08 Stresstrans Print

. . . . . .
Lecture 8: Analysls of stress (|) stress transformatlon

ubao Zhen
Oct +p, zo+z
() Lecture 8: Analysls of stress (|) stress transformatlon Oct +p, zo+z + / (+
. . . . . .
Pevlew: Angle of twlst and statlcally lndetermlnate problems
Angle of twist
general: =
T(x)
GI
p
(x)
dx
prlsmatlc (slngle): =
TL
GI
p
GI
p
: torsional rigidity
prlsmatlc (multlple): =
n
i=
T
i
L
i
G
i
I
pi
Torque diagram: constructlon, slgn conventlon, [umps and ext. loads
statically indeterminate torsion problems
+. compatlblllty + torque-dlsplacement + equlllbrlum.
z. the force method.
torslon wlth non-circular cross-section warping
shear ow, average shear stress on thln walled tubes |optlonal|
f =
avg
t =
T
iA
m
,
avg
=
T
itA
m
() Lecture 8: Analysls of stress (|) stress transformatlon Oct +p, zo+z z / (+
. . . . . .
Outllne
...
+
Plane stress state ()
characterlstlcs, transformatlon equatlons, slgns
...
z
Principal stresses ()
denltlon, characterlstlcs, procedures
...
Maximumshear stresses ()
ln-plane / out-of-plane (/), physlcal sense, relatlon to prlnclpal stress
state
() Lecture 8: Analysls of stress (|) stress transformatlon Oct +p, zo+z / (+
. . . . . .
Pevlew of the D stress state
IMPORTANT: stress state ls physical and objective ()
can only be observed through lts components ln a certaln coordinate system
the general d stress state
...
+
notation of stress components a. normal
stresses:
d
(d = x, y, z)
b. shear stresses:
d
(d
, d
= x, y, z)
d
: plane normal (orlentatlon),

d
: acting direction
...
z
sign convention of stress components
()
[udge by the physical loadlng
(++, ) posltlve
(+, +) negatlve
() Lecture 8: Analysls of stress (|) stress transformatlon Oct +p, zo+z ( / (+
. . . . . .
Understandlng stress state ln a full scope
A
A
A
A
A
A
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
r

(
c
o
o
r
d
.

s
y
s
.
)
orientation (relative)
differential element
stress components ln dlerent coord. sys. reect the same objective state
. Plane Stress State
()
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
The zD stress state ln a stress element ()
z
=
zx
=
zy
= o
t
xy
and t
yx
are positive in the directions shown in the figure, they are
consistent with this observation. Therefore, we note that
(7-1)
This relationship was derived previously from equilibrium of the
element (see Section 1.6).
For convenience in sketching plane-stress elements, we usually
draw only a two-dimensional view of the element, as shown in Fig. 7-1b.
Although a figure of this kind is adequate for showing all stresses acting
on the element, we must still keep in mind that the element is a solid
body with a thickness perpendicular to the plane of the figure.
Stresses on Inclined Sections
We are now ready to consider the stresses acting on inclined sections,
assuming that the stresses s
x
, s
y
, and t
xy
(Figs. 7-1a and b) are known.
To portray the stresses acting on an inclined section, we consider a new
stress element (Fig. 7-1c) that is located at the same point in the material
as the original element (Fig. 7-1b). However, the new element has faces
that are parallel and perpendicular to the inclined direction. Associated
with this new element are axes x
1
, y
1
, and z
1
, such that the z
1
axis coin-
cides with the z axis and the x
1
y
1
axes are rotated counterclockwise
through an angle u with respect to the xy axes.
The normal and shear stresses acting on this new element are
denoted s
x
1
, s
y
1
, t
x
1
y
1
, and t
y
1
x
1
, using the same subscript designations
and sign conventions described previously for the stresses acting on the
xy element. The previous conclusions regarding the shear stresses still
apply, so that
(7-2)
From this equation and the equilibrium of the element, we see that the
shear stresses acting on all four side faces of an element in plane stress
are known if we determine the shear stress acting on any one of those
faces.
The stresses acting on the inclined x
1
y
1
element (Fig. 7-1c) can be
expressed in terms of the stresses on the xy element (Fig. 7-1b) by using
equations of equilibrium. For this purpose, we choose a wedge-shaped
stress element (Fig. 7-2a on the next page) having an inclined face that
is the same as the x
1
face of the inclined element shown in Fig. 7-1c.
The other two side faces of the wedge are parallel to the x and y axes.
t
x
1
y
1
t
y
1
x
1
t
xy
t
yx
SECTION 7.2 Plane Stress 467
(a)
y
x
z
O

