BIOLOGY By Olekanma Doris USES OF HORMONES Therapeutic uses

Hormonal therapy is used for several types of cancers derived from hormonally responsive tissues, including the breast, prostate, endometrium, and adrenal cortex. Hormonal therapy may also be used in the treatment of Para neoplastic syndromes or to ameliorate certain cancer- and chemotherapy-associated symptoms, such as anorexia. Perhaps the most familiar example of hormonal therapy in oncology is the use of the selective estrogen-response modulator tamoxifen for the treatment of breast cancer, although another class of hormonal agents, aromatase inhibitors, now have an expanding role in that disease. 2. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in menopause is medical treatment in surgically menopausal, premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Its goal is to mitigate discomfort caused by diminished circulating estrogen and progesterone hormones in menopause. In those with premature or surgically induced menopause, it may also prolong life and may reduce incidence of dementia.[1] The main hormones involved are estrogen, progesterone and progestin. 3. Growth hormone treatment refers to the use of growth hormone (GH) as a prescription medication - it is one form of Hormone therapy. Growth hormone is a peptide hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates growth and cell reproduction. In the past, growth hormone was extracted from human pituitary glands. GH is now produced by recombinant DNA technology and is prescribed for a variety of reasons. GH therapy has been a focus of social and ethical controversies for 50 years. INDUSTRIAL Plant hormones are widely used in the food-growing industry. For example: * Growing cuttings. Cuttings develop much bigger root systems if they are dipped in hormone rooting powder or planted in rooting compound containing growth hormone - making it possible to clone plants quickly and cheaply. * Producing fruit without seeds. To do this, growth hormones are sprayed onto unpollinated flowers to make them grow fruit without fertilisation. * Ripening fruit. The plant hormone ethene is sprayed on fruits to make them ripen fast and all at the same time before harvesting. Bananas are harvested before they are ripe to reduce damage to them during transport, and then sprayed with ethene to ripen them. * Increasing the size of fruit. For example, grapes are sprayed with the hormone gibberellin to increase the size of the fruit. Controlling weeds. Some synthetic weed killers which selectively kill unwanted plants contain growth substances that speed up the metabolism. As a result weeds like dock and dandelion grow so fast that their food and water supply cannot keep up, so they run out of energy and die 1.

SHORT STORY ABOUT LANCE ARMSTRONG AND THE DOPING SCANDAL For much of the second phase of his career, cyclist Lance Armstrong faced persistent allegations of doping.[1] Armstrong consistently denied allegations of doping until a partial confession during a January 14, 2013, interview with Oprah Winfrey (which then was broadcast in two parts on the Oprah Winfrey Network on January 17 and 18, 2013).Lance Armstrong, who is serving a lifetime ban from Olympic sports because of serious doping violations, planned to return to athletic competition this week at a masters swimming event that does not test its athletes for drugs. But after learning of Armstrongs entry, the International Swimming Federation on Thursday put a stop to his plans. I was told all along that I was more than welcome to compete in masters meets by U.S.M.S., Lance Armstrong said of U.S. Masters Swimming. Then all of a sudden, Im not welcome? I dont get it. Armstrong, who in January confessed to doping for each of his record seven Tour de France victories, was barred from this weekends event and future events sanctioned by U.S. Masters Swimming because that organization is overseen by swimmings international federation, which adheres to World Anti-Doping Agency rules. Armstrong, 41, received his lifetime ban and was stripped of his Tour titles under those rules. Armstrong, who came clean about his doping partly in an effort to reduce his doping penalty because he wants to compete again, said Thursday that he was extremely disappointed that he could not compete in the meet. He said he has been training with masters teams all over the country for the past several years, and no one ever complained about it HORMONES USED Erythropoietin (EPO), EPO is used by athletes to increase the number of red blood cells in their circulatory system, which are available to carry oxygen. Even after the EPO urine test was developed and implemented in sport in late

2000 EPO was difficult to detect and the Respondents [Armstrong, a team director, team captain and team doctors] implemented a number of means to avoid detection of EPO use, including: micro-dosing (i.e., using smaller amounts of EPO to reduce the clearance time of the drug), intravenous injections (i.e., injecting the drug directly into the vein rather than subcutaneously to reduce clearance time), saline, plasma or glycerol infusions (described below) and various effort to avoid testing by drug testers at times that EPO might still be detectable in the riders urine. Multiple riders with firsthand knowledge will testify that between 1998 and 2005 Armstrong personally used EPO and on multiple occasions distributed EPO to other riders. Blood transfusions (a/k/a blood doping). Blood transfusions generally involve the extraction of an athletes own blood pre-competition and re-infusion of that blood shortly before or during competition (e.g., in the evening or on a rest day in a multistage race) to increase the athletes oxygen carrying red blood cells. By increasing the number of circulating red blood cells, transfusions increase the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood and enhance endurance and recovery. No effective anti-doping test has yet been implemented to detect autologous transfusions (i.e., transfusions of an athletes own blood). Multiple riders will testify that during the period 2000-2005 Armstrong used blood transfusions, was observed having blood re-infused, including during the Tour de France, and had blood doping equipment at his residence. Testosterone. Also known on the USPS and Discovery Channel cycling teams as oil. Testosterone is an anabolic agent and can increase muscle mass and strength. In smaller doses anabolic agents such as testosterone can promote muscle recovery from strenuous exercise and increase endurance. Andriol consists of testosterone undecanoate, a steroid which can be mixed with oil and taken orally. Taken in this way the drug can be absorbed into the lymphatic system without being transported to the liver, making the drug more effective and reducing the prospect of liver damage. Multiple riders who competed on the USPS and Discovery Channel teams from 1998 through 2007 have reported that Dr. Ferrari [an alleged co-conspirator] developed a method of mixing testosterone (i.e., andriol) with olive oil for oral administration. USADA has eyewitness statements from multiple sources that Lance Armstrong used testosterone and administered the testosterone-olive oil mixture to himself and other riders. Human Growth Hormone (HGH). Human growth hormone is improperly used in sport to increase strength and lean muscle mass, to assist in weight loss and promote recovery. Multiple riders who competed on the USPS and Discovery Channel teams from 1998 through 2007 have reported to USADA that team director Johan Bruyneel, team trainer Jose Pepe Marti and team doctors Luis del Moral and Pedro Celaya provided human growth hormone to team members. Corticosteroids (e.g., cortisone). These drugs reduce inflammation, assist in recovery and can provide a burst of energy and create a temporary feeling of increased energy and well-being. Throughout the relevant time period, team doctors and trainers to increase energy and enhance performance improperly provided corticosteroids to cyclists. USADA will also rely upon firsthand testimony from witnesses who were aware of Armstrongs use of cortisone without medical authorization. Saline and plasma infusions. Throughout much of the relevant period the UCI [Union Cycliste International] employed a blood-monitoring program and would not permit riders to compete if the riders hematocrit (i.e., percentage of mature red blood cells) exceeded 50%. To avoid exceeding the 50% hematocrit threshold and to prevent detection of the riders EPO use and/or blood transfusions, Respondents used the prohibited technique of saline, plasma or glycerol infusions to mask their use of prohibited substances and/or methods. USADA will also present testimony concerning inf usions given to numbers USPS riders, including Lance Armstrong.