments. MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 10 28

Shri Srivastava (R) receiving the Life Time Achievement Award from Anup Biswas on 20.11.2011 May 2012

MSPL ACTIVITY UNDER CSR

The MSPL Ltd, in association with Bhagwan Mahaveer Viklang Shayatha Samiti, Jaipur, organized a camp under CSR activities for distributing Jaipur feet/limbs and calipers to the disabled persons at Hospet, Karnataka from 21st February to 26th February 2012. Nearly 82 limbs were presented to the disabled in and around Hospet and Koppal Towns and 461 people were extended medical consultations and screening. The programme was aimed at Physical and Socio- Economic Rehabilitation of physically disabled persons to make them lead their lives with dignity in the society. S/Shri Narendra Kumar A. Baldota, CMD, Baldota Group (MSPL), Shri Amlan Aditya Biswas, IAS, Deputy Commissioner of Bellary and Padma Bhushan D.R. Mehta, IAS (rtd) were present during the distribution ceremony and appreciated the commendable work being carried out by Baldota Group (MSPL) under Corporate Social Responsibility activities.

OBITUARY
Dr. B. P. Radhakrishna is no more. The MEAI and MEJ regret to inform the sad demise of Dr. B. P. Radhakrishna, Former Director, Directorate of Mines and Geology, Karnataka on 26.01.2012 at Bangalore. Late Dr. B. P. Radhakrishna, born on 30.04.1918 completed his B.Sc Honors and joined Geology Department of Mysore in 1937 as Field Assistant, reached the position of Director in 1965 and retired in 1974. Dr. Radhakrishna had a brilliant academic carrier securing 1st class and receiving Gold Medal while pursuing his Honors Degree. He received his Doctorate in the year 1954. During his service with Mysore Geology Department he took active part in founding the Geological Society of India and played an important role in starting Chitradurga Copper Company which he served in later years as Chairman and Managing Director, he also guided Karnataka Copper Consortium as its CMD. He was the recipient of the following awards for his memorable contribution to Geology and Mining Industry in the country: 1. Padmashri from Government of India in 1991 2. National Mineral Award in the year 1971 by Government of India 3. Sir M.Visweraya Award in 1996 4. National Mineral Award Excellence 2000 in 2002 5. Jawahar Lal Nehru Centenary Award in 2007. He was also known for his authoring the following books in Kannada and English: 1. Nanna Thande -Biographical Account of his father in Kannada - 1949 2. Biography of B. G. L. Swamy - 1985 3. Biography of Sir C. V. Raman in Kannada 1988 4. Text Book on Geology of Karnataka 1994 5. Sahitya Academy Award for Biography on Darwin in 1995 6. Sahitya Academy Award for Biography on Madam Curie1999 7. Biography of Einstein in Kannada - 2000 He received the following during his illustrious carrier: 1. Fellowship of the Indian Academy of Sciences 1956 2. Fellowship of the National Academy 1972 3. Rajyotsava Award from Karnataka state - 1974 4. Fellowship of Geological Society London - 1986 He visited US (North Carolina University) at Chappel Hill to attend the seminar on Geology of South Asia.

Shri Narendra A. Baldota overseeing the distribution of limbs during the ceremony

Quotable Quotes
Youth is a Blunder Manhood is a Struggler Old age is a Regret

~ Benjamin Disaeli ~

He was appointed as Advisor to the Government of Karnataka on Ground Water Resources. It is very difficult to fill in the void created by the death of Dr. Radhakrishna. The best way of paying tributes to the departed soul is to follow footprints left by him. The MEAI and MEJ deeply condole the death of Dr. Radhakrishna.

Success is growing from failure to failure. Without loss of enthusiasm.

MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 10

~ Winston Churchil ~

29

May 2012

RATING OF BASE & RESIDUAL RISK FOR APPLYING RISK CONTROL MEASURES
B.ARUNACHALAM, MGVTS, HOSPET For implementing Safety Management System all performed activities are to be identified. An activity flow chart that starts from, marking of overall and annual stripping limit and ends at the last activity of dispatch, should be made. In its path it should also cover activities that are outsourced inside the mine (egs. OEM jobs on contract or outsourced and performed outside the mine that will have bearing for safety inside the mine like fabrication of parts in outside facility). Procedure for procurement should also be included as an activity as, the performance of equipment will have direct bearing on safety. Once activities are identified they should be classified location-wise or equipment-wise or activity-wise. Purpose of this is to ensure that all jobs are covered under hazard identification and later control measures application. These should be dissected to as small components as possible. Success of implementation will depend upon the fineness of dissection. (Annexure 1). Each such component should be gone into in detail for the risk assessment by assigning proper numerical value for probability, exposure and consequence, as given in DGMS circular 13 of 2002 (See table below). Assigning values should have consensus of the team and should not be unilateral. Similarly control measures should be practicable, adoptable, convenient, cost effective and understandable by those who execute it. Control measures should not be used to settle intradepartmental or personal scores. Should it be necessary, training by OEM or training centers should be included. A control measure that is not properly executed can by itself become a hazard and may have higher risk rate than without it. Hazards: Source of potential harm, injury or loss Risk: Combination of the likelihood of a specific unwanted event and the potential consequences if it occurs. Risk score = Consequence X Probability X Exposure Maximum Rating = 500Risk >_20to be referred to management for action

Assessment of the Risk Rating

Rating for the variables as per Directorate General of Mines Safety Consequence Several Dead One Dead Significant chance of fatality One Permanent Disability Smnall chance of fatality Many lost time injuries One lost time injury Small injury Exposure 5 Continuous 1 Frequent (Daily) 0.3 Seldom (Weekly) Probability 10 Expected / almost 5 Quite Possible / likely 3 Unusual but possible 2.5 Only remotely possible 2 Conceived but unlikely 1.5 Practically impossible 0.5 Virtually impossible 0.02 Risk Rating: It is the category or level or risk assigned following risk assessment (eg. High, Medium, Low) 10 7 3 2 1 0.5 0.1

0.1 Unusual (Monthly) 0.1 Occasional (Yearly) 0.01 Once in 5 years 0.001 Once in 10 years 0.0001 Once in 100 Years

Risk Assessment: It is a process that involves measurement of risk to determine priorities and to enable identification of appropriate level of risk treatment

barunachalam43@gmail.com
MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 10 30 May 2012

Risk Control: It is implementation of strategies to prevent or control hazards Hierarchy of Control (Risk Control Measures) Elimination: Removal to eliminate the hazard completely (100%) Substitution: Replacement with less hazardous material, substance or process (75%) Separation: Isolating the hazard from person by guarding, space or time separation (50%) Administration: Adjusting the time or conditions of risk exposures (30%) Training: Improving skills making tasks less hazardous to persons involved (20%) Personal protective equipment: Used as the last resort to appropriately designed and properly fitted equipment where other controls are not practicable (5%) Base & Residual Risk Base Risk Assessment ignores existing controls and therefore, evaluates the inherent risk associated with an activity or situation. Base risk assessment is used to identify whether an activity or situation has sufficient level of associated risk to merit its management through safety management system (i.e. responsibilities allocated, performance monitored & audited, performance recorded, training given etc.) Residual Risk Assessment Residual risk assessment takes into account the level of risk while the activity is under the control of the organization. Residual risk is therefore, used to measure how well an activity or situation is managed. Where the level of residual risk is unacceptably high, controls need to be modified or the risk eliminated. This type of risk assessment is often used to identify objectives for improvement of system. Hazards and their base risk ratings are arranged in descending order. For each risk all possible control measures are to be identified and after applying control measures, residual risk is to be worked out. Residual risk may or may not be in descending order. Where activities have overlapping tendency (Egs. loading by excavator takes both excavator as well as dumper operation) impact of one control measure on the other needs to be assessed. The most practical measures that would bring residual risk within tolerable zones will determine the acceptability or otherwise MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 10 31