y
s

y
s

x
s
x
s
t
yx
t
yx
t
xy
t
xy
FIG. 7-1 (Repeated)
(b)
y
x
O

y
s

y
s

x
s
x
s
t
yx
t
yx
t
xy
t
xy
(c)
y
1
x
1
y
t
y
1
x
1
t
y
1
x
1
t
x
1
y
1
t
x
1
y
1
s
y
1
s
y
1
s
x
1
s
x
1
x
u
u
O
Copyright 2004 Thomson Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Plane stress () (d vlew)
t
xy
and t
yx
are positive in the directions shown in the figure, they are
consistent with this observation. Therefore, we note that
(7-1)
This relationship was derived previously from equilibrium of the
element (see Section 1.6).
For convenience in sketching plane-stress elements, we usually
draw only a two-dimensional view of the element, as shown in Fig. 7-1b.
Although a figure of this kind is adequate for showing all stresses acting
on the element, we must still keep in mind that the element is a solid
body with a thickness perpendicular to the plane of the figure.
Stresses on Inclined Sections
We are now ready to consider the stresses acting on inclined sections,
assuming that the stresses s
x
, s
y
, and t
xy
(Figs. 7-1a and b) are known.
To portray the stresses acting on an inclined section, we consider a new
stress element (Fig. 7-1c) that is located at the same point in the material
as the original element (Fig. 7-1b). However, the new element has faces
that are parallel and perpendicular to the inclined direction. Associated
with this new element are axes x
1
, y
1
, and z
1
, such that the z
1
axis coin-
cides with the z axis and the x
1
y
1
axes are rotated counterclockwise
through an angle u with respect to the xy axes.
The normal and shear stresses acting on this new element are
denoted s
x
1
, s
y
1
, t
x
1
y
1
, and t
y
1
x
1
, using the same subscript designations
and sign conventions described previously for the stresses acting on the
xy element. The previous conclusions regarding the shear stresses still
apply, so that
(7-2)
From this equation and the equilibrium of the element, we see that the
shear stresses acting on all four side faces of an element in plane stress
are known if we determine the shear stress acting on any one of those
faces.
The stresses acting on the inclined x
1
y
1
element (Fig. 7-1c) can be
expressed in terms of the stresses on the xy element (Fig. 7-1b) by using
equations of equilibrium. For this purpose, we choose a wedge-shaped
stress element (Fig. 7-2a on the next page) having an inclined face that
is the same as the x
1
face of the inclined element shown in Fig. 7-1c.
The other two side faces of the wedge are parallel to the x and y axes.
t
x
1
y
1
t
y
1
x
1
t
xy
t
yx
(a)
y
x
z
O

