Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 2011-13
Submitted By:-
Shalini Agnihotri
DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT MAHARAJA AGRASEN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Approved by AICTE, HRD Ministry, Govt. of India
Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi PSP Area, Plot No. 1, Sector 22, Rohini Delhi 110086
STUDENTS DECLARATION
This is to certify that I have completed the Project Report titled Customer Perception towards Plastic Money under the guidance of Shalini Agnihotri in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of Master of Business Administration at Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology, Delhi. This is an original piece of work & I have not submitted it earlier elsewhere.
HISTORY
In the late 1990s, the plastic cards market in India, comprising credit cards, smart cards, debit cards, charge cards, stored value cards and others picked up momentum like never before, growing at an annual rate of 25%. Analysts attributed this growth largely to the rapidly increasing user base of debit cards. Though initially, there were only two players, (HDFC and Citibank), the debit card market base grew considerably through 1999 and reached the 4 million mark in March 2011. The usage figures indicated a very healthy growth of the market in future, as seven out of 10 cardholders were reportedly using their card regularly. The annual spending through debit cards in India reached over Rs. 5 billion.
The growth of debit cards was all the more impressive considering the fact that credit cards, introduced in the country in the early 1980s, had managed to reach the 22 million-user base level only in 2009. Thus, the debit card user base had reached one-third of the credit card user base in just around one-tenth of the time. Also, smart cards introduced in the late 1990s, had become very popular, especially in the financial services, banking, healthcare, transport and telecommunication businesses. The demand for co-branded cards during 2001 was a further indication of the fact that the Indian market had finally realized the potential of plastic money.
INTRODUCTION
Plastic money is the alternative to the cash or the standard 'money'. Plastic money is used to refer to the credit cards or the debit cards that we use to make purchases in our everyday life. Plastic money is much more convenient to carry around as you do not have to carry a huge sum of money with you. It is also much safer to carry it along or to travel with it as if it is stolen one can consult the bank whose service you are using and get it blocked hence saving your money from getting stolen or even lost. Nowadays even developing countries like India are encouraging the use of this plastic money more than cash due to these reasons. Furthermore these credit and debit cards also have plastic used in their making and that is where the name 'plastic money' has originated from.
long, by 21/8
wide, weighs about a fifth of an ounce, has a magnetic stripe on the back and has a 13 to 16 digit account number embossed on the front. It is called a payment card. Once cardboard, now plastic, the card itself may become an anachronism. The plastic note is same as paper but the only difference is that they are made of plastic. They are more secured as compared to that of paper notes. In traveling and shopping people used to carry huge cash which was much unsecured and also increasing crime rate. Then the cards were introduced in the world to resolve the issue of carrying huge cash. These cards are known as Plastic Money. The usage of plastic money (Cards) has increased in the mode of payment of huge amount and time by time there are lots of different types of plastic money introduced which enhanced the features of plastic money. Now the world is getting globalized so every card is accepted everywhere with the power of VISA which interconnect the different countries.
1. Credit card: While using a credit card there is no need to pay your hard money to merchant or to Credit Card Company instantly. That transaction amount will paid by credit card company to the merchant and then one can pay it to credit card company in next month or during your billing period. Credit Card Company adds their monthly interests and then one have to pay the balance with their interest monthly. The previous month bill including the interest was the subject of the loan in the following month. A credit card has the provisions of the limit that applied to all the member depended on the card type (Silver, Gold and Platinum), minimum amount to pay from the total balance of the bill (like 5%, 10%) and if not paid that amount then fall due that was determined. And if not paid during the billing due date bill amount would subjected to the late payment fee as big as certain percentage from minimum amount and sometimes it will be a fixed amount for a month. 2. Debit Card: To use a debit card you may have a bank account with the credit card company or the bank, because this transaction proceed as like the cash transaction, because of his only if this card holder had the enough available balance to cover the transaction amount can transaction could be only carried out, after the transaction, transaction amount directly credited from the card holders account and debited to merchants account in the very same time. If you use a debit card you can do card transactions if have the balance in your account for the transaction and when you did a sale transaction using the card it is a cash transaction by not using cash but the paying off or payment was carried out by means of reduce (debiting)
from the balance of the account of the credit card holder and then increase (Crediting) the account of the merchant as much as the transaction to the manager of the bank.
