Packet Transmission Features in Release B9: Functional Feature Description

Packet Transmission Features in Release B9
Functional Feature Description
Packet transmission features in Release B9
Alcatel
File FFUV5RE3.DOC
Reference 3DC 21144 0063 TQZZA
Date 17/02/2005
Edition 03
Page 1
All rights reserved. Passing on and copying of this document, use and communication of its contents not permitted without written authorization.
Contents
1. GLOSSARY ..................................................................................................................................... 3 2. REFERENCE ................................................................................................................................... 3 3. SCOPE............................................................................................................................................. 4 4. INTRODUCTOIN ............................................................................................................................. 5 5. TERMINOLOGY .............................................................................................................................. 7 6. A-BIS RESOURCE SHARING PRINCIPLES................................................................................... 7 7. STATISTICAL GCH MULTIPLEXING.............................................................................................. 9 7.1 7.2 Basic technical principles....................................................................................................... 9 Beneficial effects.................................................................................................................... 9 7.2.1 7.2.2 Less A-bis nibbles consumption ............................................................................... 9 Better A-bis efficiency ............................................................................................. 10
8. DETAILS ON A-BIS DYNAMIC ALLOCATION ALGORITHMS ..................................................... 11 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Target number of GCH ........................................................................................................ 11 Transmission resource allocation at TBF establishment..................................................... 11 Regular transmission resources adaptation ........................................................................ 12 Order of selection of A-bis nibbles....................................................................................... 12 Size of the TRX Packet Pipe in case of A-bis congestion ................................................... 13 Minimum number of GCH per TRX ..................................................................................... 13
9. DETAILS ON GCH STATISTICAL MULTIPLEXING ..................................................................... 14 10. A-TER ASPECTS .......................................................................................................................... 16 11. HW ASPECTS ............................................................................................................................... 17 12. O&M PARAMETERS ..................................................................................................................... 17
Alcatel
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Date 17/02/2005
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Page 2
1. GLOSSARY
BSS CS DL E-GPRS GCH GPRS GPU GMM GSM MS OMC-R MCS PDCH PS RA TBF UL
Base Station Subsystem Circuit-Switched / Coding scheme Downlink Enhanced GPRS GPRS channel General Packet Radio Service GPRS Processing Unit GPRS mobility Management Global System for Mobile communications Mobile Station Operation and Maintenance Centre,Radio part Modulation and Coding Scheme Packet Data Channel Packet Switched Routing Area Temporary Block Flow Uplink
2. REFERENCE
[1) 3DC 21144 0050 TQZZA: FFD EDGE and GPRS CS-3/CS-4 in Release B8
Alcatel
File FFUV5RE3.DOC
Date 17/02/2005
Edition 03
Page 3
3. SCOPE
The present functional feature description provides detailed information concerning to the handling of transmission resources for GPRS/EDGE traffic in the Alcatel BSS B9 release. More particularly the following features are described:
30 14 50 30 14 60
A-bis dynamic allocation, Statistical GCH Multiplexing
Important note: Due to the early availability of this edition, the final content of the B9 release on the described features could be slightly different on some details. If it would happen a new edition of this document would be issued.
Alcatel
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Date 17/02/2005
Edition 03
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4. INTRODUCTION
