I nternational J ournal of Creative Mathematical Sciences & Technology (I J CMST) 2(1): 60-67, 2012

ISSN (P): 2319 7811, ISSN (O): 2319 782X

60
Corresponding Author: K. Mishra, D. C. B College,
Kanpur, India

J acobi Stability of Different Competition Models

K. Mishra
1
1
D.B.S College Kanpur, India

Abstract: In this paper I discuss the J acobi Stability of two models. These models are
constructed with the help of the two dimensional Finsler metric. J acobi Stability of these
models are discussed with the help of Berwalds Gaussian Curvature.
Keywords: Jacobi Stability, Finsler metric, Variational Matrix, Eigen Values,
Berwalds Gaussian Curvature.

INTRODUCTION

In this paper we discuss the J acobi Stability of the competition models, constructed with
the help of different Finslerian metrics of two dimensional Finsler spaces [2, 22]. With the help of
Gaussian Berwald Curvature we analyze our models for Jacobi Stability.

BERWALDS GAUSSIAN CURVATURE [1, 2]

Berwald [8, 9] considered two unit vectors {
) 2 , ) 1
e e } which are perpendicular to each
other. The first vector e
i
2)
=m
i
is the normalized vector which is the vector orthogonal to l, is
given by
. ) (
) 1 . 2 ( , ) , ( ) , (
, ) , (
1
) , (
2
1 2 2 1
1 2
2 1
1 2
2 1
m l m l g where
l l g m m
l l
g
m m
=
=
=

The pair ) m , l (
i i
is called theBerwaldframe [2, 6, 17, 18].

The Berwald Curvature tensor is defined by
( ) { }
) 3 . 2 ( , ) (
) 2 . 2 ( . ) (
0 j k k j
i i
jk
mk
i m
jh
i
jh l
l
k k
i
mh
m
jk
i
jk l
l
h h
i
jkh
m l m l LKm B
equation The
G G G G G G G G B
=
+ c c + c c =


Defines the Berwalds Gaussian Curvature K(x,y ), [1,2 ] of a two dimensional Finsler Space .
The tensor B
i
jk0
is defined by
) 4 . 2 ( .
0
i
jkh
h i
jk
B y B =

The equation (2.3) can be written as
I nternational J ournal of Creative Mathematical Sciences & Technology (I J CMST) 2(1): 60-67, 2012

ISSN (P): 2319 7811, ISSN (O): 2319 782X
61
Corresponding Author: K. Mishra, D. C. B College,
Kanpur, India

) 5 . 2 ( .
120
g LKm B
i i
=
With the help of the equation (2.1), the equation (2.5), may be written as
) 6 . 2 ( .
1 2
210
2 1
120
l B l B LK =

J ACOBI STABILITY [1, 2]

If the Berwalds Gaussian Curvature K is greater than zero, we say that the model is
J acobi Stable. If K is less than or equal to zero then model is J acobi unstable.

MODEL I

Let us consider the metric function in two dimensional Finsler Space, which is given by
( )( )
(3.1) , } ) x ( ) x ( { e L
1/2 2 2 2 1 ) / ( tan 1 x
2 1 1 2 2
2
1
1


+ =

+ + + x x l l x

where l is any non-zero real number and
1
,
2
are positive constants.
The equation of Geodesics with the help of Euler-Lagrange equation [11] is given by
) 2 . 3 (
, 0 ) ( 2 ) )( ( ) )( ( /
, 0 ) ( 2 ) )( ( ) )( ( /
2 1
2 1
2 2
1 2
2 1
1 2
2 2 2
2 1
1 2
2 2
1 2
2 1
2 1
2 1 2

= + + + + +
= + + + +
x x l x l x l ds x d
x x l x l x l ds x d





where s is an arc length.
Substituting s=
t
e

in equations (3.2),we get

) 3 . 3 (
. 0 / ) / )( / )( ( 2
) / )( ( ) / )( ( /
, 0 / ) / )( / )( ( 2
) / )( ( ) / )( ( /
2 2 1
2 1
2 2
1 2
2 1
1 2
2 2 2
1 2 1
1 2
2 2
1 2
2 1
2 1
2 1 2

