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1 INTRODUCTION Corbel or bracket is a reinforced concrete member is a short-haunched cantilever used to support the reinforced concrete beam element. Corbel is structural element to support the pre-cast structural system such as pre-cast beam and pre-stressed beam. The corbel is cast monolithic with the column element or wall element. This chapter is describes the design procedure of corbel or bracket structure. Since the load from precast structural element is large then it is very important to make a good detailing in corbel. 11.2 BEHAVIOR OF CORBEL The followings are the major items show the behavior of the reinforced concrete corbel, as follows : The shear span/depth ratio is less than 1.0, it makes the corbel behave in two-dimensional manner. Shear deformation is significant is the corbel. There is large horizontal force transmitted from the supported beam result from long-term shrinkage and creep deformation. Bearing failure due to large concentrated load. The cracks are usually vertical or inclined pure shear cracks. The mode of failure of corbel are : yielding of the tension tie, failure of the end anchorage of the tension tie, failure of concrete by compression or shearinga and bearing failure. The followings figure shows the mode of failure of corbel. CHAPTER 11 THE FLEXURE AND SHEAR DESIGN OF CORBEL (BRACKET) http://syaifulsipil96.blogspot.com/ syaiful_ashari@yahoo.com 2-Nov Vu Vu Vu Vu Nu DIAGONAL SHEAR SHEAR FRICTION ANCHORAGE SPLITING VERTICAL SPLITING FIGURE 11.1 MODES OF FAILURE OF CORBEL 11.3 SHEAR DESIGN OF CORBEL 11.3.1 GENERAL Since the corbel is cast at different time with the column element then the cracks occurs in the interface of the corbel and the column. To avoid the cracks we must provide the shear friction reinforcement perpendicular with the cracks direction. ACI code uses the shear friction theory to design the interface area. 11.3.2 SHEAR FRICTION THEORY In shear friction theory we use coefficient of friction to transform the horizontal resisting force into vertical resisting force. The basic design equation for shear reinforcement design is : Vn Vu *11.1+ where : Vn = nominal shear strength of shear friction reinforcement

Vu = ultimate shear force = strength reduction factor ( = 0.85) http://syaifulsipil96.blogspot.com/ syaiful_ashari@yahoo.com ) 3-Nov Vu Avf fy Avf fy SHEAR FRICTION REINFORCEMENT ASSUMED CRACK f FIGURE 11.1 SHEAR FRICTION THEORY The nominal shear strength of shear friction reinforcement is : TABLE 11.1 SHEAR FRICTION REINFORCEMENT STRENGTH VERTICAL SHEAR FRICTION REINFORCEMENT INCLINED SHEAR FRICTION REINFORCEMENT Vn Avf Vn Avf Vn = Avf fy = y n vf f AV #NAME? y u vf f V A ( ) Vn = Avf fy sinf + cosf ( )y f f n vf f sin cos AV + = ( )y f f u vf f sin cos V A

+ #NAME? where : Vn = nominal shear strength of shear friction reinforcement Avf = area of shear friction reinforcement Fy = yield strength of shear friction reinforcement = coefficient of friction TABLE 11.2 COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION METHOD COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION Concrete Cast Monolithic 1.4 Concrete Placed Against Roughened Hardened Concrete 1.0 Concrete Placed Against unroughened Hardened Concrete 0.6 Concrete Anchored to Structural Steel 0.7 The value of is : = 1.0 normal weight concrete = 0.85 sand light weight concrete = 0.75 all light weight concrete http://syaifulsipil96.blogspot.com/ syaiful_ashari@yahoo.com 4-Nov The ultimate shear force must follows the following condiitons : Vu (0.2f'c)bwd Vu (5.50)bwd [11.1] where : Vu = ultimate shear force (N) fc = concrete cylinder strength (MPa) bw = width of corbel section (mm) d = effective depth of corbel (mm) 11.3.3 STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE The followings are the step by step procedure used in the shear design for corbel (bracket), as follows : Calculate the ultimate shear force Vu. Check the ultimate shear force for the following condition, if the following condition is not achieved then enlarge the section. Vu (0.2f'c )bwd Vu (5.50)bwd Calculate the area of shear friction reinforcement Avf. VERTICAL SHEAR FRICTION REINFORCEMENT INCLINED

