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    Science Primers, Introductory
    Science Primers, Introductory
    Science Primers, Introductory
    Ebook125 pages1 hour

    Science Primers, Introductory

    By Thomas Henry Huxley

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    "Science Primers, Introductory" by Thomas Henry Huxley
    Thomas Henry Huxley PC FRS HonFRSE FLS was an English biologist and anthropologist specializing in comparative anatomy. In this book, he introduces the sciences to students, aspiring students, and even common men and women who were interested in learning a little more about the world around them. From causes and effects to the laws of nature, the book takes the building block concepts of the field and makes them easy to understand.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherGood Press
    Release dateDec 23, 2019
    ISBN4064066122706
    Science Primers, Introductory

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      Book preview

      Science Primers, Introductory - Thomas Henry Huxley

      Thomas Henry Huxley

      Science Primers, Introductory

      Published by Good Press, 2022

      goodpress@okpublishing.info

      EAN 4064066122706

      Table of Contents

      I. NATURE AND SCIENCE.

      1. Sensations and Things.

      2. Causes and Effects.

      3. The reason Why. Explanation.

      4. Properties and Powers.

      5. Artificial and Natural Objects. Nature.

      6. Artificial Things are only Natural Things shaped and brought together or separated by Men.

      7. Many Objects and Chains of Causes and Effects in Nature are out of our reach.

      8. The Order of Nature: nothing happens by Accident, and there is no such thing as Chance.

      9. Laws of Nature; Laws are not Causes.

      10. Knowledge of Nature is the Guide of Practical Conduct.

      11. Science: the Knowledge of the Laws of Nature obtained by Observation, Experiment, and Reasoning.

      II. MATERIAL OBJECTS.—A. MINERAL BODIES.

      12. The Natural Object Water.

      13. A Tumbler of Water.

      14. Water occupies Space; it offers Resistance; it has Weight; and is able to transfer Motion which it has acquired; it is therefore a form of Matter.

      15. Water is a liquid.

      16. Water is almost incompressible.

      17. The Meaning of Weight.

      18. Gravity and Gravitation.

      19. The cause of Weight: Attraction: Force.

      20. The Weight of Water is Proportioned to its Bulk.

      21. The Measuring of Weights. The Balance.

      22. The Weight of the same Bulk or Volume of Water is Constant under the same conditions. Mass. Density.

      23. Equal Volumes of Different Things under the same circumstances, have Different Weights: the Density of Different Bodies is Different.

      24. The Meaning of Heavy and Light—Specific Gravity.

      25. Things of greater Specific Gravity than Water sink in Water; Things of less Specific Gravity float.

      26. A Body which Floats in Water always occupies as much Space beneath the level of the Surface of the Water as is equal to the Volume of Water which weighs as much as that Body; in other words, it displaces its own Weight of Water.

      27. Water presses in all Directions.

      28. The Transference of Motion by Moving Water: the Momentum of Moving Water.

      29. The Energy of Moving Water.

      30. The Properties of Water are Constant.

      31. Increase of Heat at first causes Water to Increase in Volume.

      32. Increase of Heat at length causes Water to become Steam.

      33. The taking away of Heat from Steam causes the steam to change into Hot Water.

      34. When Water is changed into Steam, its Volume becomes about 1,700 times greater that it was at first.

      35. Gases or Elastic Fluids. Air.

      36. Steam is an Elastic Fluid or Gas.

      37. Gases and Vapours.

      38. The Evaporation of Water at ordinary Temperatures.

      39. When Hot Water is cooled, it Contracts to begin with, but after a time Expands.

      40. Water cooled still further becomes the transparent brittle solid Ice.

      41. Ice has less Specific Gravity than the Water from which it was formed.

      42. Hoar Frost is the Gaseous Water which exists in the Atmosphere, condensed and converted into Ice Crystals.

      43. When Ice is warmed it begins to change back into Water as soon as the Temperature reaches 32°.

      44. Ice the solid, Water the liquid, and Steam the gas, are three states of one natural object; the Condition of each State being a certain Amount of Heat.