=
+ + + +
= +
+ + +
dt dx dt dx dt dx l
dt dx l dt dx l dt x d
dt dx dt dx dt dx l
dt dx l dt dx l dt x d




Using Volterra-Hamilton Theory [2,3], equations (3.3), become
) 4 . 3 (
, 0 ) ( 2 ) )( ( ) )( ( /
, 0 ) ( 2 ) )( ( ) )( ( / dN
2 2 1
2 1
2
1 2
2 1
1 2
2
1 2 1
1 2
2 2
1 2
2 1
2 1
1
2

= + + + +
= + + + +
N N N l N l N l dt dN
N N N l N l N l dt


where N
1
denotes the population of coral [3, 4, 23] and N
2
denotes the population of harmful
algaes [15].
2 1
, and are positive constants .

EQUILIBRIUM POINTS [7, 20]

Equilibriumpoints correspond to constant solutions of the systemof differential equations i.e.
dN
1
/dt =0 and dN
2
/dt=0. (3.5)
Let (N ) ,
2
0
1
0
N be the unique non-zero equilibriumpoint and k is any positive integer.
Substituting
1
0
2
0
kN N = in equations (3.4),(3.5) and after solving we get
I nternational J ournal of Creative Mathematical Sciences & Technology (I J CMST) 2(1): 60-67, 2012

ISSN (P): 2319 7811, ISSN (O): 2319 782X
62
Corresponding Author: K. Mishra, D. C. B College,
Kanpur, India

.
) ( 2 ) ( ) (
1 2
2
1 2 2 1
1
0
k l k l l
N


+ +
= where 0 >
and
k l k l l
k
N
) ( 2 ) ( ) (
1 2
2
1 2 2 1
2
0


+ +
=
1
0
N and
2
0
N should positive.

LINEARISATION [6, 19]

We shall linearise our non-linear dynamical systemat equilibriumpoint (N
1
0
,N )
2
0
.
The linearised systemcan be written as
) 1 . 4 ( Ax X =

where
.
) 2 . 4 (
) 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( 2
) 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( 2
2
1
2
0
1
0
1
0
2
0
2
0
1
0
1
0
2
0
(

=
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + +
+ + +
=
x
x
X and
l N N l N l N l
N l N l l N N l
A


The characteristic equation [13] of the matrix A is
, 0 I A = v (4.3)
this may be written as
{ } | | { }
| | . 0 N ) 1 l ( 2 N ) l 1 ( 2
) l 1 ( N 2 N ) l 1 ( 2 ) l 1 ( N 2 N ) l 1 ( 2 ( 2
2
2
0
1
0
2
1
0
2
0
1
0
2
0
2
= o + + o +
o + + o + o + + o v v
(4.4)
The roots of the quadratic equation (4.3) will be equal or distinct according to
| | { }
( ) { }
( )
( ) { }
( ) { }
( )
) 5 . 4 (
0
) 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( 2
) 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( 2
4 ) 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( 2 4
0
) 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( 2
) ( 2 ) 1 ( 2
4 ) 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( 2 4
2
2
0
1
0
1
0
2
0 2
1
0
2
0
2
2
0
1
0
1
0
2
0 2
1
0
2
0

=
(
(

+ +
+ + +
+ +
=
(
(

+ +
+ + +
+ +
N l N l
l N N l
l N N l
or
N l N l
l l N N l
l N N l






After solving equation (4.4) for different conditions of equation (4.5), we find that our model is
linearly stable under certain conditions.

DISCUSSION OF J ACOBI STABILITY FOR THIS MODEL

The model (3.4) is linearly stable, therefore we may discuss the J acobi Stability of the model.
The Berwald Connection coefficients G
i
jk
[1,2,17] of (3.4), are given by
I nternational J ournal of Creative Mathematical Sciences & Technology (I J CMST) 2(1): 60-67, 2012

ISSN (P): 2319 7811, ISSN (O): 2319 782X
63
Corresponding Author: K. Mishra, D. C. B College,
Kanpur, India

) 1 . 5 (
) ( ) ( , ) (
), ( , ) ( , ) (
1 2
2
22 2 1
2
12 1 2
2
11
1 2
1
22 2 1
1
12 2 1
1
11

+ = = + =
= + = =


l G and l G l G
l G l G l G

Substituting the values of (5.1) in equation (2.2), we have
. 0 B , 0 B
1
122
1
121
= = (5.2)
. 0 B , 0 B
2
212
2
211
= = (5.3)
Substituting the value from equations (5.2) and (5.3) in the equation (2.5), we get LK=0, which
implies K=0 for L . 0 =
Equation (5.4) shows that this model is J acobi Unstable.