3. Charge Card: When use a charge card, it could be used as the payment implement of a trade transaction of product or the service. Then the cardholder has to set off the entire outstanding amount fully at the end of that month or in the following month with or without the additional charges and fees. Normally, the charge card dont have the provisions of the credit limit and card holder has to do full payment of all the transactions before the next statement and without used percentage the interest, but card holder not paid full outstanding amount then he has to pay an additional charge called delay fine for his next statement.
4. Cash Cards: A card that will allow you to withdraw money directly from your bank via an Authorized Teller Machine (ATM) but it will not allow the holder to purchase anything directly with it.
5. Store Cards: These are similar in concept to the Credit Card model, in that the idea is to purchase something in store and be billed for it at the end of the month. These cards can be charged at a very high interest rate and can are limited in the places they can be used, sometimes as far as only the store brand that issued it.
Plastic Trends
By January 2007 there were 22m credit cards in India. The number of debit cards was much larger, at 70m. However, the difference is potentially misleading, as it does not accurately reveal the relative importance of credit and debit cards as payment mechanisms. Although there are fewer credit than debit cards in circulation, the total volume and value of credit card transactions is much higher. During the first ten months of fiscal 2006/07, for instance, the value of credit card transactions reached Rs335bn (around US$7.4bn)nearly five times higher than for debit cards. Along with growth in the number of cards issued, the value of credit card transactions has risen rapidly. The total value of such transactions almost doubled between 2003/04 and 2005/06, to around Rs339bn. In the case of debit cards, the number of cards has risen fourfold since 2003/04, but growth in the value of transactions has been much more modest, rising by 21% to reach Rs59bn in 2005/06. The latest available data, which covers the first ten months of 2006/07, indicate continued robust growth, with the number of credit and debit cards rising by 28% and 41% respectively in year- on-year terms. Over the same period, the value of credit card transactions grew by 20% and that of debit card transactions increased by 38%.
Drivers of growth
Several factors have combined to fuel the astonishing growth in the use of credit and debit cards in India. Apart from the convenience offered by cards, these factors include the following. Rising consumerism: The process of economic liberalisation that began in the 1990s has resulted in the availability of a huge variety of foreign and domestic consumer goods. Such goods have also become more affordable for upper- and middle-class Indians, who have benefited the most from economic reforms, high economic growth and globalisation. The rise in consumerism generated by these trends has sparked robust demand for financial cards, especially credit cards. Improved payment infrastructure. Demand for credit and debit cards has also been fuelled by improvements in payment infrastructure across the country that has greatly enhanced their utility for cardholders. Most Indian banks have been widening their networks of automated teller machines (ATMs) in order to expand their business. There were over 21,000 ATMs across the country in March 2006more than seven times the figure five years earlier in March 2010. Banks have also been installing increasing numbers of point of sale (POS) terminals (electronic data-capture swipe machines for accepting debit and credit card payments) at merchant establishments. In 2006 there were an estimated 300,000 merchant establishments with POS terminals, about ten times the number in 2010. Competition and lower costs. With so many banks offering credit and debit cards, the competition among them to attract potential customers to apply for new cards or to switch their loyalties has intensified. In fact, the Reserve Bank of India (the central bank) has had to intervene to protect customers from aggressive marketers by requiring banks to allow customers to register their contact details on a do not call list. Banks have also stopped the practice of sending credit cards to potential customers that have not applied for them. Competition has also produced a number of benefits for the customer. For many types of credit cards, banks no longer charge an annual fee. Credit card holders who make large purchases can pay for these over a period of time through equated monthly instalments (EMIs) offered by the card-issuing banks. The interest rate on such EMIs is kept lower than the normal credit card interest rate. In addition, most banks now offer free debit cards to
customers that open personal banking accounts. These debit cards also double up as ATM cards. Co-branding. Co-branded credit cards, which involve tie-ups between the issuing banks and companies selling products and services, are becoming increasingly popular in the Indian market. In addition to the standard facilities conferred by a credit card, the specific advantages relating to the product or service of the partnering company have proved an attractive bait. Citibanks co-branded card with Jet Airways, Indias leading airline, allows cardholders to accumulate air miles that can be redeemed in the form of free flights, discounts on tickets and seat upgrades. Similarly, ICICI Banks co -branded card with Indiatimes, an internet retailer, entitles the cardholder to discounts and reward points for the purchase of various products and services through the site.