of the control measure; ideal being bringing the risk rating to trivial level. Values for consequence, probability and exposure are site specific Egs Hauling load down gradient could be in a Hilly terrain or from top bench to lower levels say back filling The area having high rainfall and monsoon or low rainfall area and monsoon, Foggy atmosphere, Slippery haul road due to poor load bearing capacity of floor below or due to rains or due to tread pattern and mud clogging. Type of material handled (large boulders/aggregate of fines and medium sized stones/ silt accumulated at pit) Technical caliber of man power for operation (selection of gear ratio) Technical back up and repair facility, repair by OEM on outsourcing and if so, overriding clauses or passing buck situations Condition of equipment old/new/ state of the art Thus, activity remaining constant, values would vary. Values so assigned should be accepted by all in the team. If residual risk falls in moderate or substantial category, efforts should be made to further reduce the risk and risk reduction control measures implemented. The aim of control measures would be ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Acceptable) If activity is unavoidable, an emergency procedure to meet eventualities called Emergency Management Plan (EMP) is to be made. This should clearly specify the unsafe conditions that would exist, precautions to be adhered and reasons for failure of control measures and indicators that would warn for abandoning such activity (triggers). Egs Handling of silt from pit bottom that could slide and engulf loading machine. Pre closure activities and reduction in bench width that could effect on slope stability, unloading of waste in water logged area The values that are assigned cannot be universal therefore, categorizing as trivial, tolerable, moderate etc also will depend upon site variables. Categorisation will depend upon rating and rating will intern depends upon site based perception by the team Exercises like monitoring and fine tuning would follow. These exercises are not one time affair but are continuous and get honed over a period of time May 2012

Risk based control plan Risk level Action and time scale TRIVIAL TOLERABLE No action is required and no documentary record needs to be kept. No additional controls are required. Consideration may be given to a more cost effective solution or improvement that impulses no additional cost burden. Monitoring is required to ensure that the controls are maintained. Efforts should be made to reduce the risk. But the cost on prevention should be carefully measured and limited. Risk reduction measures should be implemented.

In case of risk of wheel loader while loading is to be worked out, a combined risk rate would come in and the higher value risk will have to be taken into consideration first and lower one later. While wheel loader is engaged as LHD for feeding crusher, impact on crusher also would need to be taken into consideration. Similarly if size of fragment and effect on loading as well as hauling unit is to be considered ,fly rock risk due over charge and excess throw is also to be worked out, Thus risk rating should not be done in isolation. Conclusion. Identifying hazard, assessing risk and applying control measures go a long way in the making the mine personal aware of the hazards and risk involved therein. Ignorance of these is a major contributor to accidents. A goal setting or self regulatory process always has better participation as compared to prescriptive legislation. Reference
Sharma Deepak, Identification of Hazard assessing of risk and rating of base residual risk, applying control measures- Major activity operation of wheel loader paper presented in workshop on Safety management system. Held at Bagalkot, Karnataka, March 2012 Arunachalam. B, & Nagesh Shenoy, Safety Management System, paper published in Mining Engineers Journal, Jan April 2012.

MODERATE

SUBSTANTIAL Work should not be started until the risk has been reduced. Considerable resources may have to be allocated to reduce the risk. Where the risk involves work in progress, urgent action should be taken. INTOLERABLE Work should not be started or continued until the risk has been reduced. If it is not possible to reduce the risk the activity should be suspended A small workout for a few activities connected with wheel loader is made and is indicated at Annexures 2 & 3.

(Annexure 1)
Hazard identification could be (a) activity based, or (b) location based or (c)equipment based or any other method acceptable by all in the team. The object is to ensure that it covers all hazards. Major Activity 1 2 3 Major Location Equipments

Clearing of Bushes etc in virgin All activities on waste benches above All activities where Explosives van, ground surrounding ground level Exploders etc are involved. Clearing top uneven ground Levelling for drilling on waste All activities on ore benches above All activities where Drill machine/ surrounding ground level Compressor is engaged All activities on waste benches below All activities where road grader is surrounding ground level includeing engaged dewatering All activities on ore benches below All activities where maintenance surrounding ground level including service vehicles are engaged dewatering All activities connected with unloading All activities where wheel loader is ore engaged 32 May 2012

Drill in waste for Blasting

Blasting waste

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6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Load waste haul waste dump waste Drill in ore for quality check Drill in ore for production Blasting ore Load ore Haul ore Unload process plant Dewatering of Mine Stores &Purchase

All activities connected to unloading All activities where light vehicles are ore engaged All activities connected to loosening All activities where maintenance of of ore/ waste for handling equipment is carried out All activities in crawler maintenance All activities where Dozer is engaged shop All activities in HEMM maintenance All activities where generators is shop engaged All activities in electrical maintenance All activities where dumpers are shop engaged All activities connected with road All activities where Excavator is maintenance engaged All activities maintenance connected dump All activities of rock breaker is deployed.

