CARIBBEAN

HISTORY SYNOPSIS &

LESSONS

A summary of the island nations geographically known as the “Caribbean”.

The Caribbean History Synopsis and Lessons Ebook was complied and prepared by
Mrs. R Cecilia Askew, Teacher at Creative Vision Christian Academy for high school
students. It is to be used as a supplement to the general history lessons approved by
the Bahamas Ministry of Education. Data and information was obtained from the various
agencies like the Caribbean Community [CARICOM] Secretariat
[http://www.caricom.org/index.jsp] and Political Database of The Americas
[http://pdba.georgetown.edu/] and OAS.

@2008

Caribbean History Synopsis and lessons is a supplement to the general history lessons
for high school students as an elective. Students will be given basic information on each
island nation during regular class lessons. Extra Credit will be given to those students
who complete essays on more than one of the island nations.

Exercises:

1. Research the following and prepare an essay of 150 words or more on one of the
Caribbean Islands. The essay should include the following information:
Indigenous people
National Anthem –History of
National Sport
National Symbols
Country Motto
Official Language
Dialect[s] of the island
Native Foods [fruits, vegetables, meats etc.]
National Holidays
Principal Religion

2. Students are to gather information on alliances and partnerships that each island
nation has for the purposes of trade and industry [OAS, CARICOM, OES ACP, etc.] An
essay of 150 words or more should be prepared.

3. From the list of persons provided, research the information on one or more of the
individuals and prepare an essay for presentation to the class.

Materials: Computer with Internet Access

Library
Copy of Caribbean Historical Facts Ebook
Other Resources

Anguilla: In 1493, Christopher Columbus sighted the island and named it for its eel-like
shape: Anguilla means "eel" in Spanish. No attempt was made to colonize it, perhaps

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due to the notoriously fierce, warlike Caribs, who knew the island as Malliouhana, [the
Carib word for eel], who controlled it. The Caribs, a tribe of cannibals, had captured the
island from the peaceful Arawak tribe and had completely eradicated them. English
settlers arrived from nearby St. Kitts in 1650, followed by Irish invaders in 1688. Fleeing
from Cromwell and religious persecution, they sought and found in Anguilla a faraway
British territory in which they could live peacefully. This settlement is today known as
Island Harbour. The French made two unsuccessful attempts to invade the island in
1745 and 1796. Thereafter, the island was left in peace. Anguilla became a Dependent
Territory of the United Kingdoms of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1969.
Head of Government: Alan Eden Huckle, Governor
Head of State: Hon. Osborne, B. Flemming, Chief Minister

Antigua & Barbuda: Columbus landed on Antigua in 1493 and named the island after
the church of Santa Maria de la Antigua in Seville, Spain. It was colonised by the English
in 1632 and apart from a brief French occupation in 1667, remained British until
becoming an 'Associated State' in 1967. The islands attained full independence on
November 1, 1981. In the late 18th century the islands served as a major naval dockyard
for the British fleet in the Eastern Caribbean.
Governor General: Dame Louise Lake-Tack
Prime Minister: Hon. Winston Baldwin Spencer

Aruba: Aruba is an island in the Caribbean Sea, north of Venezuela. It was discovered
and claimed for Spain in 1499. In 1636 the Dutch acquired the island. Aruba seceded
from the Netherlands Antilles in 1986 and became a separate, autonomous member of
the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Movement toward full independence was halted at
Aruba's request in 1990.
Head of Government: Fredis Refundjol, Governor
Head of State: Nelson O. Oduber, Prime Minister

The Bahamas: An archipelago state which lies approximately 50 miles off the coast of
Florida in the United States. It extends over 750 miles Southeasterly along the coast of
Cuba to within 60 miles of Haiti and West of Turks and Caicos Islands. Although the
archipelago comprises about 100,000 square miles with more than 4,000 islands, islets
and cays, it is commonly known as the country of 700 islands. Was controlled by Spain
from late 1400’s to 1600’s. The islands were colonised by the English in the 16th
century and was a British Crown Colony from 1717 until internal self-rule in 1964. It
gained independence on 10 July 1973. Has one of the oldest constitutional
parliamentary systems, which is over 250 years old. [1728] The first Governor was
Woodes Rogers from 1728-1732.
Governor General: Hon. Arthur D. Hanna
Prime Minister: Hon. Hubert Ingraham