Constraints
Although the number of cardholders in India has been growing rapidly, banks seeking to expand their card businesses face several constraints. Most significantly, many Indians continue to harbor a value-based aversion to the lifestyle of credit-fuelled consumption. As a result, average expenditure per card is relatively low in India. In the first ten months of 2006/07, the average monthly expenditure per card was a mere Rs 1,679 (US$37). Similarly, most Indians use debit cards mainly to withdraw cash from ATMs rather than to make purchases. Another limitation for banks is that a large proportion of Indians pay their full credit card balance on a monthly basis, depriving the card issuers of interest earnings from revolving credit. This is one reason for the high interest rate (currently about 24% per year) on credit; banks need to earn income from a small proportion of credit card holders. Credit and debit cards in India: usage trends Credit cards Debit cards
Transactions Value
of
end-(m)
2003/0410.1
100.2
176.6
18.1
37.8
48.7
2006/0514.1
129.5
256.9
34.9
41.5
53.6
2005/0617.3
156.1
338.9
49.8
45.7
59.0
April 2006-
22.1
155.7
334.7
70.3
FUTURE TRENDS
Spending pattern through plastic money will change drastically. Traveling, dining and jewellery are the top three purchases that Indians make through credit cards. Two years ago, it was jewellery and apparel purchases that formed the largest chunk of purchases through plastic money. Fuel accounts for a very small portion of credit card purchases as these are largely paid through debit cards. The credit card companies say that consumers spend Rs 50,000 crore annually which is expected to grow at 50% over the next 4-5 years. Travel has definitely become much larger a segment than what it was two years ago. Airline tickets, both domestic and international, are now bought through credit cards making it the largest category for credit card purchases. With air travel becoming affordable and eating out a regular feature in Indian households, the trend will only gain momentum in future feels experts. Travel and dining corner about onefourth of the total credit card purchases which signifies the shift in Indian spending habits. Earlier, purchases of both consumer durables and jewellery items were larger than the hospitality segment. Going forward, this trend should continue. Jewellery, consumer durables, fuel purchases, apparel are a much smaller segment than travel and dining which comprise the largest chunk of credit card purchases. Eating out has in fact become a big concept now. Experts say, while travel and hotel bills along with dining, account for about 25-35 % of the total value of purchases through credit cards, purchase of jewellery accounts for 10-11 % of the purchases . Apparel purchases account for 8-10 % and consumer durables like TV and mobile phones account for nearly 6-7 % of the purchases through plastic money. Two years ago, the figures were largely skewed in favour of jewellery and apparel purchases while travel and hospitality was a small component. With 87% of all transactions in plastic money happening through credit cards, debit cards in India continue to be used largely for cash withdrawals. There are about 65 million debit cards in India of which State Bank of India alone accounts for 25 million debit cards. ICICI Bank is said to have 11 million cards. This is largely in line with the fact that both the players are the biggest banks in India and will have the highest number of savings accounts.
Utility payments are another segment where more payments are being made through plastic money in the last two years. In the last two years, the number of customers paying their electricity and water bills through credit cards has risen though the overall customer base is still small. Credit card is one of the fastest growing businesses in financial services in India. There are currently 25 million credit cards in India and ICICI Bank is the largest player with 8.5 million cards issued. Citibank, SBI-GE Card and HDFC Bank are the other prominent players in the sector.