SHEAR FRICTION REINFORCEMENT Vn Avf Vn Avf Vn = Avf fy = y n vf f AV #NAME? y u vf f V A ( ) Vn = Avf fy sinf + cosf ( )y f f n vf f sin cos AV + = ( )y f f u vf f sin cos V A + #NAME? The design must be follows the basic design equation as follows : Vn Vu 11.4 FLEXURAL DESIGN OF CORBEL 11.4.1 GENERAL The corbel is design due to ultimate flexure moment result from the supported beam reaction Vu and horizontal force from creep and shrinkage effect Nu. http://syaifulsipil96.blogspot.com/ syaiful_ashari@yahoo.com ) 5-Nov h d min d/2 Nuc Vu a FIGURE 11.2 DESIGN FORCE OF CORBEL

11.4.2 TENSION REINFORCEMENT The ultimate horizontal force acts in the corbel Nuc is result from the creep and shrinkage effect of the pre-cast or pre-stressed beam supported by the corbel. This ultimate horizontal force must be resisted by the tension reinforcement as follows : y uc nf AN = [11.2] where : An = area of tension reinforcement Nuc = ultimate horizontal force at corbel fy = yield strength of the tension reinforcement = strength reduction factor ( = 0.85) Minimum value of Nuc is 0.2Vuc. The strength reduction factor is taken 0.85 because the major action in corbel is dominated by shear. 11.4.3 FLEXURAL REINFORCEMENT d h a Nuc Vu Ts Cc a jd FIGURE 11.3 ULTIMATE FLEXURE MOMENT AT CORBEL http://syaifulsipil96.blogspot.com/ syaiful_ashari@yahoo.com 6-Nov The ultimate flexure moment Mu result from the support reactions is : Mu = Vu(a)+Nuc (h d) *11.3+ where : Mu = ultimate flexure moment Vu = ultimate shear force a = distance of Vu from face of column Nuc = ultimate horizontal force at corbel h = height of corbel d = effective depth of corbel The resultant of tensile force of tension reinforcement is : Tf = Af fy [11.4] where : Tf = tensile force resultant of flexure reinforcement Af = area of flexure reinforcement fy = yield strength of the flexure reinforcement The resultant of compressive force of the concrete is :

Cc = 0.85f'c ba(cos ) *11.5+ where : Cc = compressive force resultant of concrete fc = concrete cylinder strength b = width of corbel a = depth of concrete compression zone The horizontal equilibrium of corbel internal force is : H = 0 Cc =Ts ( ) 0.85f'c ba cos = Af fy ( ) = 0.85f' b cos Af a c fy [11.6] The flexure reinforcement area is : = 2 fda AM y u f [11.7] http://syaifulsipil96.blogspot.com/ syaiful_ashari@yahoo.com ) 7-Nov ()

 = 2 0.85f' b cos Af fd AM c fy y u f Cos value can be calculated based on the Tan value as follows : a Tan = jd [11.8] where : a = distance of Vu from face of column jd = lever arm Based on the equation above we must trial and error to find the reinforcement area Af. For practical reason the equation below can be used for preliminary : f (jd) AM y u f = f (0.85d) AM y u f = [11.9] where : Af = area of flexural reinforcement Mu = ultimate flexure moment at corbel fy = yield strength of the flexural reinforcement = strength reduction factor ( = 0.9) d = effective depth of corbel 11.4.4 DISTRIBUTION OF CORBEL REINFORCEMENTS a d h Vu Nuc

(2/3)d 23 As= Avf +An Ah= 13 Avf FRAMING REBAR d (2/3)d Ah= Af 2 1 REBAR FRAMING As= Af+An a Vu Nuc CASE 1 CASE 2 FIGURE 11.4 DISTRIBUTION OF CORBEL REINFORCEMENTS http://syaifulsipil96.blogspot.com/ syaiful_ashari@yahoo.com 8-Nov From the last calculation we already find the shear friction reinforcement Avf, tension reinforcement An and flexural reinforcement Af. We must calculate the primary tension reinforcement As based on the above reinforcements. TABLE 11.3 DISTRIBUTION OF CORBEL REINFORCEMENTS CLOSED CASE As STIRRUP PRIMARY REINFORCEMENT Ah LOCATION 1 s Avf An 3 A 2 + s Avf An 3 A = 2 + h Avf 3 A=1d 3 2 2 As Af + An As = Af + An h Af 2 A=1d 3 2 where : As = area of primary tension reinforcement Avf = area of shear friction reinforcement An = area of tension reinforcement Af = area of flexure reinforcement