MODEL 2

Let us consider the m
th
-root Antonellis metric function of two dimensional Finsler Space
[2, 5, 18, 22, 24]
, } ) x ( ) x {( e L
m / 1 m 2 m 1 ) x x (
2
2
1
1
+ =
o + o
(6.1)
where m>1.
With the help of Euler Lagrange equations [11, 12], the equations of the Geodesics [2, 16, 17]
are given by
) 2 . 6 (
0
) 1 ( ) 1 (
0
) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 1
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2 2
2 1
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1 2

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
ds
dx
ds
dx
m
m
ds
dx
ds
dx
ds
dx
m ds
dx
m ds
x d
and
ds
dx
ds
dx
m m
m
ds
dx
ds
dx
ds
dx
m m ds
dx
ds
x d
m

Substituting s=e
t
in equation (6.2),we get
) 3 . 6 (
0 ) 1 ( /
) 1 (
, 0
) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 2 1
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
1 2 1
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1 2
2
1

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
dt
dx
dt
dx
dt
dx
m m m
dt
dx
dt
dx
m m dt
dx
m dt
x d
and
dt
dx
dt
dx
dt
dx
m m
m
dt
dx
dt
dx
m m dt
dx
m dt
x d
m
dt
dx
m
dt
dx

FromVolterra Hamilton Theory, we have

I nternational J ournal of Creative Mathematical Sciences & Technology (I J CMST) 2(1): 60-67, 2012

ISSN (P): 2319 7811, ISSN (O): 2319 782X
64
Corresponding Author: K. Mishra, D. C. B College,
Kanpur, India

) 4 . 6 (
) (
) 1 ( 1
) (
) (
) 1 ( ) 1 (
) (
2 1
2
2
1
2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2
2
2 2
2
1
2
1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1
1

|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

N
N
N
m m
N N
m
N
m
N
dt
dN
and
N
N
N
m m
N N
m m
m
N
m
N
dt
dN
m
m

where N
1
denotes the population of the corals [9,10,20,21] and N
2
denotes the population of the
endozoic algaes [3,4]. o o and ,
2 1
are positive constants.
Now, we check the linear stability of this model.

EQUILIBRIUM POINTS

2
0
1
0
N and N are populations at equilibrium.
gives N N at 0 dt / dN and N N at 0 dt / dN
2
0
2 2 1
0
1 1
= = = =

1 m / m
2
1 m / m
1
1 m / 1
2 2
0
1 m / m
2
1 m / m
1
1 m / 1
1 1
0
) m / ( ) m / (
) m / (
N and
) m / ( ) m / (
) m / (
N

o + o
o
=
o + o
o
= (6.5)
2 , 1 i , m where
i i
= o = o
For convenience taking the ,
2 1
o = o = o unique equilibriumpoint is given by
.
2
N or
2
N
0
1 m / m
1 m / 1
0
o

=
o
o
=

VARIATIONAL MATRIX

With the help of eigen values of the J acobian matrix we check the stability of the model.
The variational matrix J at equilibriumis given by
|
|
.
|

\
|
o
o
=
m / N 2 0
0 N 2
J
0
0
(6.7)
The characteristic equation of variational matrix J is . 0 I J = | (6.8)
The equation (6.8) gives two negative eigen values of the matrix J .
Thus, our model is stable [6, 14].