y
s

y
s

x
s
x
s
t
yx
t
yx
t
xy
t
xy
FIG. 7-1 (Repeated)
(b)
y
x
O

y
s

y
s

x
s
x
s
t
yx
t
yx
t
xy
t
xy
(c)
y
1
x
1
y
t
y
1
x
1
t
y
1
x
1
t
x
1
y
1
t
x
1
y
1
s
y
1
s
y
1
s
x
1
s
x
1
x
u
u
O
(zd vlew)
() Lecture 8: Analysls of stress (|) stress transformatlon Oct +p, zo+z ; / (+
. . . . . .
Lnglneerlng cases
engineering cases of plane stress
...
+
skin () of any ( D ) stressed body (loading free )
...
z
thin plates (shells, membranes, ...) ( zD )
...
rods ( +D ) wlth speclal loadlng styles:
tenslon/compresslon, torslon, bendlng,
... (
...
the reason to study Dstate
...
+
all prevlous formulas deal wlth only ln +D and on cross-sections
...
z
materlal failure () maximumstress level (normal/shear)
...
max. on inclined sections ()
() Lecture 8: Analysls of stress (|) stress transformatlon Oct +p, zo+z 8 / (+
. . . . . .
Peatures of plane stress state
characteristics:
...
+
all non-zero stresses are ln a slngle plane
...
z
z non-coplanar planes are needed to speclfy a unlque state
General iD case:
x
,
y
,
xy
Pecall:
xy
acts on four sldes
all possible cases:
+ unlaxlal tenslon/compresslon
+ pure shear (). e.g. torslon
+ + + torslon + unlaxlal load
+
x
+ +
y
zD stretchlng
e.g. tubular pressure tank
+
x
+ +
y
+ general
xy
x
y
general zD stress state
() Lecture 8: Analysls of stress (|) stress transformatlon Oct +p, zo+z p / (+
. . . . . .
Plane stress state at a polnt
*** The same state of stress ***
[, )
xy
x
y
xoy (unprlmed)
(knowns:
x
,
y
,
xy
)
oy
(prlmed)
(unknowns:
x
,
y
,
x
)
() Lecture 8: Analysls of stress (|) stress transformatlon Oct +p, zo+z +o / (+
. . . . . .
Stress components on an arbltrary sectlon
xy
x
y
x
f
a
c
e
f
a
c
e
2
for x
-face
the procedure
...
+
set cuts
...
z
drawFBD
...
apply eqns. of equil.
for y
-face
() Lecture 8: Analysls of stress (|) stress transformatlon Oct +p, zo+z ++ / (+
. . . . . .
A step-by-step derlvatlon
Assumlng unlt length along the z dlrectlon of the wedge (),
x
x
xy
Asin
y
Asin
x
Acos
xy
Acos
x
A
y
A
FBD
F
x
= o
A (
xy
Asin ) cos
(
xy
Acos ) sin
(
y
Asin ) sin
(
x
Acos ) cos = o
F
y
= o
A+ (
xy
Asin ) sin
(
xy
Acos ) cos
(
y
Asin ) cos
+ (
x
Acos ) sin = o
() Lecture 8: Analysls of stress (|) stress transformatlon Oct +p, zo+z +z / (+
. . . . . .
Transformatlon equatlons for plane stress
{

x
=
x
cos
+
y
sin
+
xy
(i sin cos )
= (
y

x
) sin cos +
xy
(cos
sin
)
the trigonometric identities ():
cos
=
1
i
(1 + cos i), sin
=
1
i
(1 cos i), sin cos =
1
i
sini
results: for an lncllned sectlon x
(angle fromx to x
):
=

x
+
y
i
+

x

y
i
cos i +
xy
sini
x

y
i
sini +
xy
cos i
Transformation equations for plane stress
()
. . . . . .
The matrlx () form
An easler form to memorlze
x
+
y
i
o
cos i sini
sini cos i
x

y
i
xy
Determinant () of the matrlx = 1

angle lnvolved: always i
leading term(): average of
x
,
y
for normal, zero for shear
A speclal case:
lf
x
=
y
=
= +
xy
sini,
x
=
xy
cos i
further,
lf
xy
= o
x
= ,
x
= o (hydrostatic state, )
() Lecture 8: Analysls of stress (|) stress transformatlon Oct +p, zo+z +( / (+
. . . . . .
Speclal cases of plane stress
...
+
Uniaxial stress state ()
x
o ,
y
= o,
xy
= o
=