Ah = horizontal closed stirrup d = effective depth of corbel The reinforcements is taken which is larger, case 1 or case 2, the distribution of the reinforcements is shown in the figure above. 11.4.5 LIMITS OF REINFORCEMENTS The limits of primary steel reinforcement at corbel design is : y sc f 0.04 f' bd =A [11.10] where : As = area of primary tension reinforcement b = width of corbel d = effective depth of corbel The limits of horizontal closed stirrup reinforcement at corbel design is : ( ) Ah 0.5 As An *11.11+ where : As = area of primary tension reinforcement An = area of tension reinforcement 11.4.6 STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE The followings are the step by step procedure used in the flexural design for corbel (bracket), as follows : http://syaifulsipil96.blogspot.com/ syaiful_ashari@yahoo.com ) 9-Nov Calculate ultimate flexure moment Mu. Mu = Vu(a)+Nuc (h d) Calculate the area of tension reinforcement An. y uc nf AN = Calculate the area of flexural reinforcement Af. f (0.85d) AM y u f = Calculate the area of primary tension reinforcement As. CLOSED CASE As STIRRUP

PRIMARY REINFORCEMENT Ah LOCATION 1 s Avf An 3 A 2 + s Avf An 3 A = 2 + h Avf 3 A=1d 3 2 2 As Af + An As = Af + An h Af 2 A=1d 3 2 Check the reinforcement for minimum reinforcement. y sc f 0.04 f' bd =A ( ) Ah 0.5 As An 11.5 APPLICATIONS 11.5.1 APPLICATION 01 DESIGN OF CORBEL Vu=150000 N 100 Nuc 400 200 http://syaifulsipil96.blogspot.com/ syaiful_ashari@yahoo.com 11 - 1 0 PROBLEM Design the flexural and shear friction reinforcement of corbel structure above. MATERIAL Concrete strength = K 300 Steel grade = Grade 400 Concrete cylinder strength = f'c = 0.83 30 = 24.9 MPa 1 = 0.85 DIMENSION b = 200 mm h = 400 mm Concrete cover = 30 mm d = 370 mm DESIGN FORCE

Vu = 150000N Nuc = 0.2Vu = 0.2150000 = 30000 N Mu = Vu(a)+Nuc (h d) = 150000(100)+ 30000(400 370) = 15900000 Nmm LIMITATION CHECKING (0.2f'c)bwd = 0.85(0.2 24.9)200 370 = 313242 N (5.5)bwd = 0.85 5.5 200 370 = 345950 N Vu = 150000 < (0.2f'c)bwd = 313242 < (5.5)bwd = 345950 SHEAR FRICTION REINFORCEMENT = 1.4 = 1.41.0 = 1.4 315 400 1.4 0.85 150000 f V A y u vf = = #NAME? TENSION REINFORCEMENT 88 0.85 400 30000 f AN y uc n= = 0 FLEXURAL REINFORCEMENT ( ) ( ) 140 0.9 400 0.85 370 15900000 f 0.85d AM y u f= =

 0 http://syaifulsipil96.blogspot.com/ syaiful_ashari@yahoo.com ) 11-Nov PRIMARY TENSION REINFORCEMENT CLOSED STIRRUP CASE As (mm2) PRIMARY REINFORCEMENT (mm2) Ah (mm2) LOCATION (mm) 1 s Avf An 3 A2+ (315) 88 298 3 As 2 + As = 298 h Avf 3 A=1 (315) 105 3 Ah = 1 = d 3 2 247 2 As Af + An As 140 + 88 228 As = 228 The reinforcement of the corbel are : As = 298 mm2 Ah = 105 mm2 CHECK FOR AS MINIMUM AND AS MAXIMUM 0.00249 400 0.04 24.9

f 0.04 f' y c min = = = 0.00402 0.00249 200 370 298 bd A min s=>= = = OK Ahmin = 0.5(As An)= 0.5(298 88)= 210 mm2 Ah = 105 < Ahmin = 210 Ah = 210 mm2 The final reinforcement of the corbel are : As = 298 mm2 Ah = 210 mm2 CORBEL REINFORCEMENT As (mm2) Ah (mm2) As=3D16 16 603 4 D31 4 A3122 s = = = Ah=3(2 Legs D10) 10 471 4 D321 4 A32122 s =

 = = http://syaifulsipil96.blogspot.com/ syaiful_ashari@yahoo.com 11 - 1 2 SKETCH OF REINFORCEMENT 247 2 LEGS 10 3D16

from precast

the interface