The deployment of EDGE and GPRS CS-3/CS-4 coding schemes allows reaching very high throughput on the air interface (up to 59.2 kbits/s for EDGE MCS-9 and 20 kbits/s for GPRS CS-4). When such high coding schemes are used, it is then no more possible to convey the packet traffic of one radio timeslot on a single 16 kbit/s Abis channel. For example one MCS-9 radio timeslot may require five 16 kbit/s A-bis channels. Additional transmission resources have to be configured on A-bis, but five 16 kbit/s Abis channels are not affordable for all radio timeslots: too high transmission costs shall be avoided through a flexible allocation of A-bis transmission resources to the radio timeslots. This concern is already taken into account since the B8 release through the notion of TRX class (see ref. [1]) for more details on packet transmission handling in the B8 Release): each TRX is associated a TRX class (from 1 to 5), the highest class allowing the highest throughput but consuming the highest number of A-bis timeslots. On the contrary, if in some areas lower throughputs are acceptable, then it is possible to use lower TRX classes to reduce the A-bis resource consumption. The generalization of the high GPRS and EDGE coding schemes in relation with the progressive increase of the packet traffic requires improvements of the A-bis efficiency. In the B8 release, the number of additional A-bis timeslots (called extra A-bis timeslots) is derived from the number of TRX of each class. With B9 the notion of TRX class disappears: the number of extra A-bis timeslots is determined by the Operator based on the overall expected packet traffic in each BTS and, inside each BTS the A-bis dynamic allocation algorithms allocate the transmission resources to each TRX depending on the actual radio traffic that it carries. Thanks to the A-bis dynamic allocation feature the number of extra A-bis timeslots can be significantly reduced. - Indeed the BSS is no more configured with the number of A-bis timeslots needed to carry the packet traffic generated when all the RTSs of all the packet TRX of the BTS use the highest coding scheme. - On the contrary, the Operator can configure the A-bis transmission for the nominal overall traffic in a BTS. In those conditions there is no A-bis congestion and all users can benefit from the maximum possible throughput. - When the packet traffic exceeds the nominal situation (e.g. when the traffic is extended to many cells simultaneously) A-bis congestion can be entered. In those cases the A-bis dynamic feature applies a fair bandwidth reduction to all the TRXs.
Alcatel
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On top of the dynamic A-bis feature, and as a key differentiator, Alcatel has developed the GCH Statistical Multiplexing feature. The basic principle is that transmission resources given to a TRX by the A-bis dynamic feature are gathered inside a kind of common transmission pipe, shared by all the PDCHs established on a TRX. This results in many advantages, which are detailed in the following sections. Two of them can be already distinguished here: - Additional A-bis gains on top of A-bis dynamic ones: even more A-bis timeslots are saved, - Instantaneous reaction to radio variations inside a TRX. For example as soon as a packet transfer ends, the other packet users connected to the same TRX can instantaneously benefit from a higher bandwidth. To preserve the voice QoS the dynamic A-bis feature is not applied to CS traffic. Like in previous releases, CS traffic is conveyed over the 16 kbit/s A-bis channel statically associated to each radio timeslot (its basic nibble).
As a sum up: - The operator has full flexibility to define by himself the number of transmission resources devoted to packet service. He can easily control the trade-off between throughput and transmission expense. - In most cases high packet throughput can be offered without adding a second A-bis link to the BTSs, even for large BTSs. - Voice Qos is not degraded. Also, thanks to the reduction of the number of needed extra A-bis timeslots, the impact of the introduction of the high GPRS/EDGE coding schemes on the G2 BSC TRX connectivity is much reduced: one TRX connectivity can be recovered when 2 A-bis timeslots are saved.
Alcatel
File FFUV5RE3.DOC
Date 17/02/2005
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5. TERMINOLOGY
- One A-bis timeslot or one Ater timeslot is made of four 16 kbit/s nibbles. - There are three kinds of A-bis nibbles: - The Basic nibbles, each of them being associated to a radio timeslot for voice traffic. They can also carry packet traffic. - The Extra nibbles, which come from additional A-bis timeslots used only to carry packet traffic. Their number is determined by the Operator. - The Bonus nibbles correspond to BCCH or SDCCH radio timeslots. They are free unless used to carry TRX and O&M signaling links (this is the case when the feature statistical multiplexing on 16 kbit/s channel is activated, see 15 11 40).
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Definition of the different kinds of A-bis nibbles - A transmission channel established for carrying (E)GPRS traffic is called a GCH (GPRS channel). It is established between the BTS and the PCU function and results from the switching of one A-bis nibble to one A-ter nibble by the BSC.
6. A-BIS RESOURCE SHARING PRINCIPLES