x
i
(1 + cos i),
x
x
i
sini
...
z
Pure shear ()
x
= o,
y
= o,
xy
o
=
xy
sini,
x
=
xy
cos i
...
Biaxial stress state ()
x
o,
y
o,
xy
= o
x
+
y
i
+

x

y
i
cos i
=

x

y
i
sini
. . . . . .
The mlsslng components: stresses on plane y
Apply ( +

i
)
stresses at plane y
cos i sini
sini cos i
cos i sini
sini cos i
=

x
+
y
i

x

y
i
cos i
xy
sini
?
= +
x

y
i
sini
xy
cos i =
x
!!!
whats wrong wlth the shear stress!
() Lecture 8: Analysls of stress (|) stress transformatlon Oct +p, zo+z +6 / (+
. . . . . .
Sense of shear stress and the local coordlnate system
x
x
2
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
2
physical
posltlve dlrectlons for shear ln

and
systemare opposite
No wonder!
() Lecture 8: Analysls of stress (|) stress transformatlon Oct +p, zo+z +; / (+
. . . . . .
The rst lnvarlant of stress tensor
Pecall
=

x
+
y
i
+

x

y
i
cos i +
xy
sini
=

x
+
y
i

x

y
i
cos i
xy
sini
Observations:
x
+
y
=
x
+
y
generalization:
I
=
x
+
y
+
z
ls independent of coordlnate system
sumof the dlagonal elements ln stress matrlx the +st invariant of stress tensor
()
() Lecture 8: Analysls of stress (|) stress transformatlon Oct +p, zo+z +8 / (+
. . . . . .
Pemarks
...
+
appllcable to any plane stress state, regardless of materlals
...
z
general plane stress pure shear + biaxial stress
...
perlodlc functlon of lncllned angle (i/i perlod of )
(orlglnally) [o, i), values repeat at + ( face of an element). ls

conned to a domaln extent of . e.g. [o, ), [
i
,

i
)
... (
each lncllned sectlon (orlentatlon) has lts
OWNlocal coordinate systemfor transformatlon
() Lecture 8: Analysls of stress (|) stress transformatlon Oct +p, zo+z +p / (+
. . . . . .
Lxample ;-z, page (z
Given: Plane stress state as shown.
Solve: state of stress wlth an element orlented 1,
clockwlse
A plane-stress condition exists at a point on the surface of a loaded structure,
where the stresses have the magnitudes and directions shown on the stress element
of Fig. 7-8a.
Determine the stresses acting on an element that is oriented at a clockwise
angle of 15 with respect to the original element.
Solution
The stresses acting on the original element (Fig. 7-8a) have the following
values:
s
x
46 MPa s
y
12 MPa t
xy
19 MPa
An element oriented at a clockwise angle of 15 is shown in Fig. 7-8b, where
the x
1
axis is at an angle u 15 with respect to the x axis. (As an alternative,
the x
1
axis could be placed at a positive angle u 75.)
Transformation equations. We can readily calculate the stresses on the x
1
face of the element oriented at u 15 by using the transformation equations
(Eqs. 7-4a and 7-4b). The calculations proceed as follows:
s
x
2
s
y
17 MPa
s
x
2
2
s
y
29 MPa
sin 2u sin (30) 0.5 cos 2u cos (30) 0.8660
Substituting into the transformation equations, we get
s
x
1

s
x
2
s
y
s
x
2
2
s
y
cos 2u t
xy
sin 2u
17 MPa (29 MPa)(0.8660) (19 MPa)(0.5)
32.6 MPa
t
x
1
y
1

s
x
2
2
s
y
sin 2u t
xy
cos 2u
(29 MPa)(0.5) (19 MPa)(0.8660)
31.0 MPa
Also, the normal stress acting on the y
1
face (Eq. 7-5) is
s
y
1