DISCUSSION OF J ACOBI STABILITY OF THIS MODEL

The Berwald connection coefficients [5,16, 24] corresponding the equations (6.4) are
I nternational J ournal of Creative Mathematical Sciences & Technology (I J CMST) 2(1): 60-67, 2012

ISSN (P): 2319 7811, ISSN (O): 2319 782X
65
Corresponding Author: K. Mishra, D. C. B College,
Kanpur, India

) 1 . 7 (
.
) 1 ( 2
,
) 1 (
,
) 1 (
,
) 1 ( 2
,
2 2
22
1 2
12
2
2
1
2 2
11
2
1
2
1 1
22
2 1 1 1
11
12

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

= =

m
G
m
G
N
N
m m
G
N
N
m m
G
m
G
m
G
m
m

With the help of equation (7.1), equation (2.2) gives
,
) N (
1
) 1 m ( m
) 2 m (
N
N
) 1 m ( m
) 2 m (
B ,
m
1
4
1
) 1 m (
B
2 2 2 2
2
2 1
5 m 2
2
1
2 2
2 2
1
122
1
2 2
2 1 1
121

o o

|
|
.
|

\
|

o
= |
.
|

\
|

o o
=

0 B
2
211
= (7.3)
.
m
1
4
1
) 1 m (
B and
2 2
2 1 2
212
|
.
|

\
|

o o
= (7.4)
that observe we , 2 m For =
. 0 B , 0 B and 0 B , 0 B
2
212
2
211
1
122
2
121
= = = = (7.5)
Using equation (7.5) in the equation (2.5), we find that
LK =0, which implies K =0, (7.6)
for . 0 = L
Thus, for m=2, the equation (7.6) shows the J acobi unstability of the model .
If the , 2 = m then the equation (2.5), in view of equations (7.2), (7.3) and (7.4), gives
) 7 . 7 ( ,
1
4
1
) 1 (
0 {
) 1 (
) 2 (
) 1 (
) 2 ( 1
4
1
) 1 (
{
2 2
2 1
2
1 1
2 2
2
2 1
5 2
2
1
2 2
2 2
1 2
2 2
2 1 1 2
)
`

|
.
|

\
|

(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

+ |
.
|

\
|

=

m m
x
x l
m m
m
N
N
m m
m
x
m m
x l LK
m

) 8 . 7 ( , / /
.
1 2 2 2
2 2 1 1
L N l and L N l
Here
N x and N x where
= =
= =
which are positive for N
1
, N
2
and L are positive . In view of positive values l
1
and l
2
, the equation
(7.7), shows that K , 0 > if the condition
( )
( )
.
) 9 . 7 ( 0
) 1 (
) 2 ( 1
4
1
) 1 (
) (
) 1 ( ) 1 (
) )( 2 (
6 2
2
5 2
1
2 2
2 2
1
2 2
2 1
2 2
2
2 1
2 1
2 2
2 2
2 1
holds
N
N
m m
m
m m L
N
m L
N N
L m m
N m
m
m
>

+ |
.
|

\
|

In this case the model shows J acobi stability .Similarly, K appearing in (7.7) is negative, if
I nternational J ournal of Creative Mathematical Sciences & Technology (I J CMST) 2(1): 60-67, 2012

ISSN (P): 2319 7811, ISSN (O): 2319 782X
66
Corresponding Author: K. Mishra, D. C. B College,
Kanpur, India

) 10 . 7 ( 0
) ( ) 1 (
) ( ) 2 ( 1
4
1
) 1 (
) (
) 1 ( ) 1 (
) ( ) 2 (
6 2 2 2 2
5 2 1 2 2
1
2 2
2 1
2 2
2
2 1
2 1
2 2
2 2 2
2 1
<
)
`

+ |
.
|

\
|

m
m
N m m
N m
m m L
N
m L
N N
L m m
N m
holds.
This condition indicates the J acobi unstability of the model.

CONCLUSION

Fromthe discussion of this paper we conclude that linear stability of a model does not
predict the J acobi stability of the model.
Fromthe models discussed we find that the models with constant Berwald connection
coefficients i.e. independent of N
i
,are not J acobi stable, while the models in which the Berwald
connection coefficients depend on N
i
show the J acobi unstability depending upon certain
conditions.
For the model discussed with the help of Antonellis metric, m , 2 > the Berwald
connection coefficients depend on N
i
. This model shows J acobi unstability when the condition
(7.10) is satisfied, while this model shows J acobi unstability when the condition (7.9) is satisfied.

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I nternational J ournal of Creative Mathematical Sciences & Technology (I J CMST) 2(1): 60-67, 2012

ISSN (P): 2319 7811, ISSN (O): 2319 782X
67
Corresponding Author: K. Mishra, D. C. B College,
Kanpur, India

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