      45. The Phenomena of Heat are the Effects of a rapid Motion of the Particles of Matter.

      46. The Structure of Water.

      47. Suppositions or Hypotheses; their Uses and their Value.

      48. The Hypothesis that Water is composed of Separate Particles (Molecules) .

      49. All Matter is probably made up either of Molecules or of Atoms.

      50. Elementary Bodies are neither destroyed nor is their Quantity increased in Nature.

      51. Simple Mixture.

      52. Mixture followed by Increase of Density; Alcohol and Water.

      53. Solution; Water Dissolves Salt.

      54. Quicklime and Water: Plaster of Paris and Water: Combination.

      55. Mineral bodies may take on definite shapes and grow, or increase in size, by the addition of like parts.

      B. LIVING BODIES.

      56. The Wheat Plant and the substances of which it is composed.

      57. The Common Fowl and the Substances of which it is Composed.

      58. Certain Constituents of the Body are very similar in the Wheat Plant and in the Fowl.

      59. Proteid Substances are met with in Nature only in Animals and Plants; and Animals and Plants always contain Proteids.

      60. What is meant by the word Living?

      61. The Living Plant increases in size, by adding to the Substances which compose its Body, like Substances; these, however, are not derived from without, but are manufactured within the Body of the Plant from simpler Materials.

      62. The Living Plant, after it has grown up, detaches part of its Substance, which has the Power of developing into a similar Plant, as a Seed.

      63. The Living Animal increases in Size by adding to the Substances which compose its Body, like Substances; these, however, are chiefly derived directly from other Animals or from Plants.

      64. The Living Animal, after it has grown up, detaches part of its Substance, which has the Power of growing into a similar Animal, as an Egg.

      65. Living Bodies differ from Mineral Bodies in their Essential Composition, in the manner of their Growth, and in the fact that they are reproduced by Germs.

      III. IMMATERIAL OBJECTS.

      66. Mental Phenomena.

      67. The order of Mental Phenomena: Psychology.

      SCIENCE PRIMERS.

      INTRODUCTORY.

      I. NATURE AND SCIENCE.

      Table of Contents

      1. Sensations and Things.

      Table of Contents

      All the time that we are awake we are learning by means of our senses something about the world in which we live and of which we form a part; we are constantly aware of feeling, or hearing, or smelling, and, unless we happen to be in the dark, of seeing; at intervals we taste. We call the information thus obtained sensation.

      When we have any of these sensations we commonly say that we feel, or hear, or smell, or see, or taste, something. A certain scent makes us say we smell onions; a certain flavour, that we taste apples; a certain sound, that we hear a carriage; a certain appearance before our eyes, that we see a tree; and we call that which we thus perceive by the aid of our senses a thing or an object.

      2. Causes and Effects.

      Table of Contents

      Moreover, we say of all these things, or objects, that they are the causes of the sensations in question, and that the sensations are the effects of these causes. For example, if we hear a certain sound, we say it is caused by a carriage going along the road, or that it is the effect, or the consequence, of a carriage passing along. If there is a strong smell of burning, we believe it to be the effect of something on fire, and look about anxiously for the cause of the smell. If we see a tree, we believe that there is a thing or object, which is the cause of that appearance in our field of view.

      3. The reason Why. Explanation.

      Table of Contents

      In the case of the smell of burning, when we find on looking about, that something actually is on fire, we say indifferently either that we have found out the cause of the smell, or that we know the reason why we perceive that smell; or that we have explained it. So that to know the reason why of anything, or to explain it, is to know the cause of it. But that which is the cause of one thing is the effect of another. Thus, suppose we find some smouldering straw to be the cause of the smell of burning, we immediately ask what set it on fire, or what is the cause of its burning? Perhaps we find that a lighted lucifer match has been thrown into the straw, and then we say that the lighted match was the cause

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