Fraud rates
Surely one of the most important metrics of the effectiveness of a payment system is Reliability: how well does it prevent fraud (transactions that are on stolen cards or otherwise not authorized by the cardholder)? On that point, the raw data suggest that Japan has a problem. Specifically, the fraud rate in the United States is in the range of 0.06 percent to 0.07 percent (six or seven cents per US$100). In Japan, by contrast, the fraud rate is much higher, about 0.14 percent. Looking specifically to losses from forged cards, the Japanese rate of about 6.2 basis points is about five times the U.S. rate of 1.3 basis points. One possibility that initially seemed attractive was that the high fraud is associated with the diminished statutory incentive for Japanese card issuers to prevent unauthorized transactions. Among other things, the U.S. Truth-in-Lending Act also prevents U.S. issuers from shifting the risk of unauthorized transactions to their cardholders; Japanese law includes no such rule. At first glance, then, one might think that the difference in formal legal treatment could lead to a lower level of care by the card issuer. On reflection, however, that explanation does not seem plausible. For one thing, Japanese issuers in practice retain the risk of unauthorized transactions, because they purchase insurance for much of that risk and voluntarily cover most of the losses that the insurance does not cover. Because they purchase that insurance from third-party insurers, it is fair to expect that the rates that they pay in the long run are affected substantially by their performance. Thus, it is at least plausible to think that Japanese card-issuers have a significant incentive to reduce fraud losses. Moreover, it is clear that the fraud rates in both countries are not stable, as one would expect if the rates were associated with long-standing differences in the legal framework. In the United States, for example, the fraud rate has fallen by more than half in the last decade. Similarly, the fraud problem in Japan is relatively recent; fraud losses in 2000 were 43 percent higher than they were just two years earlier in 2010, with 64 percent of the increase attributable to losses from forged cards.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
For achieving the objectives of study, survey was conducted. For survey, personal interviews of the bank customers were undertaken. Personal interviews were selected as the mode of survey to make the study more meaningful & so that maximum information could be collected. For conducting the personal interviews of the bank customers, a questionnaire was made. The questionnaire was structured with open ended & close ended questions. The bank customers were interviewed on various aspects likely to have impact on the plastic money and its uses.
Type of Research:The research is exploratory followed by descriptive because the entire project is based on questionnaire and analysis so that the detailed description will be there in the project, so this will be descriptive design. Research Plan
Research planning is the process of developing the most efficient plan for gathering the needed information. Data source
The major source of data is Primary but Secondary data is also used for making the project.
Types of Data:
I have used primary as well as secondary data. Some data is been taken from internet, some is gathered through questionnaire. Primary data
Primary data has been collected with the help of Questionnaires. Secondary data
Questionnaire structure For the research multiple choice type of questions were prepared to collect primary data from the respondents. Sampling Plan
Sample Size:
I have covered 150 bank customers in Delhi and NCR Population: - The population for the research includes banks customers.
Scope of study:
ATM cards are slowly being transformed into value-added debit cards. Bankers and analysts see tremendous scope for growth in debit cards. "There is tremendous potential for debit cards. It will soon be substituting cheques. Utility payments will soon be made through debit cards, either at the ATMs or at the counters. The debit card can be used to withdraw cash from ATMs of other banks depending on whether the debit card-maker has a Visa or a Maestro tie-up. Visa and MasterCard both confirmed yesterday that they had been notified of the breach and had in turn notified several banks and credit card companies of the potential data compromise. They declined to say how many companies have been notified. Credit cards As well as convenient, accessible credit; credit cards offer consumers an easy way to track expenses, which is necessary for both monitoring personal expenditures and the tracking of work-related expenses for taxation and reimbursement purposes.
LIMITATION
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY:1. The information provided by the Bank Customers is not definitely true. 2. The samples of Bank Customers are not representative of the total workforce. 3. The Bank Customers hesitate disclosing the true facts of plastic money in order to secure their income. 4. There is no measure to check out whether the information provided by the Bank Customers is correct or not.
