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Muscles of respiration Elastic properties of lung and chest wall Compliance Elastic recoil Airway resistance Dynamic compression of airways Work of breathing
Muscles of respiration
Inspiration : requires generation of a negative pressure within alveolus Active process Quiet breathing at rest 1 Diaphragm 1. Di h 2. External intercostal muscles
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Expiration
1. Normal expiration Passive process :Elastic recoil of lung & thoracic 2. Forced expiration eg. exercise, cough Contraction of p y muscle expiratory - Internal intercostal muscle - Abdominal muscles (external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, transversus abdominis, rectus abdominis)
Elastic property of lung and thoracic Equilibrium position of chest wall and lung
FRC
(TV)
RV
TLC
(TV)
RV
TLC
TLC = total lung capacity, TV = tidal volume, FRC = functional residual capacity, RV = residual volume
Trasmural pressure = Pinside - Poutside + Transmural pressure Transmural pressure Transmural pressure 0
Transpulmonary pressure = Pairway/Ptrachea Ppl (Clinic) Palv = Pairway/Ptrachea at the beginning or end of each normal breath
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Exp
Expiration
1. Brain ceases inspiratory command 2. Inspiratory muscle relax *3. Thoracic volume decreases, causing Ppl to become less negative and decreasing the alveolar transmural pressure gradient *4. Decreased alveolar transmural p. gradient allows the increased alveolar elastic recoil to return the alveoli to their preinspiratory volumes *5. Decreased alveolar volume increases alveolar p. above atmospheric p., thus establishing a pressure gradient for airflow 6. Airflows out of the alveoli until alveolar p. equilibrates with atmospheric p.
*3-5 occur simultaneously
Inspiration
1. Brain initiates inspiratory effort 2. Nerves carry the inspiratory command to the inspiratory m. 3. Inspiratory muscles contract *4. Thoracic volume increases becomes more negative *5. Intrapleural p. become more negative *6. Alveolar transmural pressure gradient increases *7. Alveoli expand. This increases alveolar elastic recoil *8. Alveolar p. falls below atmospheric p. as the alveolar volume increases 9. Air flows into the alveoli until alveolar p. equilibrates with atmospheric p. *4-8 occur simultaneously
Lung compliance
Compliance : C=V/P
lungs are expandedfrom complete collapse to total lung capacity (in vitro)
Static lung compliance: measure of change in volume & pressure of lung when no flow
Compliance is greatest at lower lung volume and is smallest at higher lung volumes Hysteresis surface tension
Dynamic lung compliance: measure of change in volume & pressure of lung during breathing
Transmural pressure
PIN
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Lung compliance : Pulmonary fibrosis : Atelectasis : Alveolar edema : Pneumothorax, pleural effusion (Ppl ) Lung compliance : Emphysema : Chest wall compliance : Kyphoscoliosis : Obese people
Compliance of respiratory system 1/total compliance = 1/lung compliance + 1/chest wall compliance Normal value near FRC 0.1 L/cmH2O = 1/0.2 + 1/0.2 L/cmH2O
Elastic recoil
Elastic recoil 1. Elastic property (elastin & collagen) 2. (surface tension) Surface tension
: cohesive force between molecules of liquid at any gas-liquid interface or air-fluid interface : causes a liquid to shrink to form smallest s a est poss possible b e surface su ace area a ea : constant and not dependent on area of air-fluid interface : surface tension acts to pull surface inwards : positive pressure within bubble to expand it to prevent it from collapse
Elastic recoil is due to elastic property of lung tissue & surface tension
P1 > P2
Smaller alveoli tend to collapse into larger one Collapsed alveoli require very great distending pressures to reopen
Pressure-volume curves for excised cat lungs inflated with air or saline
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Pulmonary surfactant
Consisting of about 85-90% lipids and 10-15% proteins Main lipid component is dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC)
2. (alveolar stability)
B A
, collapse atelectasis
3. : surface tension tends to suck fluid from pulmonary capillaries and facilitates accumulation of fluid in alveolar space : surfactant minimize transdution of fluid from pulmonary capillaries
Alveolar stability
Factors 1. Pulmonary surfactant p 2. Structural interdependence
Middle alveolus begin to collapse, it would increase the stresses on the walls of the adjacent alveoli, which would tend to hold it open
surfactant
compliance ,
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V = P/R
R = 8l/r4
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Palv = Ppl + Pel Pel = elastic recoil p. (Pel at lower lung volumes
closing volume
(work of breathing)
= V x P
V = Volume change is volume of air moved into and out of lung P = Pressure change is transpulmonary pressure necessary to overcome elastic work of breathing & resistive work of breathing Elastic recoil : elastic work pulmonary fibrosis, loss of pulmonary surfactant Tissue & airway resistance : pulmonary fibrosis Pulmonary resistance : airway obstruction