MATH 1431

EXAM 2 REVIEW

Part I. Dierentials; Newton-Raphson Approximations 1. Use dierentials to estimate f (5.4), given that f (5) = 1 and f (x) = Answer: f (5.4) 2.2 2. Use dierentials to estimate: Answer: (i) (62)2/3 (i) (62)2/3, (ii) cos 33o . + 6 60 0.8395 3 x2 + 2.

47 15.667 3

(ii) cos 33 = cos

3. A hemispherical dome with radius 50 feet will be given a coat of paint 0.1 inch thick. Estimate the number of gallons of paint that will be needed to paint the dome. (There are 231 cubic inches in a gallon.) Answer: 980 galllons 4. Estimate the cube root of 25 using the Newton-Raphson method by letting f (x) = x3 25 and x1 = 3. Calculate x3 . 79 Answer: x2 = 2.9259; 27 79 x3 = 27
79 27 3

25
2

79 27

Part II. The Mean-Value Theorem; Rolles theorem 1. Explain why the equation x3 + 4x 1 = 0 has exactly one real root. Answer: Set f (x) = x3 + 4x 1. Since f (x) as x and f (x) as x , f has at least one zero (the equation has at least one real root). Since f (x) = 3x2 + 4 > 0, f has exactly one zero (the equation has exactly one root). 2. Does there exist a dierentiable function f that satises: f (1) = 4, f (2) = 0 and f (x) > 0 for all x (1, 2)? Justify your answer. Answer: No. By the mean-value theorem there exists at least one number c (2, 2) such that f (2) f (1) 4 f (c) = = <0 2 (1) 3 3. Let g (x) = x3 3x on [2, 2]. Find all the numbers c (2, 2) that satisfy the conclusion of the mean-value theorem. 2 Answer: c = 3

Part III. Local and Absolute Extrema 1. The numbers c = 1, c = 0, and c = 2 are critical numbers of 1 6 1 5 1 4 x x x +5 6 5 2

f (x) =

For each critical number c, determine whether f has a local maximum, a local minimum or neither a maximum nor a minimum at c. Answer: f has local minima at c = 1 and c = 2; f has a local maximum at c = 0. 2. Let g (x) = x4 8x2 + 3 on [3, 1]. Determine the absolute maximum and the absolute minimum values of g . Answer: g (3) = 12 is the absolute maximum; g (2) = 13 is the absolute minimum 3. Find and classify all extreme values of f (x) = x3 + 2x2 + x + 1, x [2, 1]. Answer: f (2) = 1 endpoint and absolute min; f (1) = 1 local max; f (1/3) = 23/27 local min; f (1) = 5 endpoint and absolute max. Part IV. Curve Sketching 1. Sketch the graph of a function g on the interval [0, 6] having the following properties:

g (0) = 3,

g (4) = 3,

g (6) = 0;

g (x) > 0 on (0, 2), g (x) < 0 on (0, 4), Answer:

y 10 8 6 4 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 x

g (x) < 0 on (2, 6); g (x) > 0 on (4, 6).

2. The graph of the derivative of a function f is given below. Determine the intervals on which f is increasing and the intervals on which f is decreasing; specify the local maxima and minima, if any. Determine the intervals on which the graph of f is concave up and the intervals on which the graph of f is concave down; specify the points of inection, if any.

f x
y

Answer: f is increasing on [2, 0] [3, ); f is decreasing on (, 2] [0, 3]; f (2) and f (3) are local minima, f (0) is a local maximum; the graphof f is concave up on (, a) (b, ); th egraph is concave down on (a, b); (a, f (a)) and (b, f (b)) are points of inection of the graph. 3. Let f (x) = 9(3 x2 ) . Then x3 f (x) = 9x2 81 x4 and f (x) = 324 18x2 . x5

(a) Determine the domain of f , the x- and y -intercepts of the graph (if any), the symmetry (if any),and the horizontal and vertical asymptotes of the graph (if any). Answer: domain: all real numbers except x = 0; no y -intercepts, x-intercepts: x = 3; symmetric with respect to the origin (f is an odd function); vertical asymptote: x = 0, horizontal asymptote: y = 0 (b) Determine the critical numbers of f , the intervals on which f is increasing and the intervals on which f is decreasing. Answer: critical numbers: x = 3; f is increasing on (, 3] and on [3, ); f is decreasing on [3, 0) and on (0, 3] (c) Determine the intervals on which the graph of f is concave up, the intervals on which the graph is concave down, and nd the points of inection. Answer: The graph of f is concave down on ( 3 2 , 0) and on (3 2, ); The graph of f is concave up on (, 2 3) and on (0, 3 2); points of inection at x = 3 2

(d) Use the information from parts y (a) - (c) to sketch an accurate graph of f .

5 -10 -5 -5 5 10 x

4. Let f (x) = 2 cos x + sin2 x on [2, 2 ]. (a) Determine the symmetry (if any) of the graph. Answer: symmetric with respect to the y -axis (f is an even function) (b) Determine the critical numbers of f , the intervals on which f is increasing and the intervals on which f is decreasing. Answer: critical numbers: x = , 0, ; f is increasing on (, 0] and on [, 2 ]; f is decreasing on [2, ] and on [0, ] (c) Determine the intervals on which the graph of f is concave up, the intervals on which the graph is concave down, and nd the points of inection. Answer: The graph of f is concave down on The graph of f is concave up on x= 4 3 ,
2 4 2 3 , 3 , 3 2 4 3 , 3

2, 4 3 , and
2 4 3 , 3

2 2 3 , 3

and

4 3 , 2

; points of inection at

(d) Use the information from parts (a) - (c) to sketch an accurate graph of f . Answer:
y 2 1 x -2 p -p -1 -2 p 2p

Part V. Max-Min Problems 1. A manufacturer is designing a rectangular warehouse with three rectangular rooms separated by two, parallel, interior walls. The building must have a total of 4000 feet of oor space. The cost of constructing the exterior walls is $150 per linear foot and the cost of constructing the interior walls is $90 per linear foot. The manufacturer wants to nd the dimensions that will minimize the cost of construction. (a) (i) Express the construction costs C as a function of one variable and give the domain of the function. 480(4000) ; domain: (0, ) x (b) (ii) Find the dimensions that will minimize the construction costs and give the minimum cost. Answer: C (x) = 300x + Answer: dimensions for minimum cost: length 80 feet, width 50 feet; minimum cost: C (80) = $48, 000 2. U.S. Postal Service regulations state that the sum of the girth and length of a container to be mailed may not exceed 108 inches. (The girth is the perimeter of a cross section). A person wants to determine maximum volume of a cylindrical container that meets the Postal Service regulation. (a) (i) Express the volume of the container as a function of one variable and give the domain of the function. Answer: V = r2 (108 2r) = 108r2 2 2r3 , 0 r 54/

(b) (ii) Find the dimensions of the container with maximum volume. What is the maximum volume? Answer: dimensions for max. volume: r = 36/, h = 36 (36)3 14, 851 cu. in. max. volume: V (63/ ) =