The dynamic A-bis allocation feature manages a common pool of A-bis nibbles, which are fairly distributed among the TRX of a BTS depending on their respective actual radio traffic. This pool is composed of the basic, extra and bonus nibbles of the BTS, as described above. The extra and bonus nibbles are shared at BTS level: they can be allocated to any TRX of the BTS. The basic nibbles are shared at cell level: they can be allocated to any TRX of the cell to which they belong.
Alcatel
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The number of A-bis nibbles allocated to each TRX depends on its transmission needs, which in turn depends on the traffic on the air interface.
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75; 75;
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75; 75;
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Example of allocation of Abis transmission resources
Alcatel
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Date 17/02/2005
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7. STATISTICAL GCH MULTIPLEXING 7.1 Basic technical principles

The feature relies on the basic principle that the A-bis dynamic algorithms allocate GCHs to TRX and no more to their PDCHs. The GCHs allocated to a TRX are gathered inside a kind of TRX packet pipe, a pool of transmission resources accessible by all the PDCHs established on the TRX at a point in time. TBFs are no more scheduled inside their PDCHs. They are scheduled inside the TRX packet pipe.
7.2 Beneficial effects

7.2.1 Less A-bis nibbles consumption As user data are scheduled inside a common pipe, and not inside a set of transmission resources exclusively associated to each PDCH, there is no detrimental granularity effect: for a given TBF, each PDCH uses exactly the needed A-bis transmission resources corresponding to the used (M)CS and not a rounded value. As it can be derived from the following figure, one PDCH in MCS-7 should consume around 3.5 GCHs instead of 4 in a classical implementation. With the same hypothesis, 4 PDCHs consume 14 GCHs instead of 16 and a full TRX consumes 28 GCHs instead of 32 (thus one A-bis timeslot gain).
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0&6 0&6 0&6 0&6 0&6 0&6 0&6 0&6 0&6 &6 &6 &6 &6
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Alcatel File FFUV5RE3.DOC Reference 3DC 21144 0063 TQZZA Date 17/02/2005 Edition 03 Page 9
This beneficial effect is also obtained when MS using different (M)CS share the same TRX packet pipe. Indeed if we consider the downlink traffic of one EDGE MS at MCS-9 on 4 radio timeslots and one GPRS MS at CS-3 on 4 RTS, 4.39x4 + 1.22x4 = 22.44 thus 23 GCH will be needed instead of 5x4 + 4x2 = 28 in a classical implementation. 7.2.2 Better A-bis efficiency As explained above, with GCH Statistical Multiplexing less transmission resources are needed. But this is not the only beneficial effect of the feature, as moreover those transmission resources are used in a more efficient way. Instantaneous reaction to radio variations inside a TRX Thanks to the pooling effect at TRX level, the impact of A-bis congestion situations is much reduced. The periods of times when all the users connected to the TRX do not have something to send at the same time are not wasted: this freed bandwidth is used by the remaining users having something to transmit. When one user suspends its packet transfer (Real transfer end, Delayed Downlink phase, Extended UL TBF Release phase, PDCH inactivity phase) or needs less radio throughput (because of radio fluctuations), this results in freed transmission bandwidth. As all the PDCHS of a TRX have access to all the A-bis nibbles allocated to this TRX, the other users connected to the same TRX benefit from this freed bandwidth and thus experience higher throughput, and this instantaneously. As a sum up, the feature allows taking full benefit from the burstiness of the GPRS traffic. (M)CS reduction is avoided When the packet traffic varies, the A-bis dynamic allocation algorithms reduce or increase the number of A-bis nibbles allocated to each TRX. In case of reduction, A-bis congestion may be reached. However this situation does not necessarily imply (M)CS changes. On the contrary, and thanks to the basic principle of the feature itself, a simple adaptation of the TBF scheduling inside the TRX packet pipe is sufficient most of the time: TBFs are scheduled more or less often depending on the size of the TRX packet pipe. This is an important advantage of the Alcatel solution as the detrimental step effect of (M)CS reduction is avoided.
Alcatel
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Date 17/02/2005
Edition 03
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Decorrelation between uplink and downlink As an example lets consider 2 MSs, the first one performing an uplink transfer, the other performing a downlink transfer on the same TRX (but on different radio timeslots). Both MS can benefit from the whole TRX bandwidth, rather than half of it.
8. DETAILS ON A-BIS DYNAMIC ALLOCATION ALGORITHMS 8.1 Target number of GCH