s
x
2
s
y
s
x
2
2
s
y
cos 2u t
xy
sin 2u
17 MPa (29 MPa)(0.8660) (19 MPa)(0.5)
1.4 MPa
This stress can be verified by substituting u 75 into Eq. (7-4a). As a further
check on the results, we note that s
x
1
s
y
1
s
x
s
y
.
The stresses acting on the inclined element are shown in Fig. 7-8b, where
the arrows indicate the true directions of the stresses. Again we note that both
stress elements shown in Fig. 7-8 represent the same state of stress.
Example 7-2
(a)
y
x
O
12 MPa
46 MPa
19 MPa
FIG. 7-8 Example 7-2. (a) Element in
plane stress, and (b) element inclined at
an angle u 15
(b)
y
x
O
1.4 MPa
32.6 MPa
31.0 MPa
y
1
x
1
u = 15
() Lecture 8: Analysls of stress (|) stress transformatlon Oct +p, zo+z zo / (+
. . . . . .
Lxample ;-z, page (z (cont.)
Solution:
of Fig. 7-8a.
Solution
values:
s
x
46 MPa s
y
12 MPa t
xy
19 MPa
the x
1
the x
1
1
s
x
2
s
y
17 MPa
s
x
2
2
s
y
29 MPa
sin 2u sin (30) 0.5 cos 2u cos (30) 0.8660
s
x
1

s
x
2
s
y
s
x
2
2
s
y
cos 2u t
xy
sin 2u
17 MPa (29 MPa)(0.8660) (19 MPa)(0.5)
32.6 MPa
t
x
1
y
1

s
x
2
2
s
y
sin 2u t
xy
cos 2u
(29 MPa)(0.5) (19 MPa)(0.8660)
31.0 MPa
1
face (Eq. 7-5) is
s
y
1

s
x
2
s
y
s
x
2
2
s
y
cos 2u t
xy
sin 2u
17 MPa (29 MPa)(0.8660) (19 MPa)(0.5)
1.4 MPa
x
1
s
y
1
s
x
s
y
.
Example 7-2
(a)
y
x
O
12 MPa
46 MPa
19 MPa
an angle u 15
(b)
y
x
O
1.4 MPa
32.6 MPa
31.0 MPa
y
1
x
1
u = 15
read fromg.:
x
= o MPa,
y
= 1i MPa,
xy
= 1 MPa
of Fig. 7-8a.
Solution
values:
s
x
46 MPa s
y
12 MPa t
xy
19 MPa
the x
1
the x
1
1
s
x
2
s
y
17 MPa
s
x
2
2
s
y
29 MPa
sin 2u sin (30) 0.5 cos 2u cos (30) 0.8660
s
x
1

s
x
2
s
y
s
x
2
2
s
y
cos 2u t
xy
sin 2u
17 MPa (29 MPa)(0.8660) (19 MPa)(0.5)
32.6 MPa
t
x
1
y
1

s
x
2
2
s
y
sin 2u t
xy
cos 2u
(29 MPa)(0.5) (19 MPa)(0.8660)
31.0 MPa
1
face (Eq. 7-5) is
s
y
1

s
x
2
s
y
s
x
2
2
s
y
cos 2u t
xy
sin 2u
17 MPa (29 MPa)(0.8660) (19 MPa)(0.5)
1.4 MPa
x
1
s
y
1
s
x
s
y
.
Example 7-2
(a)
y
x
O
12 MPa
46 MPa
19 MPa
an angle u 15
(b)
y
x
O
1.4 MPa
32.6 MPa
31.0 MPa
y
1
x
1
u = 15
substltute = 1,
lnto the formula
x
+
y
i
+

x

y
i
cos i +
xy
sini = i.o MPa
=

x

y
i
sini +
xy
cos i = 1.o MPa
Slmllarly, for plane = ,,
:
x
= 1. MPa,
x
= 1.o MPa
check: for = 1,
,
y
=
x
+
y