All activities connected with monsoon preparation All activities connected environmental protection to

All material management activities that will have impact All activities station in priming /mixing

Each major component should be dissected to as small as possible and then subjected to risk assessment etc.

Annexure 2
Few Hazards and consequence Activity Access to Cabin Loader Movement Driving on Haul roads Driving on Haul roads Working under huge stocks / dumps Towing hazards MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 10 Risk Slipping and falling while climbing ladder- head/spine injury Collision with other vehicles at parking area- fatal Collision due to sharp bends Accident due to brake failure- Fatal Loss of Operator / machine- fatal Persons trapped between equipment -- Fatal / Serious 33 May 2012

Annexure 3
Table showing base risk, control measures and residual Risk
Treatment Control options (Ref Control Hierarchy) Base Risk Residual Risk Acceptability of residual risk Responsibility Target date

Consequence

Consequence 0.1

Risk Source

Hazard Identified

Driving on Haul roads 10 poor visibility in turning -collision

10

100

1)Elimination Remove sharp 0.5 corner 2)Separation Provision of 2 one way traffic

0.001

Risk Source

Probability

Probability

Exposure

Exposure

Acceptable

Manager

5 0.5 5 3 5

0.01 0.001 1 1 0.1

1 0.001 15 21 1

Acceptable Acceptable Not Acceptable Rejected Acceptable

Asst Manager Asst Manager VT Officer Asst. Manager VT officer Mech Engineer Manager

Working under huge 7 stocks / Dumps collapse

10

70

1)Elimination Cut dump ht to 2 bucket reach 2) Training Look out for 3 collapse, 3)Admin Fence areas 7

Driving on Haul roads- 10 Brake failure -toppling/ collision

50

1) Separation Provision one 2 way, escape lane, runaway embankment 2) Training with simulator for 3 reflex 3)Admin Only preventive maintenance 7 0.1

5 5 2

0.1 01. 1

1.5 3.5 0.02

Acceptable Not Acceptable Acceptable

Dumper Collision with 10 wheel loader in Parking area

50

1) Elimination Provision independent park lot

2) Separation Marked area 2 parking lot 3) Training with simulator for 3 reflex 4) Admin Erect caution boards 5 Attaching of 7 Compressor/ drill- man crushed 5 1 35 7

2 2 2.5 2

1 1 1 0.1

4 6 17.5 0.1

Acceptable Not Acceptable Rejected Acceptable

Asst manager VT officer Asst manager Top Mgmt Manager Engineer

1) Elimination. Permanent 0.5 location or Self propel of equipment 2)Substitution Lift crane and shift with 2

2.5 2.5

0.1 0.1

0.5 1.75

Acceptable with care Acceptable with supervision Not Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable

3) Separation Use turn buckle 7 for inching and putting pin 4)Administration Use spotter 7 for reversing 6 Access to Cabin slip and fall 7 5 0.1 3.5 1)Training 3 Point contact 3

2.5 5 5

0.3 0.1 0.1

5.25 1.5 1

Asst manager VT officer Engineer

2) Admin House keeping 2 clean steps , handle etc

Note: - The above score is arbitrary and to be used as a guide only. Actual at site would vary MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 10 34 May 2012