For each TRX, the system computes a Target number of GCHs that is sufficient to allow the highest throughput on all the established PDCHs of this TRX. This target number of GCHs depends on: - The actual number of GPRS PDCHs and of the maximum GPRS CS allowed in the cell, - The actual number of EDGE PDCHs and of the maximum EDGE MCS allowed in the cell. For example if MCS-9 and CS-3 are the maximum allowed coding schemes in a cell, the target number of GCH will be 23 (4.49 * 4 + 1.25 *4) for 1 EDGE MS and one GPRS MS both on four different radio timeslots.
8.2 Transmission resource allocation at TBF establishment

First the system computes the number of PDCHs and chooses the TRX. Then the target number of GCHs of the chosen TRX is updated according to the number of PDCHs: the new target value shall allow the maximum throughput for the potential existing transfers and the new one. Then the system tries to find those GCHs (GCH Selection algorithm): 1/ First among the free ones (by connecting together free A-bis and A-ter nibbles). 2/ If this is not enough, GCH are preempted from other cells of the same BTS. GCHs are preempted in priority from the cells being currently allocated the highest number of extra and bonus nibbles. This mechanism is called Inter Cell Equity and allows for a fair distribution of extra and bonus nibbles among the cells of a same BTS in case of transmission congestion. 3/ If this is still not enough, GCH are preempted from other TRX of the same cell. This mechanism is called Intra cell equity" and allows for a fair distribution of A-bis resources among the TRX of a given cell in case of transmission congestion.
Alcatel
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Date 17/02/2005
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If the target number of GCHs is reached, all the PDCHs of the TRX will be used at full speed. On the contrary there will be a potential throughput reduction.
8.3 Regular transmission resources adaptation

The GCH selection algorithm is also played on a regular basis to ensure that transmission resources are continuously fairly distributed. The same algorithms as for TBF establishment are used, played at each expiry of a background timer, for the benefit of the TRX having the most important GCH deficit compared to its target. With such a mechanism it can be ensured that events encountered between two TBF establishments are taken into account: for example a TBF release can free up some GCH that can be redistributed.
8.4 Order of selection of A-bis nibbles

When a free A-bis nibble has to be chosen to establish a new GCH, this is done using the following selection order: - First the non preemptable basic nibbles. These are the basic nibbles corresponding to the radio timeslots limited by the MAX_PDCH_HIGH_LOAD parameter. Indeed those radio timeslots cannot be preempted by circuit (but by packet). - If this is not enough, then the algorithm looks for extra or bonus nibbles. - Then the algorithm looks for A-bis nibbles among the preemptable basic A-bis nibbles. These are basic nibbles corresponding to radio timeslots above the MAX_PDCH_HIGH_LOAD limit. They can be preempted by CS traffic (and by packet). - Lastly, the algorithm looks for resources in the A-ter margin (see chap. 10 on A-ter aspects) The reverse order is used in case of intra cell GCH preemption or GCH release (upon Inactivity timer expiry, see chapter concerning to Ater aspects). Note that this chapter concerns the points 1/ and 2/ of previous section (establishment of a GCH using free resources and intra-cell equity). By definition, inter-cell GCH preemptions can affect only extra and bonus nibbles and are not concerned here.
Alcatel
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8.5 Size of the TRX Packet Pipe in case of A-bis congestion