x
= (i.o) = 1. MPa
() Lecture 8: Analysls of stress (|) stress transformatlon Oct +p, zo+z z+ / (+
. Principal Stresses ()
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
Maxlmum/mlnlmum ln-plane normal stress
Local extrema of f(x):
df
dx
= o.
d
x
d
=
x

y
i
(i sini) + i
xy
cos i = o
Lxtrema occur at
p
where
tani
p
=
i
xy
x

y
,
x

y
Observations:
...
+
lf
x
=
y
=
xy
cos i = o
...
+
lf
xy
= o hydrostatic.
max/min
inplane
() =
...
z
lf
xy
o =

max/min
inplane
=
xy
...
further, lf = o (pure shear), =

,
max/min
inplane
=
xy
...
z
lf
xy
= o but
x

y
(blaxlal stress state) sini = o
= o, /i ldentlfylng
x
,
y
themselves as max/mln.
. . . . . .
Maxlmum/mlnlmum ln-plane normal stress (contlnued)
tani
p
=
i
xy
x

y
,
x

y
...
+
Two roots:
p
,
p
.
...
+
i
p
and i
p
are 18o
apart
p
and
p
are o
apart.
...
z
Por
p
, one ls ln [o,

i
], the other ls ln [
i
, ).
...
z
The extrema of normal stresses occur on two mutually perpendicular planes
03/12/2007 06:47 PM Tangent_701.gif 288!178 pixels
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() Lecture 8: Analysls of stress (|) stress transformatlon Oct +p, zo+z z( / (+
. . . . . .
Correspondence between
p
,
p
and
max/min
tani
p
=
i
xy
x

y
,
x

y
set 1 set i
sini
p

xy
/R
xy
/R
cos i
p
(
x

y
i
)/R (
x

y
i
)/R
where R =
x

y
i
)
xy
. Checklng agalnst
d
x

y
( cos )
xy
sin;
d
(set ) < ;
d
(set ) >
Conclusions:
max
inplane
where sin
p
=
xy
/R and cos
p
= (
x

y
)/R slmultaneously.
min
inplane
=
p

i
. . . . . .
Prlnclpal stresses and prlnclpal planes
Substltutlng
p
and
p
lnto
=

x
+
y
i
+

x

y
i
cos i +
xy
sini
x

y
i
sini +
xy
cos i
...
+
The max/mln for ln-plane normal stress
,
=
x
+
y
i

x

y
i
)
xy
, (
, algebralcally)
=
x
+
y
i
R
,
in-plane principal stresses
,
p
: principal orientations/angles/planes (/)

...
z
p
= o (dlrect substltutlon). Or, by:
d
x
p
= i
x
d
x
p
= o
x
= o. principal planes are shear free

() Lecture 8: Analysls of stress (|) stress transformatlon Oct +p, zo+z z6 / (+
. . . . . .
Procedure for ndlng prlnclpal stresses and orlentatlons
Way-: the dlrect way
...
+
evaluate R =
x

y
i
)
xy
, then
,
=

x
+
y
i
R,
...
z
determlne the unlque angle (
p
) ln [o, ) that satlses SIMULTANEOUSLY

cos i
p
=

x

y
iR
, sini
p
=

xy
R
This
p
corresponds to
.
(Pemark: one should understand why thls ls valld.)
...
nd
p
by plus/mlnus o
to
p
:
p
=
p

i
This
p
corresponds to
.
() Lecture 8: Analysls of stress (|) stress transformatlon Oct +p, zo+z z; / (+
. . . . . .
An alternatlve way way-z
...
+
evaluate
,
as ln the prevlous method (R rst, then
,
),
...
z
solve two
p
s fromtani
p
formula.
no assoclatlon between
p
,
and
,
yet,
...
plck one
p
, substitute back lnto formula for
x
for matchlng,
... (
adjust the convention of
p
,
to make angle-prlnclpals correspondence
...
Posslble mlstakes:
wrong formula: anythlng other than tani

