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Definitions of Term
In this research, the keywords are the 'Phonological Development'. This terms brought by the researcher as in a different meaning and different understanding.
Phonological Development
The term 'development' often understood as the growth on something that is over time where it involves with certain period of time. In this research, the researcher brings another dimension towards the meaning of 'development', where it does not necessarily over time but based on time limit. Sciarani & Steinberg, (2005) stated that children at the age of 5 should be capable on producing any speech sounds on the language that they had acquired. Based on this theory, the age between 1-5, the children are expected to developing and they will start to master and have full capability to pronounce all of the sounds at the age of five. Based on this theory, the 'development' is understood by the researcher as 'achievement' rather than just the process towards something. Briefly, phonological development in this study refers to the acquisition of sound that the children obtain at the age of 5.
requires distributional chart since the sounds only differs with respect to one sound. These pairs are important since it demonstrate whether the sound in parallel distribution and semantically contrastive. The phonemic principle consists of two sets of criteria as stated below; Two or more sounds are realizations of the same phoneme if; In complementary distribution And; Phonetically similar
Two or more sounds are realizations of different phonemes if: In parallel (overlapping) distribution And; Serve to signal a semantic contrast
Research Design
In this study, the researcher will be using quantitative approach which employs the co-relational design where the findings are expected to be more specific. As stated above, the title itself conveys dependant and independent variables clearly. The data analysis will be using statistics are figures in order to find the relations between the ethnicity and phonological development of five years old children.
Research Procedure
Consist of 2 children at the same age but background and ethnicity may differ (Malay and Chinese). The researchers will observe by using observation checklist on the pronunciation of both children captured by recording. The researcher will provide both children with the same text which contains all of the English words that represent the phonetic alphabet and will ask them to follow the way the researcher pronounce those words. Their capability will be assess based on the speech production theory. The instruments will be uses are; the recording gadget, video recording gadget in helping the observation. The researcher will use, phonological checklist in order to spot their ability in pronouncing sounds from the text. There are also questionnaires to be answered by the parents about their children's speech production development and their background. The researcher will conduct an interview as to gather extra information.
Sample
The researchers will target 2 children at the age of 5 from two different ethnicities (Chinese and Malay) and, which are exposed to the learning environment. Taking into account on some considerations, the researchers are interested in examining two races which is Malay and also Chinese children. The researcher will make a comparison between these two samples on how they pronounce words and produce the sounds of diphthongs, vowels, and consonants. These samples also may have different background in the context of social status. Their parents will also contribute information as this research will need to consider the background information in order to prove how 'parentese' influence their children language development which later narrowing to the phonological production and development. These children are children from Kasih Mesra Kindergarten, Seri Kembangan. Basically the kindergarten occupies almost 30 children mainly from the age of 4 to the age of 6. These children are different from their ethnicity, religion and also races. However, these children are taught 3 different languages at the same time. Most of these children are able to speak fluently using those 3 languages. Subject 1= Malay,native language=Malay, language often speak=Malay, acquired=Mandarin,English & Malay
Subject 2=Chinese, native language=mandarin, language often speak=mandarin, acquired=Mandarin,English & Malay
Instrument
In this research the researcher consider few approaches in order to achieve the objective that we have set. In order to be able to achieve the objective, we will come out with two instruments. Our instrument consist of I sets of phonological test (text) and I sets of information form for parents. The phonological test contains every phonic (consonants, vowels and diphthongs). Other that the phonological test that will be given to the children, the information form will also be distributed to these children's parents in order find the relations between their phonological developments at the age of 5 from different ethnicity. Instead of using difficult language structure, the researchers will use a simple and understandable text (consist single words without sentence) which is clearer and do not overlap. The researcher will also use, phonological checklist in order to spot their ability in pronouncing sounds from the text. As for the recording materials, the researchers will use the recording camera and few telephone to record the actually activities that involved the children. Basically the functions of these technologies are more towards capturing the moments.
Location
In this research, the researcher decided to implements the research at Kasih Mesra Kindegarten in Sri Kembangan, Selangor. Particularly, the researcher chose this place because it consists of populations that come from different ethnicities, social and economic status.
Environment
a. b. c. Schools (medium intructions) society (language policy planning) entertainemnt
Parenthese
This term take into consideration the fact that the child receives input from various sources; father, mother, siblings and these cpontains special linguistic characteristic. These characteristic can be divide into 5; 1. 2. 3. immediacy and concreteness gramatically of input short sentence and simple structures
4. 5.
In the nutshell, ethnicity differences may influence the phonological development of second language. this happens, because of the the acquiring process itself taking into accounts on how the children raised up and this of cause refers to the family background which may differs from their ethnicity. As a matter of fact, every ethnicities have their own native language that the parents often encouraged their children to use to and this can be change in order to improve phonological development on second language.
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