As explained before, the general rule is to avoid (M)CS changes linked to variations of the size of the TRX packet pipe. As far as it is possible, (M)CS changes are performed only through link adaptation, when radio conditions change. To avoid (M)CS changes, the number of GCHs allocated to a TRX is not reduced under the minimum value allowing to schedule at least one TBF on at least one PDCH at the maximum (M)CS configured in the cell at each 20 ms period. This means particularly that PS traffic cannot perform a GCH preemption reducing the size of the TRX packet pipe below the minimum value (Only CS traffic can, see after). - This corresponds however to very high congestion situations, which should be exceptional. If such cases occur too often, this may mean that the number of extra timeslots should be increased to better fit the packet traffic. The number of GCHs can be however reduced under the minimum value in the following situations: - In case of transmission congestion, at the establishment of the first TBF of a TRX. In that case, the TBF is established with the maximum possible (M)CS corresponding to the transmission resources that A-bis dynamic can give to the TRX at this point in time. When additional GCHs are allocated to the TRX, then the coding scheme is upgraded. - In case of CS preemption. Indeed it may happen that the CS traffic preempts a radio timeslot in the preemptable zone inducing the preemption of the corresponding basic A-bis nibble and in turn the reduction of the TRX packet pipe under the minimum value.
8.6 Minimum number of GCH per TRX

A TRX packet pipe cannot have a number of GCHs below a strict minimum value. Those GCHs are reserved and established even if there is no GPTRS traffic in the cell and cannot be preempted by packet nor by circuit traffic. This strict minimum value corresponds to: - The traffic of potential Master Channels (if the considered TRX carries them), - The transmission bandwidth needed by all the streaming sessions established on the TRX. Note: By definition, the GCHs reserved in a cell for the GPRS Resource Anticipation feature (1 GCH by default) (see 30 20 36) are also established even when there is no packet traffic. However they can be preempted by CS traffic. But as their number are part of the target size of the TRX Packet Pipe, they are reestablished by the equity mechanisms as soon as possible.
Alcatel
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9. DETAILS ON GCH STATISTICAL MULTIPLEXING

The A-bis dynamic allocation feature can induce situations where one TRX is allocated much less transmission resources in comparison to its radio needs. This is why the radio scheduling is adapted in the B9 release: - Each 20 ms the system looks for the TBFs to be handled in priority and schedules one or several radio blocks for each of them inside the common packet TRX pipe. Then, for each TBF, the BTS sends the user data on the air interface using all or a part of the PDCHs allocated to this TBF: - When there is no transmission congestion, all TBFs can be scheduled in all their PDCHs. - In case of transmission congestion, some of the TBFs are not scheduled in all their PDCHs, which results in reduced throughput for them. - Each TBF is assigned a priority order for the scheduling inside the TRX pipe. A TBF is scheduled only when all the TBFs of higher priority have nothing more to send. - The following scheduling order is considered, in decreasing order of priority: - Signaling, - Streaming TBFs, - Best Effort TBFs (Interactive then Background) - Scheduling fairness is ensured between TBFs of the same priority. The following figure explains the principles of GCH Statistical Multiplexing through the example of two Best Effort TBFs sharing a same TRX Packet Pipe. The figure shows what happens during a 20 ms period. 20 GCHs have been allocated to the TRX packet pipe by the A-bis dynamic feature. In this pipe the data of one EDGE MS using MCS-9 on 4 radio timeslots and of one GPRS MS using CS-3 on 4 RTS have to be scheduled in the downlink direction. Then in this example there is a light A-bis congestion as 20 GCHs are available instead of 23 (23 GCHs would have allowed the maximum throughput on all PDCHs)
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Alcatel
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In this example we can see that the EDGE and the GPRS TBFs are selected alternatively to fill the TRX pipe. In the end there are only 3 remaining GCHs, which are not enough to schedule the EDGE TBF once more. Then to avoid transmission losses the GPRS TBF is scheduled again instead of the EDGE TBF. Then at the end of the 20 ms period: - The GPRS TBF got the maximum possible bandwidth (4 x 14.4 = 57.6 kbit/s) has it has been possible to schedule it 4 times (so on 4 PDCHs). - The EDGE has been scheduled 3 times corresponding to a 3 x 59.2 = 177.6 kbit/s bandwidth. - Only 2 GCHs have been unused.
Alcatel
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10. A-TER ASPECTS