Barbados: First sighted by the Portuguese, but settled by the English in 1627 and
remained a British colony until independence in 1966. Barbados has the third oldest
constitutional parliamentary system. [1639] Most easterly of the Caribbean islands,
approximately 120 km (75 mi) from Saint Lucia and 399 km (200 mi) northeast of
Trinidad and Tobago. Dame Nita Barrow was Barbados' first female Governor-General.
Governor General: H.E. Sir Clifford Husbands, GCMG, KA.
Prime Minister: Hon. David John Thompson
Belize: Located on the Caribbean coast of Central America with Mexico bordering on the
north and part of the west and Guatemala on the southwest. Belize is known to have

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been part of the Mayan empire of Central America, which flourished between 300 and
900 AD. The country changed hands between Spain and Britain from the early 1600s
until 1862 when the country became known as British Honduras. The country was
renamed Belize in 1973 and gained independence in 1981.
Governor General: H.E. Sir Colville N. Young Sr., GCMG, MBE, PhD
Prime Minister: Hon. Dean Oliver Barrow

Bermuda: Has the oldest constitutional parliamentary system. [01-08-1620] Bermuda

was first settled in 1609 by shipwrecked English colonists headed for Virginia. Tourism to
the island first developed in Victorian times, and continues to be important to the island's
economy, although international business has overtaken it in recent years. Bermuda has
developed into a highly successful offshore financial centre. A referendum on
independence was defeated in 1995. [Associated Member of Caricom]
Head of Government: Sir John Vereker, Governor
Head of State: The Hon. Dr. Ewart F. Brown, JP, MP

British Virgin Islands: The British Virgin Islands (BVI) archipelago is comprised of
approximately sixty (60) islands, rocks and cays. These islands are located in the
northeastern Caribbean Sea between 18° 20' North Latitude and 64° 30' West
Longitude. The BVI is situated 60 miles East of Puerto Rico and North East of the USVI
at the Eastern end of the Greater Antilles. Caribs and Arawaks originally inhabited the
territory. In 1648, the Dutch established the first permanent European Community. In
1666, British planters took control of the islands, which became a British colony in 1672.
A ministerial system of government was introduced in 1967. [Associate member of
Caricom]
Head of Government: His Excellency David Peary, Governor
Head of State: Hon. Ralph Telford O'Neal, OBE, Premier

Cayman Islands: Island group in Caribbean Sea, nearly one-half of the way from Cuba
to Honduras [19 30 N, 80 30 W]. The Cayman Islands were colonised from Jamaica by
the British during the 18th and 19th centuries. Administered by Jamaica from 1863, they
remained a British dependency after 1962 when the former became independent.
[Associate member of Caricom]
Head of Government: W. McKeeva Bush
Head of State: Bruce Dinwiddy, Governor

Dominica: Dominica was occupied first by the Amerindians. It was sighted and named
by Christopher Columbus in 1493. The island changed hands several times in the 18th
century, but it finally became British in 1805. It was joined to the Leeward, then the
Windward Islands, and achieved separate status in 1960. Dominica became a British
Associate State in 1967, and gained independence on November 3, 1978. The most
northerly and largest of the Windward Islands situated between Guadeloupe to the north,
and Martinique to the south.
Head of State: H.E. Dr. Nicholas Joseph Orville Liverpool, DAH, President
Prime Minister: Hon. Roosevelt Skerritt

Dominican Republic: The Dominican Republic shares two-thirds of the island of

Hispaniola, [Haiti the remainder] and was originally occupied by Tainos, an Arawak-
speaking people. The Tainos welcomed Columbus in his first voyage in 1492 after his
initial landing on San Salvador in The Bahamas. Subsequent colonisers however, were

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brutal, reducing the Taino population from about 1 million to about 500 in 50 years. The
In 1503 the Spanish brought African slaves to the island as labourers for plantations.
In the next century, French settlers occupied the western end of the island, which Spain
gave to France in 1697, and which today is known as the Republic of Haiti. From 1822-
1844 the island was held by the Haiti when forces led by Juan Pablo Duarte, the hero of
Dominican Independence drove them out and established the Dominican Republic as an
independent state. In 1861, the Dominicans voluntarily returned to the Spanish Empire.
Due to the threat of European intervention, and ongoing internal disorders the U.S.
occupied the island in 1916 with the establishment of a military government. The
occupation ended in 1924, with a democratically elected Dominican Government.
President: Leonel Fernández
Vice-President: Rafael Alburquerque