Yes
127
No
23
No 15%
Q 2:- If Yes, how did you come to know about plastic money?
23 49 11 35 9
Newspaper 9%
Q. 3:- While opening an account, would you prefer the facility of plastic money?
97 21 6 3
Never 2%
Always 76%
41 52 7 27
Any other 2%
Handling Solution 23% Convinient 19% Safety Solution Handling Solution Convinient Fast Transaction All of above Any other
Daily
Weekly
59
Monthly
36
Monthly 36%
Daily 5%
1 1
2.. 2..
69
31
Any Other 8%
Travelling 11% Shopping Bill 24% Cash Withdraw Shopping Bill Travelling Dining Bill Any Other
Q. 9:- Do you agree that plastic money reduces Harassment and time ?
Strongly Agree Agree Sometimes Disagree Strongly Disagree 11 23 48 13 5
Disagree 13%
Strongly Disagree 5%
Sometimes 48%
Q. 10 :- Have you ever felt that plastic money is are much safer then holding money in Pocket ?
19 57 15 9
Sometimes 15%
Never 9%
Always 19%
Q.11:- Will you see the next generation as no currency but plastic money ?
31 22 15 12 20
Good
41
Average
29
Satisfied
19
Poor
11
Average 29%
Yes
127
No
23
No 15%
Q 2:- If Yes, how did you come to know about plastic money?
23 49 11 35 9
Newspaper 9%
Q. 3:- While opening an account, would you prefer the facility of plastic money?
97 21 6 3
Never 2%
Always 76%
41 52 7 27
Any other 2%
Handling Solution 23% Convinient 19% Safety Solution Handling Solution Convinient Fast Transaction All of above Any other
Daily
Weekly
59
Monthly
36
Monthly 36%
Daily 5%
1 1
2.. 2..
69
31
Any Other 8%
Travelling 11% Shopping Bill 24% Cash Withdraw Shopping Bill Travelling Dining Bill Any Other
Q. 9:- Do you agree that plastic money reduces Harassment and time ?
Strongly Agree Agree Sometimes Disagree Strongly Disagree 11 23 48 13 5
Disagree 13%
Strongly Disagree 5%
Sometimes 48%
Q. 10 :- Have you ever felt that plastic money is are much safer then holding money in Pocket ?
19 57 15 9
Sometimes 15%
Never 9%
Always 19%
Q.11:- Will you see the next generation as no currency but plastic money ?
31 22 15 12 20
Good
41
Average
29
Satisfied
19
Poor
11
Average 29%
_____________________________________________ 18-25 Male 25-40 Female Under graduate Self-employed <1 LAC . Graduate Salaried 1-5 LAC Post graduate Professional >5 LAC 40 & above
QUALIFICATION OCCUPATION
ANNUAL SALARY/INCOME
Q 2:- If Yes, how did you come to know about plastic money? Bank employee Newspaper Friends/Relatives Q. 3:- While opening an account, would you prefer the facility of plastic money? Always Sometimes Q 4- Do you have? Debit card Both Credit card None Most likely Never Media Any other please specify ____________
Q 5:- Reasons for which you have opted for card? Safety solution Convenient All of above Q 6:- How often do you use your card? Daily Monthly Q. 7:- Your card belongs to which bank Private sector Bank Public sector Bank 1 2.. 1. 2.. Weekly handling solution Fast transaction ________________yfA epsor hto ynA
Q. 8. : - For which purpose do you use your card? Cash Withdraw Traveling Any Other Shopping Bill Dinning Bill Please Specify......................................................
Q. 9:- Do you agree that plastic money reduces Harassment and time? Strongly Agree Sometimes Strongly Disagree Q. 10:- Have you ever felt that plastic money is are much safer then holding money in Pocket? Always Sometimes Most likely Never Agree Disagree
Q.11:- Will you see the next generation as no currency but plastic money? Strongly Agree Sometimes Strongly Disagree Q. 12:- Your opinion about your plastic card? Good Satisfied Average Poor Agree Disagree