International Chair Dr. Raj Singhal, Canada Email: singhal@shaw.ca Co-Chairs Prof. AK. Ghose, India Prof. Kostas Fytas, Canada Dr. Petr Sklenicka, Czech Republic Prof. Zhenqi Hu, China Prof. Anil K. Mehrotra. Canada Corninittee Members Prof. C. Avila. Argentina, Dr. Ian S Lowndes. England, Prof. Sukumar Bandopadhyay,U.S.A., Dr. David Boadi, Canada, Dr. Z. Bzowski, Poland, Prof. Raimondo Ciccu, Italy, Dr. Carmen Mihaela Neculita, Korea, Dr. Michael Hitch, Canada, Prof. Carsten Drebenstedt, Germany, Prof. Josee. Duchesne,Canada, Prof. Sevket Durucan, England, Dr. Iranildes Daniel dos Santos, Brazil, Ms. Yanhua (Helen) Fu, China, Dr. Lidia Gawlik, Poland, Prof. Martin J. Haigh, England, Prof. Ge Hao, China, Prof. Ferri Hassani, Canada, Prof. Mikael Hilden, Finland, Dr. Noune. Melkoumian, Australia, Prof. Gurdeep Singh. India, Dr. Anna Korre, England, Prof. Anders Lagerkvist, Sweden, Prof. Per Nicolai Martens, Germany, Prof. Giorgio Massacci. Italy, Dr. A.K. Nanda. India, Dr. Maria Menegaki, Greece, Prof. Toyoharu Nawa, Japan, Dr. Antonio Nieto, U.S.A., Dr. Bernadette O'Regan, Ireland, Prof. Daniele Peila. Italy, Dr. Emilie Pecharova, Czech Republic, Ms. Ana de Guzman Baez, Spain, Prof. Bibhu Mohanty, Canada, Dr. Chris Reardon, U.K, Prof. Semyon Shkundin, Russia, Ms. M. Singhal. Canada, Prof. Svetlana V. Yefremova, Kazakhstan, Prof. A. B. Szwilski, U.S.A., Dr. Marie Vrbova, Czech Republic, Prof. Chunxia Wang, China, Dr. Young Wook Cheong, South Korea, Prof. Mauricio L Torem, Brazil, Ms. Richa Shukla, Australia, Mr. Martin Kabma, Czech Republic, Prof. Tuncel M. Yegulalp, U.S.A., Dr. Gerald J. Zagury, Canada, Prof. Lizhong Zhu. China
Important Dates

Call for papers

ORGANIZED BY Department of Landscape Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Czech Republic; Faculty of Agriculture University of South Bohemia, Czech Republic; ; The International Journal of Mining, Reclamation and Environment; The Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Universite Canada; National Technical University of Athens, Atilim University, Turkey; University of Cagliari, Italy; Centre for Environmental Engineering Research and Education (CEERE), University of Calgary, Canada; Tallinn University of Technology, Department of Mining, Estonia; Institute of Land Reclamation and Ecological Restoration, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, China; Columbia University, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA; Curtin University of Technology, Australia; Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London; Lulea University of Technology Sweden; Faculty of Geoengineering, Mining and Geology, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland; Hokkaido University, Mineral Resources Engineering Department, Japan; Finnish Environment Institute (SYE), Finland, Mining Engineering Department, Istanbul University, Turkey; Department of Mining University of British Columbia; SYMPOSIUM THEMES D Environmental Impacts of Coal-Fired Power Projects D Environmental Impact Assessment and related national international case histories D Mining and Reclamation/Rehabilitation in Context of Landscape Ecology D Ecological Impact Assessment, Rehabilitation and Pollution Control D Water Management in Post-Mining Sites D Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology D Environmental Issues in Deep Mining- Mine Ventilation, Refrigeration and Worker Health Protection D Sustainable Development for Mineral and Energy Industries-national perspectives D Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): Energy and Mineral Production Operations D Rem ediation of Contaminated Mine Area :Soil and Groundwater D Health Hazard and Safety Issues in Small-Scale Mining D Environmental Issues in Surface and Underground Mining of metalliferous, coal, uranium, industrial minerals. D Occupational Health, Safety, Rehabilitation of Mineworkers, and Re-use of Depleted Mine Sites D Control of Effluents from Mineral Processing, Metallurgical and Chemical Plants D Emerging Technologies for Environmental Protection D Mine Site Closure and Rehabilitation D Computer Modeling, Optimization and Applications D Geographical Information Systems(GIS) and Remote Sensing D Reliability of Waste Containment Structures, Tailings Treatment, Recycle, Disposal, and Decommissioning. D Tailings Recycling for New Construction Materials( Controlled Low strength MaterialsCLSM etc)

For further information please contact: Dr. Raj Singhal or Conference Organizers The Reading Matrix Inc Email: editors@readingmatrix.com

June 30, 2012 Receipt of abstracts July 16, 2012 Notification of Paper acceptance September 15, 2012 Deadline for camera-ready manuscripts

Please register and submit abstracts online at: http://www.mpes-cami-swemp.com

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conferences, seminars, workshops etc.,