French Guiana: Before the first Europeans arrived, there was no written history in the
territory. It was originally inhabited by a number of Native American peoples, among
them the Carib, Arawak, Emerillon, Galibi, Palikour, Wayampi [also known as Oyampi]
and Wayana. The first Europeans arrived in the expeditions of Columbus in 1498.
Government: An Overseas Department of France

Grenada: Affectionately known as the “Spice Island” it is the most southerly of the
Windward Islands, 135 km (83.8 miles) north of Trinidad and Tobago. Columbus landed
on the island in 1498. In 1650 the French settled on the island. The French and British
alternately ruled it until 1783. The island was ceded to the British under the Treaty of
Versailles and was joined to the Windward Islands in 1833. It was a part of the West
Indies Federation during the period 1958-62. On 7 February 1973 the island nation
gained independence. An Internal coup in 1983 toppled the Maurice Bishop
Government, which had to power in 1979. Accordingly an interim government prepared
the way for the 1984 elections.
Governor General: H.E. Sir Daniel Williams, GCMG, QC
Prime Minister: Hon. Tillman Thomas

Guadeloupe: Guadeloupe is another island that was discovered by Columbus on his

second journey to the New World in 1493. Its name was given in honour of the
monastery of S. Maria de Guadalupe at Estremadura in Spain. In 1635 L'Olive and
Duplessis took possession of it in the name of the French Company of the Islands of
America. Guadeloupe has been a French possession since 1635. The island of Saint
Martin is shared with the Netherlands; its southern portion is named Sint Maarten and is
part of the Netherlands Antilles and its northern portion is named Saint-Martin and is part
of Guadeloupe.
Government: An Overseas Department of France

Guyana: The island nation of Guyana is located on the northern coast of the South
American continent bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the north, Brazil to the southwest,
Suriname to the east and Venezuela to the northwest. Originally inhabited by
Amerindians, Guyana was settled by the Dutch in the 16th century. The country changed
hands between the Dutch, British and French from the late 16th to early 19th century,
and finally relinquished to Great Britain in 1814. Independence was achieved in 1966
and in 1970 became the Cooperative Republic of Guyana.
Head of Government: H. E. Bharrat Jagdeo, President

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Haiti: Haiti is 80% mountainous country and is located on the Western half of the island
previously known as Hispaniola, 80 km east of Cuba and 750 miles southeast of Miami
(Florida). [The Dominican Republic occupies the Eastern two-thirds of Hispaniola]
Columbus encountered the island of Hispaniola, populated by Arawak Indians in 1492
[after landing first on the island of San Salvador in The Bahamas]. The Spaniards
brought the first African slaves to the island in 1503. However, in 1967 the colony was
given over to France. Haiti is the world's first "Black Republic" and the second oldest
republic in the Western Hemisphere.
Head of Government: Rene Garcia Preval, President

Jamaica: Located in the Caribbean Sea, 145 km (90 miles) south of Cuba and 160 km
(100 miles) west of Haiti, Jamaica was first settled by Amerindians. Columbus visited the
island in 1494. Before becoming a British sugar colony, the island was under Spanish
control from 1509-1655. During the social unrest of the 1930s, two major political parties
were formed - the Jamaica Labour Party (JLP) by Alexander Bustamante, and the
People's National Party (PNP) by Norman Manley. The country gained independence in
1962. The PNP instituted a democratic socialist government from 1974-80, and the JLP
established free-enterprise government from 1980.
Governor General: H.E. Professor Kenneth O. Hall, O.N., O.J.
Prime Minister: Hon. Orette Bruce Golding

Martinque: Located in the Eastern Caribbean Sea, Martinique is an overseas

department of France. As with other islands in the Caribbean region, the island was
populated by Arawaks. Columbus discovered the island in 1502. France however,
colonized the island in 1635 by Pierre Belain d' Esnambuc. The first European colonists
arrived about the middle of 17th century and quickly developed the sugar cane culture
resorting to the African labour. This status remained until the official abolition of slavery,
April 27, 1848, by the Republic. In 1802, Napoleon Bonaparte restored slavery giving
rise to ceaseless wars between English and French. France won and the abolition of
slavery is once again proclaimed. More than 70.000 slaves were released.
Since 1946, Martinique has belonged to the French overseas departments.
Regional President: Alfred Marie Jeanne