p
=
i
xy
x

y
(slgn, numerator/denomlnator, etc.)
mistakenly calculated
p
s fromtani
p
or wrong unlts
correct
p
s, but no back-substitution for assoclatlon:
,
p
.
caution: dont slmply choose one randomly.
() Lecture 8: Analysls of stress (|) stress transformatlon Oct +p, zo+z z8 / (+
. . . . . .
Comparlson between the two methods
Way-: the dlrect way (to get
p
by two crlterla)
...
+
needs two calculatlons on
p
,
...
z
faster
Way-: the trlal-and-error way (to get
p
by tani
p
formula)
...
+
testlng on two values,
...
z
post-ad[ustlng on conventlon ,
...
slower,
... (
more tradltlonal (less to memorlze)
can use both to double check agalnst each other
() Lecture 8: Analysls of stress (|) stress transformatlon Oct +p, zo+z zp / (+
. . . . . .
Lxample ;-, page (z (rst part)
Given: plane stress state wlth
x
= 8 MPa,
y
= o MPa,
xy
= i MPa
Solve: prlnclpal stresses and lts sketch
x
y
84 MPa
32 MPa
30 MPa
() Lecture 8: Analysls of stress (|) stress transformatlon Oct +p, zo+z o / (+
. . . . . .
Lxample ;-, page (z (rst part, ln a dlerent way)
Solution:
x
y
84 MPa
32 MPa
30 MPa
p1
= 14.7
1
= 92.4 MPa
2
= 38.4 MPa
principal stresses
...
+
R =
x

y
i
)
xy
= o,. MPa,
,
=

x
+
y
i
R = i, o,. MPa
= i. MPa,
= 8. MPa
...
z
Determlne
p
:
cos i
p
=

x

y
iR
= o.8,io,
sini
p
=

xy
R
= o.8,
Por i
p
[, ),
i
p
= aicsin(o.8,) = o.,11, iad,
= o.i,,8 iad = 1.,
,
...
Hence
p
=
p
+ o
= ,,.
(or 1o.,
)
. Max. Shear Stresses
()
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
Derlvatlon for maxlmum ln-plane shear stress
Slmllarly, for maxlmum shear stresses and the actlng planes
d
x
d
= (
x

y
)(cos i) i
xy
sini = o
Lxtrema occur at
s
where
tani
s
=
x

y
i
xy
,
xy
o
observation:
...
+
Two roots:
s
,
s
they are o
apart.
One ln [o,

i
], the other ln [
i
, ).
...
z
p
and
s
are related by
tani
s
=
1
tani
p
= cot i
p
= tan(i
p