INDIA 2011 4 - 5 May 2012 : "MineTech' 11 workshop" (Exploration, Eploitation, Equipment, Safety and Environment), Organised by the Indian Mining and Engineering Journal-Dept. of Mining Engineering, NIT, Rourkela. Contact: Prof. S. Jayanthu, Email: sjayanthu@ rediffmail.com/i.me.journal@hotmail.com 11 - 12 May 2012 : 12th Annual Symposium on New Equipment, New Technology management and Safety in Mines at Bhubaneshwar by Geomin Tech, contact : Shri J.K. Hota, Cell: 093373 00818 / 099374 97760, Email: hotaeditor@sify.com 30 August - 1 September 2012 : "Mining Exploration Convention and Trade Show" at Bangalore. Contact: Federation of Indian Mineral Industries, New Delhi. Tel.: 011-26814592-96, Fax: 011-26814594, Email: ptpl@fedmin.com 22 - 23 September 2012 : National seminar on "Mining and Community Welfare" organised by Society of Geoscientists and Allied Technologists" at Bhubaneshwar, Odisha. For details contact: B.K. Mohanty (Cell: 09437355664, Email: bkmohanty@ mail.com) or B. C. Patnaik (Cell: 09437279417) 13 - 14 October 2012 : National seminar on "Five Eees" (Exploration, Exploitation, Enrichment, Equipment and Environment) at Jaipur, Rajasthan. For details contact: P.C. Bakliwal (Cell: 09828668764, Email: pc_bakliwal@ yahoo.co.in) 28 - 30 November 2012 : 13th International Symposium on Environment Issues and Waste Management in Energy and Mineral Production at New Delhi, India. Contact : Dr. Raj Singhal, Email: editors@readingmatrix.com 7 - 8 December 2012 : International conference on "Energy and Environmental Issues" at Hotel Pride, New Town, Kolkata, for details visit www.eenf2012. com Abroad 2011 30 April - 3 May 2012 : "Off-Shore Technology Conference (OTC)" at Houston, Texas, USA. visit www.otcnet.org/2012 9 - 12 May 2012 : Seminar on "Metal + Metallurgy, China" at Beijing, China. For details visit : www.orbitstar.com 5 - 6 June 2012 : 3rd International Conference on "Processing of Industrial Minerals & Coal 12" (PIMC 12); Istanbul, Turkey; Organised by : MEI in consultation with Prof. Guven Onal. Contact person Dr. Barry Wills; Website; http;//www.min-eng.com/pimc12/ index.gtnk; Deadline for abstracts/proposals; Not available; Check the event website for latest details. 10 -13 June 2012 : 4th International Conference on Process Development in Iron and Steelmaking; Organised by MEFOS - Metallurgical Research Institute AB; Contact person: Lotti Jarlebro; P.O. Box 812 SE971 25, Lulea, Sweden; email: <lotti.jarlebro@mefos. se> or Karein Edfast, Information coordinator. P.O. Box 812 SE-971 25, Lulea, Sweden, Email : <Karin. edfast@mefos.se>; web: <www.scanmet.info>. 2 - 10 August 2012 : 34th International Geological Congress : Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Theme : Unearthing our Past and Future; Organised by : Australian Geoscience Council; Contact person : Liz Cuffe; Website : http://www.34igc.org; Deadline for abstracts/proposals: Not available; Check the event website for latest details. 18 - 19 September 2012 : Seminar on "Water in Mining 2012" Brisbane, Queensland, Visit : www. ausimm.com.au 20 - 29 November 2012 : "10th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentati on by Blasting" at New Delhi, Contact : Dr. Pradeep K. Singh, Tel.: +91326-2296028, Fax: +91-326-296211, Email: pradeep. cimfr@yahoo.com, Website: www.fragblast10.org

Printed by A.S. Rao, Secretary General, Mining Engineers Association of India, Published by A.S. Rao, Secretary General, on behalf of Mining Engineers Association of India and printed at Deepu Printers at 5-8-352, Raghav Ratna Towers (Ground Floor), Chirag Ali Lane, Abids, Hyderabad - 500 001. and published at 5-8-352, Raghav Ratna Towers (Ground Floor), Chirag Ali Lane, Abids, Hyderabad - 500 001. Editor : V.K. Verma

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Regd. with RNI R.No. 71519/99

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