Montserrat: One of the Leeward Islands in the West Indies, 40 km (25 miles) southwest
of Antigua. Known as the “Emerald Isle” it was sighted by Columbus in 1493. Anglo-Irish
colonists settled Montserrat in 1632. Although, Montserrat fell under French occupation
twice, it eventually remained under British rule. In 1967, Montserrat opted for colonial
status instead of Associated Statehood. Currently the island is overseen by a
coalition of the major political parties plus Independent Candidate, David S. Brandt.
Head of Government: H. E. Deborah Barnes Jones, Governor
Head of State: Dr. the Hon. Lowell Lewis, FRCS (Ed), DPH, Chief Minister

Netherlands Antilles: The Netherlands Antilles is comprised of the following countries:

Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten. These islands were once the
heart of the Caribbean slave trade and, the island of Curacao was hardest hit by the
abolition of slavery in 1863. Its prosperity and that of its neighbour Aruba was restored
in the early 20th century with the construction of oil refineries to service the newly
discovered Venezuelan oil fields. The island of Saint Martin is a shared with France and
the southern portion is named Sint Maarten and is part of the Netherlands Antilles. It is

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an autonomous country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands; full autonomy in internal
affairs granted in 1954; Dutch Government is however responsible for defence and
foreign affairs.
Head of Government: Frits Goedgedrag, Governor
Head of State: Emily de Jongh-Elhage, Prime Minister

Puerto Rico: Puerto Rico is located between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic
Ocean, east of the Dominican Republic. For centuries aboriginal peoples populated the
island. In 1493 the Spanish Crown following Columbus’s second voyage to the New
World claimed the island. After 400 years of colonial rule, which nearly brought about
and the elimination of the indigenous peoples and the introduction of African slave
labour, Puerto Rico was ceded to the United States as a result of the Spanish-American
War in 1898. In 1917 Puerto Ricans were granted US citizenship.
Popularly elected governors have served since 1948. In 1952, a constitution was
enacted providing for internal self- government. Several years of voting on the issue of
being a protectorate of the United State during 1967, 1993, and 1998, voters chose not
to alter the existing political status.
Head of government: Anibal Acevedo-Vila, Governor

Republic of Cuba: This island nation was first populated by Amerindians and was
discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492 on his first journey to the New World.
African slaves were imported to work the coffee and sugar plantations, with Havana
becoming the launching point for the annual treasure fleets bound for Spain from Mexico
and Peru. The country was ruled by Spain until the United States intervened during
the Spanish-American War in 1898 that finally overthrew Spanish rule. The “Treaty of
Paris” established Cuban independence, which was granted in 1902 after a three-year
transition period. In 1959 Fidel Castro led a rebel army to victory over the Batista
Regime that was in power. In the early 1970’s Castro aligned himself with the USSR
and in doing so became an enemy of the “Free World”.
President: Raul Castro
Vice-President: José Ramón Machado Ventura, M.D.

St. Lucia: Also known as “Helen of the West”, Amerindians were the first inhabitants.
Is one of the Windward Islands between Martinique [39.9 km (21 miles) to the north] and
St. Vincent [49.4 km (26 miles) to the south]. It is also 209 km (110 miles) northwest of
Barbados. French colonisation began in 1650 and the struggle for possession between
the French and English ended in 1803 when the island became an English dependency.
It gained independence in 1979.
Governor General: H.E. Dame Perlette Louisy, GCMG, PhD
Prime Minister: Honourable Stephenson King

St. Kitts & Nevis: Known to some as “Mother Colony of the West Indies” the island was
originally settled by Caribs and, by the British in 1623 that fought with the French for
possession. In 1783 the island was finally ceded to Great Britain. Geographically, St.
Kitts and Nevis is a part of the Leeward Islands group lying about 427.5 km [225 miles]
south-east of Puerto Rico and to the north of the Windward group of islands. Became
an independent island nation in 1983.
Governor General: H.E. Sir Cuthbert Montraville Sebastian
Prime Minister: Hon. Dr. Denzil L. Douglas

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St. Vincent and the Grenadines: Named Hairoun by the Caribs translated to mean
[The Home of the Blessed] St. Vincent is situated in the Windward Islands at the lower
end of the Caribbean chain; the Grenadines comprise a chain of little islands and rocks
between St Vincent and Grenada. Was originally settled by Amerindians. Struggle for
possession between the French and English ended with British control in 1783 [apart
from French occupation from 1778-1783]. The island gained independence in 1979.
Governor General: Sir Frederick Nathaniel Ballantyne
Prime Minister: Dr. the Hon. Ralph E. Gonsalves

