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River Navigation
By : Group 5 1. Intan Madya Ratna 2. Jayanti Putri Kiswandhi 3. Hadi Satria Setyono 4. Rhomy Wahyudies Santoso 5. Christian Aji Sulistiono 6. Wahyudi Hidayat 105060400111058 105060401111018 105060400111052 105060400111037 105060407111018
RIVER NAVIGATION
Water layer occupies two thirds of the total area of our planet, while the rest of the mainland. Basically the amount of water contained in the earth, we never run out, and experience the water cycle (cycle) that takes place does not stop the periodic cycles of sunlight, wind, plants, mountains, etc.. Improving water availability index decreases with population growth, a sign that the deficit of the watershed. Considering this is necessary to increase the availability of water. One solution is to take the steps of technology development, water supply, conservation of water resources and improving water conservation and river management.
I.
ocean. The river consists of several parts, starting from the springs that flow into rivers. Several tributaries join to form the main river. water flow is usually bordered by the channel with the base and the cliff on the left and right. End of the river where the river meets the sea known as the river mouth. This river is one part of the hydrologic cycle. The water in the river is generally collected from rainfall, such as rain, dew, springs, underground streams, and in some countries also tertantu river water comes from melting ice / snow. In addition to water, river sediment and pollutants flowing properly. The biggest benefit of the river for irrigation, drinking water raw materials, as the channel rain water and waste water, even the true potential of the river became a tourist attraction. In Indonesia there are currently 5950 watersheds (DAS). Watershed (DAS) is an area that is surrounded and bounded by natural topographic ridge or mountain range, where the rainfall that falls on the flow through a specific exit point (outlet), which eventually empties into the lake or sea. Natural boundaries of the watershed
can be used as a natural ecosystem boundaries, which may overlap with artificial ecosystems, such as the areas of administrative and economic areas. Often, however, limit cross-border river basin district, provincial and even cross country. A watershed may consist of several sub-basin, basin area and then divided again into sub-watershed.
Components of Rivers
The main components of river ecosystems, consisting of: humans, animals,
vegetation, soil, climate, and water. Each component has unique properties and its existence does not stand alone, but associated with other components to form the unity of ecological systems (ecosystems). Humans play an important and dominant role in influencing the quality of river flow. Disruption of one component of the ecosystem will be felt by the other components with the nature of the impact chain. Ecosystem balance will be guaranteed if the condition of mutual relations between the components work properly and optimally. Quality of interaction between the components of the ecosystem can be seen from the quality of output from the ecosystem. In a watershed ecosystem quality physically visible from the magnitude of erosion, runoff, sedimentation, fluctuations in runoff, and land productivity.
II.
River Navigation
Management of the river is the river which covers the use of business coaching, use, development and conservation in the form of protection and control of rivers that are part of river management, which aims to acquire control of water in order to provide maximum benefits to meet the various interests to the welfare of society. River flow management is to control the river bed (bed flow control) and the river channel settings (control alignment). Working for river flow regulation and stabilization of river channels can be done by making the building, building control and monitoring with the riverbed, quarrying natural carpets, making the effect of the flow. 1. Correction and Stabilization Of The River Flow To increase the flow of the river, carried out by adjusting the cross-section and depth of groove for pengandalian goals and needs of navigation. Setting the flow direction (alignment control), in planning the direction of the straight river channel with an irregular cross section (uniform) is not stable because if the slightest disturbance will occur deflection (meanders) from the bottom of the groove, and the deposits are formed from sediment char-char. 2. Riverbed Settings River flow and elevation changes caused by the movement of alluvial river bottom material. These changes tend to cause the occurrence agradasi and degradation in the long run, it makes controlling the riverbed. Basic equilibrium in the longitudinal river is determined by the balance between the amount of sediment by rivers to the sediment transport capacity. Degradation of the riverbed can be affected by the decline in ground water, foundation stability of bridges and other structures and decreasing depth of the navigation channel disturbed this problem can be solved by building the basic control structure of the river (land) or weir. Agradasi riverbed can cause the problem to reduce the flow capacity, thus increasing the occurrence of floods, reducing the traffic capacity of the bridge so that the necessary elevation and disruption of the building.
III.
1.
Conservation of natural resources due to rampant exploitation of land, forests do, and water. The impact will be changing the layout of water such as floods, droughts, and increasing the rate of erosion and sedimentation. This technology is carried out in the conservation of vegetative methods and methods of Civil Engineering. Vegetative method, to reduce the destructive force of the rain that falls, reducing runoff and erosion. Included in the method of planting trees in reforestation and forest outside the forest area using the Civilian method, is a method of making civilian buildings to reduce annual crop of civil runoff and erosion, and enhance land use, and zoom into the ground water recharge. Included in these methods are: controlling the dam, dams, embankments, terraces, creation of irrigation in agricultural areas, guludan, etc.. 2.
river, the river is greatly reduced capacity due to sedimentation in the riverbed. To cope with the flood effort that needs to be improved include: - Improve the function of reservoir - Increased capacity of the river canalization of rivers - Improving the condition of the estuary and explore the potential - Controlling the flow of the river downstream - Maintenance of embankments
infrastructure. River body is damaged by the process of degradation caused by the excavation of sand, they require some effort to control, namely: - Compilation of class C mining technical guidelines on the river. - The preparation of the map on the section or sections of the river that can or may be mined by the rules. - Development of basic-controller applications for buildings and building water under the bridge.
IV.
Therefore, prevention efforts that occurred with flood prevention. Erosion can also occur on the river because the river could not hold the land affected by water currents.