As in previous BSS releases, the operator configures a set of transmission resources for packet traffic on dedicated or shared A-ter links. Then those resources are dynamically allocated depending on the need. What is changed is that the Ater transmissions resources are no more allocated to PDCHs but to TRX, as explained in the description of the GCH Statistical Multiplexing feature. Newly introduced in B9, a pool of A-ter timeslots is kept reserved in each GPU board to avoid famine situations. This pool is configurable by the Operator on a per BSS basis through the N_ATER_TS_MARGIN_GPU parameter. These A-ter timeslots are used for the purpose of prioritary requests, such as the establishment of the first TBF in the cell, which allows for example to convey GMM signaling (e.g. RA updates) even in case of full A-ter congestion. To manage the trade-off between performances (quick TBF reestablishment between packet bursts) and A-ter consumption, the principle of the Inactivity timers is reused. They are now handled at TRX level instead of at PDCH level. The principles and application to B9 is detailed hereunder: - When the number of established GCHs in a TRX becomes greater than the target number (for example upon a TBF release in this TRX), the Inactivity timer is launched with the T_GCH_INACTIVITY value. Note: during this phase, the GCHs can be preempted to be given to another TRX, possibly belonging to another cell. - At its expiry, some GCHs are released to stick to the new target number of GCHs. - However if the released TBF was the last remaining one in the cell all the GCHs of the TRX carrying this TBF are not released: some GCHs are kept (one by default). - Then, and unless the GPRS resource anticipation feature is activated in the cell, the inactivity timer is launched once again but with the T_GCH_INACTIVITY_LAST value. At its expiry all the GCHs remaining allocated to the TRX are released. - If the GPRS resource anticipation feature is activated in the cell, some GCHs remain activated forever. - T_GCH_INACTIVITY can have a low value. T_GCH_INACTIVITY_LAST should have a higher value in order to allow the last remaining user in a cell to restart quickly its data transfer even after a significant interruption delay (This is the alternative, with less impacts on A-ter consumption, to using the GPRS resource anticipation feature).
Alcatel
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11. HW ASPECTS
The Abis dynamic and GCH Statistical Multiplexing features are supported by all the BSC and MFS generations. They are supported by all the BTS generations except the G1/G2 BTSs. For the G1/G2 BTSs static transmission principles continue to apply.
12. O&M PARAMETERS
Name
Meaning
Instance
Available since
Max_GPRS_CS Max_EGPRS_MCS Max_PDCH_HIGH_LOAD
Highest usable CS (GPRS) Highest usable MCS (EDGE) Maximum number of PDCHs that can be allocated to PS traffic when the CS traffic is high
Cell Cell Cell
B8 B8 B6
EN_FAST_INITIAL_GPRS_ACCESS Enables/disables the GPRS Resource anticipation feature T_GCH_INACTIVITY T_GCH_INACTIVITY_LAST Inactivity timer value Inactivity timer value to be used for the last remaining GCHs allocated to a cell N_ATER_TS_MARGIN_GPU Number of free A-ter TS kept free per GPU to avoid cell famine N_EXTRA_ABIS_TS Number of extra 64 kbit/s A-bis timeslos per BTS
Cell
B8
BSS BSS
B9 B9
BSS
B9
BTS
B9
End of Document
Alcatel
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Packet Transmission Features in Release B9: Functional Feature Description

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