Suriname: Amerindians inhabited the country up to the 15th century. Settlers came
from England, The Netherlands and Germany among others. This island is located on
the northern coast of South America, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean on the North,
Guyana to the West, French Guiana to the East and Brazil to the South. African slaves,
indentured labourers from India, Indonesia and China were brought to Suriname during
the 18th century. Struggle for possession by the French, British and Dutch ended with
control by the Netherlands in 1815. The country gained independence in 1975 and is
an Independent Republic.
Head of Government: H.E. Dr. Runaldo R. Venetiaan

Trinidad & Tobago: [Known as the “land of the Humming Bird”] The islands are
southernmost of the Lesser Antilles. Separated from Venezuela by the 11 km [7 miles]
strait of the Gulf of Paria. Trinidad is the larger of the two islands and, is 30km (19
miles) from Tobago. Amerindians were settled on both islands. Trinidad became a
Spanish outpost in the late 16th century. French and British settlers; African slaves, and
indentured labourers also came during the 18th century. The two islands became one
state in 1888. Gained independence in 1962 and in 1976 the twin-island State became a
Republic.
Head of Government: Hon. Patrick A.M. Manning, Prime Minister
Head of State: H.E. George Maxwell Richards, President

Turks and Caicos Island: The Turks and Caicos Islands are located 575 miles
Southeast of Miami Florida, 30 miles South of The Bahamas and 90 miles North of the
Dominican Republic. The main islands consist of two groups separated by the Columbus
Island Passage: The Turks Group, which comprises Grand Turk and Salt Cay, and the
Caicos Group, which includes West Caicos, Providenciales, North Caicos, Middle
Caicos, East Caicos, and South Caicos. The name Turks is derived after the indigenous
Turk's Head "fez" cactus, and the name Caicos is a Lucayan term "caya hico," meaning
string of islands. Although some believe that Columbus discovered the islands in 1492,
others contend that Ponce de Leon arrived first. However, the first people to truly
discover the islands were the Taino Indians. Unfortunately only ancient utensils
attributed to the Taino Indians was left behind. As with other Caribbean islands the
Lucayans replaced the Tainos. By the middle of the 16th Century they also disappeared
having become victims of Spanish enslavement and disease. During the 17th century
settlers from Bermuda arrived and, established themselves on Grand Turk, Salt Cay and
South Caicos.
Head of State: H. E. Gordon Wetherell, Governor
Head of Government: Hon. Dr. Michael Eugene Misick, Chief Minister

U. S. Virgin Islands: the Ciboney, Carib, and Arawaks originally populated The Virgin
Islands. Columbus named the islands during his second voyage in 1493. For three
hundred years, the islands were held by many European powers, including Spain,

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England, Holland, France, the Knights of Malta, and Denmark. During the 17th century,
the archipelago was divided into two territorial units, one English and the other Danish.
In 1917, the United States purchased the Danish portion. Presently the islands are an
organized, unincorporated province of the United States, with policy relations between
the Virgin Islands and the United States under the jurisdiction of the Office of Insular
Affairs, US Department of the Interior.
Governor: John de Jongh
Lieutenant Governor: Gregory R. Francis

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 National Anthems

Fair Antigua, We Salute You

Composer: Walter Garnet Picart Chambers [1908-2003]
Author: Novelle Hamilton Richards [1917-1986]

March on, Bahamaland

Composer & Author: Timothy Gibson [1903-1978]

Barbados National Anthem

Composer: Roland Edwards [1912-1985]
Author: Irving Louis Burgie [b.1924]

Land of the Free [Belize National Anthem]

Composer: Selwyn Walford Young [1899-1977]
Author: Samuel Alfred Haynes [1898-1971]

Beloved Isle Cayman

Composer & Author: Leila Ross-Shier [1886-1968]

Cuba National Anthem [La Bayamesa]

Composer & Author: Pedro Figueredo [1819-1870]

Isle of Beauty, Isle of Splendour [Dominican National Anthem]

Composer: Lemuel McPherson Christian [1913-2000]
Author: William O. M. Pond [1912-1985]

Quisqueyanos valientes [Dominican Republic National Anthem]

Composer: José Reyés [1835-1905]
Author: Emilio Prud'homme [856-1932]

Hail Grenada
Composer: Louis Arnold Masanto [b.1938]
Author: Irva Merle Baptiste-Blackett [b.1924]