i
)
i
s
i
p
= o

s
=
p
,
planes of max. shear occur at ,
to the principal planes

. . . . . .
max
and
s
x

y
i
sini +
xy
cos i, tani
s
=
x

y
i
xy
Observation: one of the two sets of solutlon to tani
s
eqn.
cos i
s
=

xy
R
, sini
s
=
x

y
iR
glves
x
= R > o. Pecall that

cos i
p
=

x

y
iR
, sini
p
=

xy
R
dlrect verlcatlon
s
=
p
(rotate clockwise from

p
)
Check:
max
inplane
=
x

y
i
)
xy
= R =

i
,
min
inplane
= R,
s
=
s

i
,
avg
=

x
+
y
i
() Lecture 8: Analysls of stress (|) stress transformatlon Oct +p, zo+z ( / (+
. . . . . .
max/mln ln-plane shear stresses and the complementary
property
mln/max have the same magnitude,
Shear stresses are evaluated ln the faces associated local coordinate system,
Algebraic sense ls ln accordance wlth the complementary property,
Double check the arrows (head to head, tall to tall).
. . . . . .
Lxample ;-, page (z (znd part)
Given: plane stress state wlth
x
= 8 MPa,
y
= o MPa,
xy
= i MPa
Solve: Maxlmum ln-plane shear stresses and lts sketch
x
y
84 MPa
32 MPa
30 MPa
. . . . . .
Lxample ;-, page (z, (znd part)
Solution:
p1
= 14.7
1
= 92.4 MPa
2
= 38.4 MPa
principal stresses
s
1
= 59.7
s
2
= 30.3
27 MPa
65.4 MPa
maximumshear
stresses
solution-:
max
inplane
= R = o,. MPa cos i
s
=

xy
R
= o.8,
sini
s
x

y
iR
= o.8,io
Por i
s
[, ),
i
s
= + aicsin(o.8,io) = i.o8i iad,
= 1.o1i iad = ,.,
Then
s
=
s
+ o
= o.
avg
=

x
+
y
i
= i, MPa
solution-:
or slmply
s
=
p
= 1.,
= ,.,
() Lecture 8: Analysls of stress (|) stress transformatlon Oct +p, zo+z ; / (+

. . . . . .
Pemarks on plottlng ln stress elements
Key points: sign conventions of normal and shear stresses
...
+
all data fromtransformatlon eqn. are for the local coordinate system
...
z
two angles 18o
apart lndlcate the same plane

(one faces () sldes, complementary propertles)
...
convert algebraic value to physical sense whlle plottlng
... (
dont forget the
avg
for max/mln shear stress plot
...
dont forget to mark the angles
...
6
double check!
. . . . . .
Pemarks on the prlnclpal stresses and max. shear stresses
...
+
Maximum/minimumnormal/shear stresses and
...
z
the assoclated orientations of the planes
are of practlcal englneerlng lnterests, slnce
dlerent materlals (brlttle, ductlle) fall on dierent types of stresses
brittle (): falls on normal stress,
ductile (): falls on shear stress
need of safety check agalnst allowable stress
conslderatlon of orlentatlon (to strengthen on a specic direction)
() Lecture 8: Analysls of stress (|) stress transformatlon Oct +p, zo+z p / (+
. . . . . .
Summary
plane stress state
transformation equations for plane stresses
matrlx form, local coordlnate systemfor each lncllned sectlon
principal stresses/planes
max/mln normal stresses, shear free,
two perpendlcular dlrectlons
p
,
,
=

x
+
y
i
R, R =
x

y
i
)
xy
way-+: dlrect, way-z: trlal-and-error
max. in-plane shear stress/planes
max/mln (algebralcally only), two perpendlcular dlrectlons
max
= R =

i
,
avg
=

x
+
y
i
relatlons between principal angles/planes
=
p
,
s
=
s

i
() Lecture 8: Analysls of stress (|) stress transformatlon Oct +p, zo+z (o / (+
. . . . . .
Homework o
Chap. , , ,
Due: .. (Mon.)
(to L)
() Lecture 8: Analysls of stress (|) stress transformatlon Oct +p, zo+z (+ / (+

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. . . . . .

Lecture 8: Analysls of stress (|) stress transformatlon

: plane normal (orlentatlon),

Determinant () of the matrlx = 1

(orlglnally) [o, i), values repeat at + ( face of an element). ls

lnto the formula

further, lf = o (pure shear), =

: principal orientations/angles/planes (/)

= o. principal planes are shear free

) ln [o, ) that satlses SIMULTANEOUSLY

wrong formula: anythlng other than tani

= aicsin(o.8,) = o.,11, iad,

= o.i,,8 iad = 1.,

planes of max. shear occur at ,

to the principal planes

= R > o. Pecall that

(rotate clockwise from

= + aicsin(o.8,io) = i.o8i iad,

= 1.o1i iad = ,.,

() Lecture 8: Analysls of stress (|) stress transformatlon Oct +p, zo+z ; / (+

apart lndlcate the same plane

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