Dear Land of Guyana

Composer: Robert Cyril Gladstone Potter [1899-1981]
Author: Archibald Leonard Luker [1917-1971]

La Dessalinienne [National Anthem of Haiti]

Composer: Nicolas Geffrard [1871-1930]
Author: French Words: Justin Lhérisson [1873-1907]
Creole Words: Raymond A Moïse [dates not known]

Jamaica, Land We Love

Composer: Robert Charles Lightbourne [1909-1995]
Author: Hugh Braham Sherlock [1905-1998]

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La Marseillaise [National Anthem of Martinque]
Lyrics & Music: Claude-Joseph Rouget de Lisle

O Land of Beauty [National Anthem of St. Kitts & Nevis]

Composer & Author: Kenrick Anderson Georges [b.1955]

Puerto Rico Territorial Song - La Boringueña

Composer: Félix Astol Artés [1813-1901]
Author: Manuel Fernández Juncos [1846-1928]

Sons and Daughters of St. Lucia

Composer: Leton Felix Thomas [b.1926]
Author: Charles Jesse [1897-1985]

St. Vincent! Land so Beautiful

Composer: Joel Bertram Miguel [b.1938]
Author: Phyllis Joyce McClean Punnett [1917-2004]

God zij met ons Suriname!

Composer: Johannes Corstianus de Puy [1835-1924]
Author: Dutch Words: Cornelis Atses Hoekstra [1852-1911]
Sranan Words: Henry de Ziel [1916-1975]

Forged from the Land of Liberty [National Anthem of Trinidad & Tobago]
Composer & Author: Patrick Stanislaus Castagne [1916-2000]

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 Noteworthy Caribbean Persons

Sir Vere Cornwall Bird, Sr. – first Prime Minister of Antigua & Barbuda

Ms. Maria Elena John - the first Black woman valedictorian of New York's City College

Mr. Bert Williams - the first black male to take a lead role on the Broadway stage

Mr Calvin Lockhart [Bert Cooper] - first notable screen role was in Joanna, a 1967 film

Sir Roland Theodore Symonette – first Premier of The Bahamas

Sir Garfield St Auburn Sobers – famous Cricketer

Hon. Billie A. Miller – first female to sit in Cabinet of Barbados

Mr. Edward K. Brathwaite – noted for his studies of Black cultural life in Africa and the
African Diasporas.

Dame Eugenia Charles – first first female Prime Minister in the Caribbean

Archbishop Kelvin Felix – the Roman Catholic Metropolitan Archbishop of Castries

Mr. Maurice Bishop – Grenadian politician and revolutionary

Slinger Francisco [Mighty Sparrow] – Calypso singer and songwriter

Marie-José Pérec – 400 M World Champion at 1991 World Championships

Forbes Burnham – one of the founding members of Peoples Progressive Party in

Guyana in 1950, former President of Guyana

Sir Shridath Surendranath 'Sonny' Ramphal – served as Commonwealth Secretary-

General from 1975-1990

Derek Walcott – Nobel Prize Winner for Literature in 1992

Sir Sidney Poitier – first black male to win an Academy Award for Best Actor

Harry Belafonte - received a Tony Award for his participation in the Broadway revue John
Murray Anderson’s Almanac. UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador

Patrick Ewing – Retired Hall of Fame Basketball Player

Marcus Garvey – National Hero of Jamaica

Toussaint Louverture – leader of Haitian Revolution

Frederick Morton, Jr. – visionary behind TEMPO Caribbean Television

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 Study and Research Resources

Books

The West Indies: A History of the islands of the West Indian Archipelago
Author: Amos Kidder Fiske – ISBN: 978-1-4021-5060-9

From Columbus to Castro: History of the Caribbean 1492-1969

Author: Eric Williams – ISBN: 0-394-71502-0

The Bahamas Rediscovered

Author[s]: Nicolas & Dragon Popov – ISBN: 0-333-56603-3

A History of The Bahamas

Author: Michael Craton – Publisher: Collins - London 1962

Internet

Caribbean Islands History

http://workmall.com/wfb2001/caribbean_islands/caribbean_islands_history_index.html

Caribbean History
http://www.gmu.edu/org/caribbean/Carib_flair/carib_history.htm

History of The Bahamas

http://www.historyofnations.net/northamerica/bahamas.html

The World Fact Book

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/countrylisting.html

Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia

National Anthems by Country

http://www.national-anthems.org/anthems/list/country

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